...etc. All these international practices make the public signs essential to all the foreign people, from government officials to entrepreneurs, from scientists to overseas students, from artists to sportsman. Under such a circumstance, public signs become a mirror reflecting the international image of China. The present paper has discussed the following aspects of C-E translation of public signs: the range and classification, the characteristics, issues in the course of translation, applicable principles and special requirements for translators for a better regulation of Chinese public signs into English. Generally speaking, the C-E translation of public signs is a challenging work, demanding a great deal of practice and broad knowledge about the English-speaking countries’ culture, custom, pattern of thought, etc. Huang Shouyi, the Secretary of the Translators Association of China and the vice president of the International Federation of Translators, pointed out that the publicity-oriented C-E translation should follow the principle of “three closeness”, specifically, to be close to the reality of the development of China, to be close to oversea receptors’ need, and to be close to the foreigners’ way of thinking. Therefore, much attention should be paid not only to linguistic competence but also to cross-cultural awareness. Nowadays, in a world of globalization, public signs are vital for international communication. Though a series of problems do exist, the official agencies...
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...Institute if Linguistics (SIL) is a global organization that studies, develops, and documents languages from all over the world. The organization is a non-profit US based. This Christian organization promotes literacy in countries around the world focusing on the lesser and minority areas. SIL started out as a small summer program. Students would go around the world to assist missionaries. Missionaries travel to indigenous tribes and poor areas to teach the natives of that land about Jesus. Because the people they were ministering to were uneducated, usually they were unable to read and in many cases had no form of written languages. Because the need was so great, SIL became a year round organization and partnered with Wycliffe Bible Translators. SIL and Wycliffe members and missionaries are trained to live in areas of the world with limited resources. Basic living necessities are limited. The members and missionaries, after their training is complete moves to unknown parts of the world, with their family, and live amongst the very people they are trying to minister to. Without a doubt, this is no east task. In the United States, basic living requirements are taken for granted. Americans live in a land of abundance. When these members and missionaries move into their appointed lands, they are no longer afforded the same amenities they had while in the United Stated. Members and missionaries emerge themselves into the culture of the people. In order to gain their trust...
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...conversation. Brazilians are said to be theatrical and over emotional. Brazilians use the thumbs up sign to show their means of approval. However the ok sign is very offensive to Brazilians. Eye contact is important because it shows your interest in what they are speaking about. Brazilians prefer face-to-face meetings to written communication because it allows them to know the person they are doing business. The individual they deal with is more important than the company. It is considered acceptable to interrupt someone who is speaking. French is the original language of France. Interruptions often occur while emotions run high. First names are only used by family and close friends. The French have and animated and theatrical style. A handshake is a common form of greeting. Only friends can greet each other with kiss on the cheek. Mutual trust and respect is required to get things done. Trust is earned through proper behavior. The French are very direct because they are not afraid of asking questions. English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil are the national languages of Singapore. Pausing before answering to a question indicates that they have given the question appropriate thought and they response carefully. They tend to be subtle, indirect and implicit in their communications. Singaporeans rely on facial expression, tone of voice and posture to tell them what someone feels. They hint at a point rather than making a direct statement. Silence is an important of Singaporean communication...
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...need to research the French culture a little more. It is important for Elizabeth to not do anything that may disrespect or belittle any of the management staff as her kinesic behavior can put her in this position. As per this case, French managers are suspicious of most technical communication and would rather “face-to-face meetings and on-site consultations”. Chances are they will be paying close attention to Elizabeth’s non-verbal language during her visit with them. For example, something as simple as posture can be misinterpreted. To Europeans, “a relaxed posture in business meetings may be taken as bad manners or the result in poor upbringing” (Deresky, pg 133). Americans such as Elizabeth wouldn’t think twice of a relaxed posture in a business meeting. It would also be wise of Elizabeth to obtain an English/French translator. Even though the universal language in her highly technical field is English, using the right words at the right time in the right manner is essential to making this assignment a success. In Exhibit 4-2 (Deresky, pg128), we see a classic example of how words can be perceived differently even though the same language is being spoken. The American boss is looking for his Greek employee to be accountable for his role within the company and make sound decisions based on American culture whereas the Greek employee is looking for orders to be given from his American boss based on Greek culture. Also note in this case that the French manager is suspicious...
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...it would be very important to accommodate and adapt to their techniques and business communication strategies as opposed to Americans attempting to force our techniques and business communication strategies on them. Based on my research, it doesn’t seem like we would be given much choice in the matter. The French are so adamant about their deep culture and manners that one would basically have to accommodate them or face a failed attempt to obtain a business relationship with them. The report goes into greater detail about these issues. Feel free to contact me with any further questions. Executive Summary This report gives a brief comparison of business communication between France and the United States. Speak French Fluently, or Not At All The French are very proud of their language. It is one of the most endeared languages in the world, and widely known as “the language of love.” Therefore, one must be able to speak French very well in order to communicate successfully with them, especially in business. Style, or be profiled Paris may be one of the fashion capitals of the world, but France in its entirety is a very fashion driven country. The French pay more attention to the details of their dress than most other things, so you can bet they’ll be paying attention to yours as you arrive for a business meeting. Keep it Light When discussing business with a Frenchman, get...
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...7 What do Internet metaphors reveal about the perception of the Internet? 1 Denis L. Jamet, University of Lyon (Jean Moulin – Lyon 3) (denis.jamet@univ-lyon3.fr) Abstract The objective of this article is to throw light on what Internet metaphors – i.e. the metaphors used every day by English and French native speakers – reveal about their perception of the Internet. Within the framework of cognitive linguists such as Lakoff & Johnson, Sweetser, Turner, etc., I will analyze Internet metaphors to bring out the conceptual metaphors generating the various Internet metaphors, in English and in French. The main aim of this paper is to examine Internet linguistic metaphors a.k.a. Internet metaphorical expressions used to conceptualize the Internet, and try and see what conceptual metaphor(s) structure(s) the everyday metaphors we use to refer to the Internet, as well as the changing perception we have of it. Dieser Artikel untersucht Metaphern, mit denen die Technologie des Internet durch englische und französische Muttersprachler konzeptualisiert wird. Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt ist die kognitive Metapherntheorie, die von Lakoff & Johnson entwickelt sowie von Sweetser und Turner weiterentwickelt wurde. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, die unterschiedlichen sprachlichen und konzeptuellen Metaphern aufzudecken und zu analysieren sowie Überlegungen dahingehend anzustellen, inwiefern ein konzeptuell metaphorischer Wandel im Zusammenhang mit einem Wahrnehmungswandel...
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...English Should be the Only Language Immigration, legal or not, has been a problem for the United States for a long time. In the U.S., promoters of bilingualism have supported the use of other languages for public services, including government documents, hospitals services, voting ballots, and bilingual education. In their essays “A Nation Divided by One Language” and “Viva Bilingualism”, James Crawford and James Fallows claim that it is not necessary to declare English the official language of the U.S. On the other hand, in their essays “English Should Be the Only Language” and “Why the U.S. Needs an Official Language”, S. I. Hayakawa and Mauro E. Mujica argue that English should be made the official language. They contend that multilingualism puts a large financial burden on the country. One specific service in which the cost outweighs the benefits is bilingual education. It is teaching non-English speaking students all school subjects in their native language. However, it lowers the standards for public schools and tends to create a segregated environment for the students. They also point out that the U.S. is a leading nation and English is the most used language in the world. Not forcing immigrants to learn English will actually impede upon their assimilation into America. Without correcting this problem, America will suffer from disunity and divergence. Multilingual government is very expensive. More than 120 multiple languages are spoken throughout the states. To support...
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...muhammad hasan askari Literature and Revolution* What is the relationship between literature and revolution? Should lit- erature assist revolution and, if so, to what degree? Before deliberating on these questions we should first determine the precise meaning of the term ìrevolution,î because many champions of revolution are found to be generally unaware of what the term implies and what we ourselves understand it to mean. A host of problems arise from the lack of a proper understanding of the word, whether in literature or in politics. A further difficulty is that, like all other terms, the meaning is not determined so much by an individualís sense-experiences as by the requirements, and sometimes even the convenience, of parties founded on political and sociological beliefs. In any case, an exploration of the word ìrevolutionî reveals several meanings. 1. We first encounter a common manís concept of revolution. Since some degree of force generally accompanies every revolutionary act, an individual witnesses some bloodletting, mayhem and plunder. All nations experience such things on a large or small scale. As a result, the instant the word ìrevolutionî is mentioned, the mind inevitably conjures up images of bloodshed and carnage. Rulers, whether individuals or groups, usually do not relinquish power easily, they have to be forced out, so revolutionary groups themselves encourage this concept of revolution. The fact that the concept becomes a noose around...
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...Easy French STEP-BY-STEP Master High-Frequency Grammar for French Proficiency—FAST! Myrna Bell Rochester New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-164221-7 MHID: 0-07-164221-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-145387-5, MHID: 0-07-145387-3. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of...
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...THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE CODESWITCHING IN INCREASING ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS AMONG MEXICAN-AMERICAN YOUTH by MELISSA MAIER BISHOP Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2006 Copyright © by Melissa Maier Bishop 2006 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A wise professor told me before starting my PhD work to not forget my distractions. Therefore, this work is dedicated to my three favorite distractions—my husband Jeff and my two sons, Abel and Peyton. Thank you, Jeff, for all of your encouragement, your support, and your shoulder to lean on and your ear to listen during the past five years as we’ve come together on this journey. Thank you, Abel and Peyton, for sharing me with my studies and for often keeping me company while I studied for my exams and wrote my papers. Thank you also to my wonderful committee who were all so encouraging and patient with me, especially my Chair, Dr. Mark Peterson. Your excitement for my ideas inspired me as well as your belief in me. You have an unselfish and self-sacrificing nature that shines through you, and you are a gift to all of your students. Many thanks also to Dr. Roger Dickinson, who was a great support to me over the past five years and a big reason I decided to join the program in the first place. Thanks to my parents and to Jeff’s parents...
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...2 Understanding Diversity in the Classroom CHAPTER LEARNING GOALS After you study this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Explain the importance of understanding classroom diversity. 2. Explain the different group and individual sources of diversity. 3. Describe approaches to teaching in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms. 4. Explain the provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. 5. Explain the characteristics of students with exceptionalities. 6. Describe the role of the teacher in the inclusive classroom. Imagine You Are the Teacher It Is The First Teaching year at Lincoln Elementary School for Ms. Branson. She has 30 fifth-graders of whom 13 are girls and 17 are boys, 12 participate in the free and reduced lunch program, 5 are English language learners, and 4 have individualized education programs (IEPs). As she plans her lesson on paragraph writing, she is trying to keep the special needs of each of her students in mind. Because Jessica has a hearing impairment, Ms. Branson decides to make a written outline that includes the important parts of a paragraph and examples of good and bad paragraphs. She also decides to go over the outline several times because Fred and Alex have a reading disability. In her plan, there is also a note to herself to find a bigger pencil and wide-lined paper for Suzy, who requires these modifications according to her IEP. Based on past writing experiences, she expects Monica to finish writing her paragraph...
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...McDonald’s (McD) has been one of the big giants of fast food since 1950s. With the other competitors start to take off, such as Five Guys, Subway, the competition in fast food industry is becoming more and more intensive. This part will examine some behavior issues in McD food supply chain management with possible solutions given based on the theories of Management Accounting. McD’s core business is food, especially its diversified hamburgers (Michael, 2013). However, as time goes by, customers’ preference towards food is not just limited to the taste, which the current hamburgers cannot meet. One issue to be addressed here is McD cannot satisfy the customers’ wants for freshness (David, 2013), which has been criticized for a long time. In management accounting, constraints are defined as anything that prevent the company from getting more of what it wants. Due to the constraint of lacking of freshness, McD may lose some customers to its competitors like Subway, which has been proved to be quite fresh. To solve this problem, we may use the improvement process applied in the theory of constraints to strengthen the weakness. The first step is to identify the weakest link. In McD, raw materials and semi-finished good to be produced is frozen and pre-formed that need further processing once an order is placed. Considering McD is using the Just-In-Time (JIT) system so that completing finished food will be just in time to ship customers. Freezing food will be convenient during...
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...What Are Economies Of Scale? September 06 2009| Filed Under » Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Economies of Scale, When more units of a good or a service can be produced on a larger scale, yet with (on average) less input costs, economies of scale (ES) are said to be achieved. Alternatively, this means that as a company grows and production units increase, a company will have a better chance to decrease its costs. According to theory, economic growth may be achieved when economies of scale are realized. Adam Smith identified the division of labor and specialization as the two key means to achieve a larger return on production. Through these two techniques, employees would not only be able to concentrate on a specific task, but with time, improve the skills necessary to perform their jobs. The tasks could then be performed better and faster. Hence, through such efficiency, time and money could be saved while production levels increased. Just like there are economies of scale, diseconomies of scale (DS) also exist. This occurs when production is less than in proportion to inputs. What this means is that there are inefficiencies within the firm or industry resulting in rising average costs. Internal and External Economies of Scale Alfred Marshall made a distinction between internal and external economies of scale. When a company reduces costs and increases production, internal economies of scale have been achieved. External economies of scale occur outside of a firm...
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...Comparing “The charge of The Light Brigade” to “Dulce Et Decorum Est” The Charge Of the Light Brigade starts off saying “Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward!” This imagery makes me imagine soliders running of to war excited ready for blood and vengeance. Where on the other hand, Dulce Et Decorum Est, begins with “Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags..” This imagery makes me imagine solidiers barely making it through the battlefield. The author Wilfred Owen and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, seem to have two different motives about describing war! The tone of “The Charge Of The Light Brigade” is like one of a heroic movie that’s hides the real work of things, and paints false pictures into people’s minds, instead of telling the real literally “Bloody” truth. The tone is as if someone could perhaps be performing infront of an audience trying to get an applause. This also takes away the rawness of the story by the figures of speech he gives such as “Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them…”. Yes, this does show some type of imagery, but it doesn’t really seat you right at the front row seat of war. On the other hand Wilfred Owen, Author of the Dulce Et Decorum Est. His imagery is very blunt force. He uses words such as “Sludge, Limped , Blood-Shod, fire, lime, guttering, choking, and drowning to help infasize the rawness and realistic nature of war....
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...French Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution of king and queen, the reign of terror, and war and forming of the citizen-army. The long term effects were the rise of Napoleon, spread of revolutionary ideas, growth of nationalism, and the conservative reaction. The contributing factors to the French Revolution was the economic crisis in France. The French government had undergone economic crises, resulting from the long wars waged during the reign of Louis XIV, the losses incurred in the French and Indian War, and increased indebtedness arising from loans to the American colonies during the American Revolution. The American Revolution showed that they got economical and political freedom from Britain. This liberalism sparked many revolutions in Europe ,but in France the ideas of the Enlightenment and liberalism were put to their fullest test. The French people wanted rights and would later get these. Another reason was that the old regime was ineffective and it abused its power. The immediate causes of the French Revolution were that the...
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