...The Genetics of Fruit Flies can be Used to Understand Human Genetics Introduction: A gene is the functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genotype and phenotype are products of the different genes that one inherits. Genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism or cell. The observable physical and/or biochemical characteristics of the expression of a gene are the phenotypes (Genetics Home Reference 2013). A monohybrid cross is for a single trait when different alleles are combined through mating. A dihybrid cross calls focuses on two traits. Alleles on the sex chromosomes result in sex linked traits. In this experiment, multiple generations of Drosophilia melanogaster were examined and their hereditary traits analyzed. My hypotheses is that the traits will end up in a 1:1 ratio.The goal of this experiment was to note the traits of the fruit flies and how they relate to human genetics. Section Fri Tables F2 Generation Predictions Results Eye Color Wings Half Red, Half White Half winged, Half Not All Red All Males had Wings Materials and Methods: A parental generation of the fruit flies was obtained. Then 10 flies, 5 of each gender, of the F1 generation were obtained from the parent generation. Then 50-60 members of the F2 generation were obtained. At each stage, gender, eye color and wings were examined using a dissecting microscope after the flies were knocked out by FlyNap. Next, in the large petri dishes, crosses...
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...the process happening today. If that were to be true we would see intermediary animals. Consider dogs and cats as an example; one may see variations of these two animals but no one has ever observed a ‘“dat” or “cog.”’(The Scientific). On the other hand microevolution can explain the variations between the dog kingdom and the cat kingdom. Microevolution infact is present and can be observed while macroevolution has never been observed. For example, “evolutionary geneticist experimented with fruit flies and other rapidly reproducing species to induce mutational changes in hopes of creating new species or better kinds.” (The Scientific). With no such luck, Jeffrey Schwartz, a professor of anthropology in Pittsburgh and the leading evolutionist has said, “It was and still is the case that, with the exception of Dobzhansky's claim about a new species of fruit fly, the formation of a new species, by any mechanism, has never been observed.” (The Scientific). Meaning, no one has seen a fruit fly become a new specie it has never been observed or replicated by anyone besides Dobzhansky therefore Dobzhansky’s experiment cannot be held valid. A hypothesis can be validated if it can be repeated multiple times. Dobzhansky's experiment cannot even be held as a theory because by definition a theory is “understanding that develops from...
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...myself and iBottom of Form The Scientific Method Psychology is, like any science, a branch of knowledge that deals with a body of facts systematically arranged and shows the operation of general laws. In all sciences, including psychology, a special procedure, the scientific method, must be used to collect data to answer a question or to solve a problem. The scientific method not only answers the question at hand but also is used to construct scientific theories. A theory is systematically organized knowledge applicable in a wide variety of circumstances. (The amount of information available in any science is too vast to be useful unless it is organized through the use of theories.) Theories are also used to predict events or to answer questions in a specific scientific discipline. In psychology, theories are used to organize and predict behavior and mental processes. The findings of a particular study may support or lead to the alteration of a theory.While the scientific method doesn't provide a step-by-step recipe for dealing with specific circumstances, it does provide general guidelines for the following procedures in any scientific data collection. Formulation of the problem, design of the study, collection of data, analysis of data, conclusions drawn from data. The description of a study, its procedures, and its conclusions is frequently published as an article in a scientific journal. Careful attention to following the scientific method allows a second investigator to replicate or refute the...
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...CALAMANSI (CITROFORTUNELLA MICROCARAPA), ONION (ALLIUM CEPA), CHILI (CAPSICUM FRETESCENS LINN) SUBSTITUTE AS COCKROACH KILLER A Science Investigatory Project ABSTRACT Title: CALAMANSI (CITROFURTUNELLA MICROCARPA) ONION (ALLIUM CEPA) CHILI (CAPSICUM FRETESCENS LINN) SUBSTITUTE AS COCKROACH KILLER This research was conducted to the feasibility of the Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa),Onion (Allium Cepa),Chili(Capsicum Fretescens Linn) of cockroach killer. There were only two trial done in the study to ensure the reliability of the results. It was conducted at Fabros’ residence. The experiment has 2 treatment. The 1st treatment shows the result when cockroaches were treated with the extract of Calamansi, Onion, and Chili with the given length of time. The 2nd treatment shows the result when cockroaches were treated with the commercial insecticide with the given length of time. Therefore the researchers accepts the hypothesis that Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa),Onion (Allium Cepa),Chili(Capsicum Fretescens Linn) are cockroach killer CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Cockroaches belong to the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Anthropoda, Class Insecta and Order Blattaria. Cockroaches are one of the numerous species on the world. Some species are beneficial to the environment as important recyclers of decaying organic material. Cockroaches are attached to warm, moist environment. The pest cockroaches can be carries of various diseases because...
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...ts are mammals of the order Chiroptera (/kaɪˈrɒptərə/; from the Greek χείρ - cheir, "hand"[2] and πτερόν - pteron, "wing"[3]) whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, can only glide for short distances. Bats do not flap their entire forelimbs, as birds do, but instead flap their spread-out digits,[4] which are very long and covered with a thin membrane or patagium. Bats are the second largest group of mammals, representing about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with about 1,240 bat species divided into two suborders: the less specialized and largely fruit-eating megabats, or flying foxes, and the highly specialized and echolocating microbats.[5] About 70% of bat species are insectivores. Most of the rest are frugivores, or fruit eaters. A few species, such as the fish-eating bat, feed from animals other than insects, with the vampire bats being hematophagous, or feeding on blood. Bats are present throughout most of the world, performing vital ecological roles of pollinating flowers and dispersing fruit seeds. Many tropical plant species depend entirely on bats for the distribution of their seeds. Bats are important, as they consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides. The smallest bat is the Kitti's hog-nosed bat, measuring 29–34 mm (1.14–1.34 in) in length, 15 cm (5.91 in) across...
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...Eyeless mutation gene located within the second intron of Drosophila melanogaster Justin Lazarus Genetic 300 Abstract The following experiment was conduct over a several week time span to determine and identify the mutation that is causing the eyeless mutation within the Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. The experiment included genome sequencing and comparison between the Drosophila melanogaster wild type and the Drosophila melanogaster eyeless type. After combining the two different phenotypes. We determined that we were unable to visualize the mutation at a chromosomal level, as both wild-type and eyeless flies looked similar. The experiment involved electrophoresis and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) through which we were able to isolate and amplify the needed DNA eyeless DNA. The difference between the wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and the eyeless Drosophila melanogaster is approximately only 500-nucleotide base pairs. As we see the eyeless phenotype is approximately 3000 base pairs in length while the wild-type phenotype is approximately 2500 nucleotides base pairs in length, a difference of about 500 base pairs. After completing nucleotide sequencing and comparing our data on the blast website, we determined that the eyeless mutation has being interest exons two and three, but more specifically the mutation itself was located within the second intron at base pairs 8264 to 9212. Introduction In the early 20th century scientists had already been acquainted with...
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...------------------------------------------------- CLASS 2: GAP, TOP ------------------------------------------------- Date: April 28, 2013 ------------------------------------------------- • Nouns ------------------------------------------------- ✚ Review: Clause Elements ------------------------------------------------- (S) : Performer, topic ------------------------------------------------- (O) : Recipient ------------------------------------------------- : Direct object (DO) and indirect object (IO) ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- I sent you a letter. (S) + (V) + (IO) + (DO) ------------------------------------------------- I sent a letter to you. (S) + (V) + (DO) + preposition + (IO) ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- : Object of a verb and object of a preposition ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- I kicked you. [You is object of the verb ‘kicked.’] ------------------------------------------------- on the table [Prepositional phrase: The table is called object of the preposition] ------------------------------------------------- • Object of a preposition cannot be the subject element. ------------------------------------------------- ✗ [In the world] have many people. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life This introductory chapter explores the basic themes and concepts of biology, with emphasis on the core theme of evolution. It also introduces students to the thinking of scientists. Questions are therefore general; however, an effort has been made to include some from each skill level. As in the rest of this test bank, questions that feature art or those for which several questions follow upon some data or a scenario are placed together at the end of the chapter. Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) biosystem. B) community. C) population. D) ecosystem. E) family. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight into A) the energy of motion. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) the potential energy of chemical bonds. D) oxygen. E) kinetic energy. Answer: C Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is A) light energy. B) kinetic energy. C) thermal energy. D) chemical energy. E) ATP. Answer: A Topic: Concept 1.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their...
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...[pic] May 2001, Volume 69, Number 3 Credit Card Revolutionary In the conservative world of banking and finance, it takes a bold and passionate leader like Richard Fairbank, MBA ’81, to change an industry. By MIKE McNAMEE HAVE YOU EVER TRIED TO EXPLAIN a credit card to a child—why the supermarket will give you valuable items like Fruit Loops, Lunchables, and pudding cups, and all you do is swipe a piece of plastic through a machine? “It’s like, the bank gives the money to the store, then the bank sends me a bill, and ... well, it’s kinda complicated.” If you think that’s tough, try to see your credit card the way Richard D. Fairbank does. To the founder and CEO of Capital One Financial Corp., that slab of plastic is the key to an information machine—a machine fueled by data on who you are, what sort of people you live among, whether you’ll carry a balance or avoid finance charges at all costs. This data machine may offer the closest thing ever invented to perpetual motion, because the more you use the card, the more data it produces. The machine takes your bytes, combines them with transactions by millions of other cardholders—and before long, it can pinpoint what you’re likely to buy next, whether you’ll respond to a pitch for long-distance telephone service, and how likely you are to sign up for Internet banking. Fairbank, MBA ’81, built that data machine—and revolutionized the credit industry. Before Fairbank, all credit cards cost the same: 19.8% annual percentage...
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...Research TOC BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY, “SOCIOBIOLOGY,” AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR Bobbi S. Low W hen Juliet was twelve, her father, without consulting her, betrothed her to a man more than twice her age. She, being in love with Romeo, complained. Her father’s answer was (Act III, Scene V): An you will not wed, I’ll pardon you! Graze where you will, you shall not house with me; … An you be mine, I’ll give you to my friend; An you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, For, by my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee, Nor what is mine shall never do thee good. Today, in the United States, Juliet would probably sue her father for child abuse. And she would be likely to win. What is common, approved, and thought ethical varies widely across human cultures in time and space: whether one may marry more than one person at a time; who chooses marriage partners; whether abortion and infanticide are approved or forbidden; whether one may eat all meats, some meats, or none; what kinds of killings are forbidden or encouraged. How are we to make sense of all this variety? Human behavior has traditionally been the province of anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Within each of these fields there exist diverse approaches. Recently, behavioral ecology, an evolutionary approach to why we behave as we do, has joined other fields in trying to explain some of the diversity in human behavior. With its roots in Charles Darwin’s work 1 on natural selection, it examines how environmental conditions...
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...2nd Summative Test Practice Exam 2011-2012 1.|Your psychology professor has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test.| A)|reliability| B)|factor analysis| C)|standardization| D)|validity| E)|normal distribution| 2.|One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is:| A)|epinephrine.| B)|testosterone.| C)|serotonin.| D)|dopamine.| E)|alcohol.| 3.|The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the:| A)|frequency of their sexual intimacy.| B)|intensity of their passionate feelings.| C)|ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other.| D)|experience or nonexperience of a prior marriage.| 4.|Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be:| A)|more conservative.| B)|less educated.| C)|more responsive.| D)|less trusting.| 5.|The relative lack of neural interconnections in the brain at the time of birth most directly contributes to:| A)|poor memory for early life experiences.| B)|decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.| C)|an insecure attachment to one's primary caregiver.| D)|the fear of strangers commonly displayed by infants.| 6.|The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue...
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...Biology- The scientific study of life. Life is structured on a size scale ranging from the molecular (smallest components of life) to the global (Earth) scale. Biology encompasses a large variety of life on earth. Uses of Biology in every day life: Molecular Biology – (Biology that deals with the smallest components of life such as cells, DNA, RNA) is used to solve crimes and reveal ancestry. Ecology- The scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment is used to address environmental issues. Neuroscience- Field in biology that deals with brains; and Evolutionary science- the study of the evolution of organisms are being used to reshape psychology and sociology. Characteristics of Life: Living things are organized – The organs or vital components that make up a living organism each perform a specific function in an organized way such that it allows the organism to live. Regulation – All living organisms have the ability to regulate and accommodate to changes in their environment in order to stay alive. Growth and Development – Living organisms have the ability to grow and develop. Energy Utilization – Living organisms use energy or convert energy from a food source in order to carry or be able to perform different functions. For example, the human body utilizes carbohydrates found in food as a source of energy. With this energy, humans are able to perform simple tasks such as walking, talking, breathing, etc. Response to environment – Similar...
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...Chapter 01 Limits, Alternatives, and Choices Multiple Choice Questions 1. Economics is the study of: A. increasing the level of productive resources so there is maximum output in society. B. increasing the level of productive resources so there is a minimum level of income. C. how people, institutions, and society make choices under conditions of scarcity. D. the efficient use of scarce resources paid for at the minimum level of cost to consumers and businesses. 2. The primary focus of the study of economics is with: A. expanding the production of goods and services. B. equalizing the distribution of consumer income and wealth. C. making the most efficient use of scarce productive resources. D. reallocating resources from consumption to production in the economy. 3. The general concern of economics is with the study of the: A. degree of competition in stock and bond markets in the economy. B. efficient use of limited productive resources to satisfy economic wants. C. issue of equality in the distribution of income and wealth among households. D. budget deficits in the domestic economy and trade deficits in the international economy. 4. Which of the following is not a central focus of the "economic perspective"? A. Scarcity and choice. B. The scientific method. C. Purposeful behavior. D. Marginal analysis. 5. The term scarcity in economics refers to the fact that: A. economic wants are limited and resources are...
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...Chapter 01 Limits, Alternatives, and Choices Multiple Choice Questions 1. Economics is the study of: A. increasing the level of productive resources so there is maximum output in society. B. increasing the level of productive resources so there is a minimum level of income. C. how people, institutions, and society make choices under conditions of scarcity. D. the efficient use of scarce resources paid for at the minimum level of cost to consumers and businesses. 2. The primary focus of the study of economics is with: A. expanding the production of goods and services. B. equalizing the distribution of consumer income and wealth. C. making the most efficient use of scarce productive resources. D. reallocating resources from consumption to production in the economy. 3. The general concern of economics is with the study of the: A. degree of competition in stock and bond markets in the economy. B. efficient use of limited productive resources to satisfy economic wants. C. issue of equality in the distribution of income and wealth among households. D. budget deficits in the domestic economy and trade deficits in the international economy. 4. Which of the following is not a central focus of the "economic perspective"? A. Scarcity and choice. B. The scientific method. C. Purposeful behavior. D. Marginal analysis. 5. The term scarcity in economics refers to the fact that: A. economic wants are limited and resources are...
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...lo io yB io g oCSEC B Biologyy og Bi ol gy lo yB io g lo io og B ol Bi y Caribbean Examinations Council ® SYLLABUS SPECIMEN PAPER MARK SCHEME SUBJECT REPORTS Macmillan Education 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world www.macmillan-caribbean.com ISBN 978-0-230-48203-6 © Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC ®) 2015 AER www.cxc.org www.cxc-store.com The author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 This revised version published 2015 Permission to copy The material in this book is copyright. However, the publisher grants permission for copies to be made without fee. Individuals may make copies for their own use or for use by classes of which they are in charge; institutions may make copies for use within and by the staff and students of that institution. For copying in any other circumstances, prior permission in writing must be obtained from Macmillan Publishers Limited. Under no circumstances may the material in this book be used, in part or in its entirety, for commercial gain. It must not be sold in any format. Designed by Macmillan Publishers Limited Cover design by Macmillan Publishers Limited and Red Giraffe CSEC Biology Free Resources LIST OF CONTENTS CSEC Biology Syllabus Extract 3 CSEC Biology Syllabus 4 ...
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