...Tephritidae, a large dipteran family of insects, consisting of 4000 species under 500 genera and is found in almost every zoogeographic i.e. temperate, tropical and subtropical regions etc. of the globe, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, (Drew, 1992; Grimaldi and Engel, 2005; Vayssieres et al., 2006; De Meyer et al., 2008). These are commonly known as fruit flies. These flies are thought a very devastating group of insect pests causing huge economic losses in agriculture, especially in a variety of fruits vegetables and flowers (Diamantidis et al., 2008). A large number of pest fruit flies are polyphagous in food habit and mostly of them are commercially significant, as vegetables and fruits are much susceptible to fruit fly damage (Aluja & Mangan, 2008). The cross border nature and the demolishing impacts that fruit flies strikes to the horticultural industry globally, have settled them on top of the...
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...the base of heredity. His paper drew the connection between Mendel’s laws of heredity and chromosomes. While conducting his research Walter would have been limited by technology and ideas of the time for example during this time period religion was very powerful and manipulated and shamed many discoveries during this time period that disagreed with their beliefs in this case it meant that a person was not created by god but by DNA. Another limitation that Walter had while researching was the technology available at the time the high tech microscopes needed to assist his research were unavailable. Another great scientist is Thomas Hunt Morgan. American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan, (1866-1916) is credited with confirming the relationship between chromosomes and heredity in 1910. As well as the discovery of a pair of chromosomes called the sex chromosomes that determine the sex of offspring, Morgan’s fruit fly breeding experiment showed that the information carried is in the form of genes. He was the first geneticist to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome. Morgan’s research team carried out experiments with white-eyed male fruit flies and red-eyed females flies. After a multitude of mating’s Morgan’s team concluded that white eyes were a characteristic that the male chromosome possessed. Therefore this observation led to them believing that the white eye colour was inherited as well as the sex of the fly. The conclusion that male flies inherit male characteristics...
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...is used by scientists to describe the variety of processes used in making duplicates of biological materials. This paper will discuss the embryonic cells and pronucleus taking into accounts their application to human cloning. Caenorhadditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster will also be discussed together with application of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Embryonic stem cell has been applied in human cloning through human cloning for biomedical research whereby cloned cells are produced and used in individual patients suffering from diseases like Parkinson’s disease and type 1 diabetes (Fairbanks, 2004). This discovery has been used to develop embryos thus making important steps for medicine. Cloned embryos have been used widely as sources of stem cells, which have been developed to make new heart muscles, bone, brain tissues and other type of cells in the body. The stem cells have provided a breakthrough in medicine by creating new tissues that might be able to heal the damage caused by heart attack or repair severed spinal cord (Fairbanks, 2004). There are trials of utilizing stem cells from donated embryos to try and restore people’s eye sights. The donated cells are cloned to match the patient so that they would not be rejected by the body. With this kind of research various ethical and moral considerations have emerged, one of them being that this research involves deliberate production, use and destruction of cloned human embryo that could be used in attempts to produce...
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...Biodiversity 1 The following is a paper discussing the earth’s biodiversity between Capuchin monkeys and domestic ferrets, scorpion flies and grasshoppers, Lapland longspur and ivory-billed woodpeckers and the sea urchins and jellyfish. Under the mammal category, I chose to research Capuchin monkeys and ferrets. Capuchin monkeys are small, weighing between 3 to 9 pounds with varying fur, but commonly colored dark brown with cream or light tan coloring around their face, neck and shoulders. Capuchin monkeys are classified under the primates’ order because, for one, they carry the adaptation for climbing trees and walking on two or four limbs. Capuchin monkeys are in the same order as lemurs and mountain gorillas. Domestic ferrets are long, slender bodied animals with brown, black, white or mixed colored fur. The average length of a ferret is 20 inches which includes a 2 inch tail and weighs between 1.5 and 4 pounds. Ferrets are a part of the carnivore order and the reason they are classified as such is because they are meat-eating animals. They are joined in this order with animals such as polecats and weasels. One characteristic Capuchin monkeys and ferrets share is their abilities to adapt to living in different environments such as captivity. A second characteristic is that both types of animals can be considered a nuisance to their...
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...Article Critique | * | This week’s critique I decided to do my paper on how researchers unlocked how cells determine their functions. In the reading, researchers found how proteins bind to target DNA and activate certain genes will function in the body. The protein that researchers found was called epigenetic activators, which they found another protein pretty similar to one that they had found in a fruit fly, called the Ash 1 protein. These genes turn on expression on specific target genes. The activators recognize also bind to the target gene was unknown to researchers and further study was conducted to pin point why. While conducting their research, they found that the epigenetic activator Ash1 enlisted specific genes through cell types for certain non-coding RNA, stated Dr Sauer. While Ash1 binds to the targeted DNA elements called Thrithorax-response elements (TREs) which is located in the Ultrabithorax. How this works, non-coding RNA is produced and retained at the TRE of UBX, helping activate the expression of the UBX gene, by doing so this function attacks the Ash1 to the TREs. This stage changes the function of the cells. Knowing this, they can now use the non-coding RNA to actively control the destiny. Over several years studies were conducted on how noncoding RNAs silences genes. The works that Dr Sauer and others have now gained a wider knowledge then what was previously thought to be. They had suggested understood how the genes could be silence, now they...
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...Introduction Humans share a mutual ancestors with other organisms. This mutual ancestor that humans share with other organisms including rice that lived about 1.6 billion years ago. Chimpanzees and bonobos are our closet living relative. Researchers were able to come to this conclusion by comparing the genomes of chimpanzees and bonobos to the genome of humans. In this paper I will discuss why all organisms are related to each other, including humans. I will do this by using natural selection as a mechanism for evolution. Natural selection as a mechanism for evolution explains how organisms have changed over time to adapt to their environment. I will also provide the percent of relatedness in terms of nucleotide sequence. I will also discuss the Human genome project and its importance. The benefits of the human genome project extend far beyond determining who our closest ancestor is and how closely humans are related to mice and other organisms. In this paper I will also look at the technology that has been developed to enhance the findings the Human Genome Project. Humans Are Related To Other Organisms Humans share about 99% of our DNA with chimpanzees and bonobos. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) is the molecule that makes up an organism’s genome. DNA is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is found in the nucleoid of prokaryotic cells. DNA consist of genes which are instructions to make molecules called proteins. DNA’s serves a significant purpose...
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...Good Things to Know about Worm Castings This is an overview of benefits known about worm castings. The overview is generated from information disseminated by such major Universities as Ohio State, Cornell University and UC Davis. This information also comes from other institutions and companies such as the California Vermiculture, LLC and the Australia SIRO. Their research goal was to establish the value of worm castings. Their test results have shown improved flower size, bloom quantity, quality, and color. Fruit and vegetable tests results have shown yield improvements from 15% to 57% as well as improvements in taste and appearance. The information you need to know and consider is presented below in a list format, which we believe is easier and quicker to reference and grasp. Some of the discoveries made will surprise you. Most people will be amazed by the following information if they have no prior exposure to the absolute beauty and completeness of the worm casting. Basic points to start: Worm Castings are the worm feces. The castings are made up of live biological organisms. The organisms include fungi, actinomycetes , beneficial bacteria, pseudomonads , plant growth regulators, yeasts, molds, trace elements and the famous N-P-K ratings used by fertilizers, to reference the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and K (which is the chemical symbol for Potassium) quantities promoted by the fertilizer industry (more on this below). Worm Castings are harmless to plants (in any dosage)...
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...Literature Citation When writing a research paper, literature citation is important for the following two reasons: (1) to avoid plagiarism (which is against the student code of conduct and is grounds for failing the course) and (2) to assign proper authority to a statement (this adds weight to your paper). You may use any style of literature citation as long as the proper authorities are cited in the text and full references are provided at the end of your paper. Here is an example of a style that is common in the biological literature. In-Text Citations Whether you are directly quoting or paraphrasing, your reference is cited in the text, before the end of the statement. The in-text citation consists of the author(s) last name(s) and the year of publication. For example, Drosophila magnaquinaria, fruit flies that are only found on skunk cabbage, prefer other hosts for feeding, egg-laying, and larval development than they do skunk cabbage (Courtney and Kibota, 1990). If there are more than two authors, then you may list the first author’s name followed by et al. For example, Mutational studies of Daphnia, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis, and Escherichia all provide estimates for the genomic deleterious mutation rate (Lynch et al., 1999). If you don’t know the name of the author (if the information comes from a website, for example), then you may list the website title or URL in place of the author’s name). Example Literature Cited Section The Literature Cited Section provides complete...
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...Malaysia’s proactive approach to regional and global environmental issues The level of awareness among consumers and government agencies alike on embracing as well as understanding environmental issues is rapidly growing around the world. Could it be because of the hundreds of pictures being shown of the ice melting in the Arctic or the increasingly depleting ozone later or simply because the suave Al-Gore has managed to convince us with his Inconvenient Truths? It could be any one of these global reasons or it could just be due to a personal experience that directly impacted your life. The fact is that the awareness is growing and it has expanded from NGOs initiating strikes and lobbying for causes with their placards and has even seeped into other industries such as financial industries where sustainable financing and banking are the new catch-phrases. Delving into the green initiatives in Malaysia, we see the efforts and support that the government has put into realising the green concept in the country. Malaysia gazetted the Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations, Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations and Environmental Quality (Control of Pollution from solid waste transfer stations and Landfill) in 2009. Further to this, Malaysia pledged to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by up to 40% by 2020. The seriousness of the Malaysian government’s intentions towards climate change and the need for energy security and green technology, ultimately led to the...
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...Health benefits of Mangoes * Mango fruit is rich in pre-biotic dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and poly-phenolic flavonoid antioxidant compounds. * According to new research study, mango fruit has been found to protect against colon, breast, leukemia and prostate cancers. Several trial studies suggest that polyphenolic anti-oxidant compounds in mango are known to offer protection against breast and colon cancers. * Mango fruit is an excellent source of Vitamin-A and flavonoids like beta-carotene, alpha-carotene,and beta-cryptoxanthin. 100 g of fresh fruit provides 765 mg or 25% of recommended daily levels of vitamin A. Together; these compounds are known to have antioxidant properties and are essential for vision. Vitamin A is also required for maintaining healthy mucus membranes and skin. Consumption of natural fruits rich in carotenes is known to protect the body from lung and oral cavity cancers. * Fresh mango is a good source of potassium. 100 g fruit provides 156 mg of potassium while just 2 mg of sodium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure. * It is also a very good source of vitamin-B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin-C and vitamin-E. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps the body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful oxygen-free radicals. Vitamin B-6 or pyridoxine is required for GABA hormone production within the brain. It also controls homocystiene...
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...Marketing Manager BUSN300 January 23, 2011 Abstract This paper will go over what was set for the homework. I will select three companies and look at what marketing opportunities would I suggest the company needs to look at to further advance the company. There are many opportunities existing in today’s business marketing worlds. To take advantage of so many of these market opportunities. When we start looking , we need to look at the right area for investing our time and money to be productive in project a good image. The three companies I have selected are Chevron Lummus Global, Staples and Tiger2 Productions. Now let’s look at Chevron Lummus Global. Chevron Lummus Global (CLG) as the most completely integrated source for hydroprocessing technologies and services, CLG provides incremental efficient oversight at every step in oil refining. CLG's technologies are recognized and are being used by refiners worldwide to improve their refining profitability. (Chevron Lummus Global Ilc., 2011) A well-developed product portfolio would be good for this company. Staples’ is a large office supply company serving the world. This company strives every day to meet their customer’s needs. (Staples, 2011) Company should invest in marketing its sourcing and environmental friendly practices, as it is an opportunity for the company to show its advances into green technology and manufacturing. Tiger2 Productions is a company that supplies military surplus over the internet...
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...Lord Of The Flies And Othello Comparison Essay, Research Paper Lord of the Flies and Othello Comparison The age-old theme of good versus evil is presented in both William Golding s Lord of the Flies (LOTF), and William Shakespeare s Othello. The characters are used to show the battle between the two. Simon and Desdemona who represent purity and embody an innate goodness are challenged by many characters that do not possess the same holy qualities- who have actually subsided to the evil that is, in every way, their opposite. Jack and Iago represent the evil in the novels. Unfortunately in both pieces we see the loss of life for the pure characters through the clutches of evil. The evil does not necessarily win, as both characters maintain their standings as upright and completely pure individuals, even in their brutal murders. Simon and Desdemona clearly represent all that is good in the world. The characters are portrayed by the authors to be very understanding and compassionate individuals. Desdemona expresses in her language and actions, an innocent, unselfish love and concern for others. This is evident when Desdemona makes pleas on behalf Cassio for Othello s forgiveness, and in her inability to comprehend a woman s desire to cheat. Cassio has asked Desdemona to make a plea to Othello for his return to office. Desdemona, being the compassionate woman that she is asks Othello the first chance she gets, Good my lord, If I have any grace or power to move you,...
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...minimize pest damage and protect environmental resources. Red Root Rot a Late Season Disease of Corn * Roots and basal stalk tissue infected with red root rot characteristically have reddish-pink, rotted roots. * Stalks are weakened and susceptible to lodging. * Premature plant death is common and can occur quickly and yield losses can be as high as 15-20%. * Genetic resistance to red root rot is uncommon and breeding for disease resistance is difficult. Management Management options are limited. Crop rotation with a non-host such as soybean can provide some control.1 Genetic resistance has been difficult to incorporate into corn products, although the rate of disease development varies greatly between corn products. Research on inheritance of disease resistance indicates that it is a polygenic trait with additive gene action, which has complicated breeding efforts.1 Environmental stress during the season may contribute to disease infection and severity. Sap Beetles in Corn Sap beetles are considered minor pests of corn. Adults prefer to feed on corn kernels, ear tips, and stalks that have previously been injured by other insects such as corn earworm or corn borer larvae. Controlling corn ear pests should prevent sap beetles from becoming a problem. Damage Sap beetles are...
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...Cardinal vs. Blue Jay Research 1 Cardinal vs. Blue Jay Research Kerri Cardinal RES 110 Research and Information Utilization Marcella Gardner, Instructor July 18, 2013 Cardinal vs. Blue Jay Research Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) and Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) are beautiful and colorful creatures. They are both members of the bird species classified as Chordata Aves and belong in the Passeriformes or perching, songbird category. These two birds are known as the most colorful in the species. Although both birds are in the same species and have similarities, their behaviors vary in their habitat, diet, and mating ceremonies. It is especially easy to identify the two birds. Their markings are similar in regards to color contrast, with black and white stripes against a brilliant background of either cardinal red or royal blue. They both have a crown worn like a hat that is raised or lowered, depending on their “moods.” One thing to note is that the Blue Jay does lose its feathers but the Cardinal does not molt. The regions in which these birds live are similar. Both the Cardinal and the Blue Jay reside in the United States and Canada East of the Rocky Mountains. Cardinals also reside in some southwestern states (Arizona and California), and as far north as New York and the New England states. Blue Jays migrate and move south during the cold of winter; whereas, Cardinals can tolerate colder climates and do not migrate. Cardinals and Blue Jays differ...
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...New insights into how cells cope with stress could help combat neurological diseases and reduce the ravages of aging. Scientists have known for years that moderate stressors, such as a calorie-restricted diet, increase lifespan in a variety of organisms. Now new research is illuminating how this works at the molecular level. A particular protein is key in regulating at least one aspect of the stress response and may be a good model for anti-aging drugs. "What we have here is an essential protective pathway that now looks like a very effective therapeutic target," said biologist Richard Morimoto of Northwestern University. Most research on this protein, called sirtuin1 (SIRT1), has concentrated on its ability to regulate and protect mitochondria — cellular power generators that are corroded over time by reactive oxygen molecules. But SIRT1 also protects DNA in the cell nucleus. Morimoto’s findings, published Thursday in Science, give a precise mechanical explanation for the effects. Cells have evolved a particular response to stay alive in adverse conditions. When a cell starts getting too hot, too hungry or too oxygen-deprived, certain proteins migrate into the nucleus. There, they latch onto sections of DNA and cause heat-shock proteins to be produced. Heatshock proteins — so named because they were first discovered in cells experiencing high temperatures — cruise around the cell, fixing damaged or improperly folded proteins. "Proteins are very delicate," Morimoto said. "Any...
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