...;jh;hkjl hgsflkjsh;sl adfgl;n;lghaf sfd;lgh sh g g g hs h ag aer hgfdsh ae h sg ae gfdg srh ff adge rh fdsh ser h gdhs erh ds gt rh fsh gsfh rh fg fh gsfd hgts h rs h fsh tr h fsh r sdkh lk dfsdf fssd f f g a dsf eawg ea rgf dag e sadg easg e fgre ag e a gegas fer gea sg esa fe age a ge rghr ad ge a g e age Fjkgah;skjfsgdkljfgg Agfasf;lgd ;jh;hkjl hgsflkjsh;sl adfgl;n;lghaf sfd;lgh sh g g g hs h ag aer hgfdsh ae h sg ae gfdg srh ff adge rh fdsh ser h gdhs erh ds gt rh fsh gsfh rh fg fh gsfd hgts h rs h fsh tr h fsh r sdkh lk dfsdf fssd f f g a dsf eawg ea rgf dag e sadg easg e fgre ag e a gegas fer gea sg esa fe age a ge rghr ad ge a g e age Fjkgah;skjfsgdkljfgg Agfasf;lgd ;jh;hkjl hgsflkjsh;sl adfgl;n;lghaf sfd;lgh sh g g g hs h ag aer hgfdsh ae h sg ae gfdg srh ff adge rh fdsh ser h gdhs erh ds gt rh fsh gsfh rh fg fh gsfd hgts h rs h fsh tr h fsh r sdkh lk dfsdf fssd f f g a dsf eawg ea rgf dag e sadg easg e fgre ag e a gegas fer gea sg esa fe age a ge rghr ad ge a g e age Fjkgah;skjfsgdkljfgg Agfasf;lgd ;jh;hkjl hgsflkjsh;sl adfgl;n;lghaf sfd;lgh sh g g g hs h ag aer hgfdsh ae h sg ae gfdg srh ff adge rh fdsh ser h gdhs erh ds gt rh fsh gsfh rh fg fh gsfd hgts h rs h fsh tr h fsh r sdkh lk dfsdf fssd f f g a dsf eawg ea rgf dag e sadg easg e fgre ag e a gegas fer gea sg esa fe age a ge rghr ad ge a g e age Fjkgah;skjfsgdkljfgg Agfasf;lgd ...
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...in response to treatment with PRL by itself. Whereas treatment with FSH produced, as expected, a substantial increase in specific LH binding, concurrent treatment with PRL resulted in no significant change during the first 4 days of culture, followed by a significant decrease in LH binding on days 5 and 6 as well as an approximately 50% inhibition of FSH effect on day 6. Scatchard plot analysis showed that concurrent treatment with PRL resulted in inhibition of the granulosa cell LH binding capacity, whereas no difference could be detected in the binding affinity of LH to its receptor. Treatment with 8-bromo-cAMP produced a significant increase in specific LH binding; concurrent treatment with PRL (30 ng/ml) produced a significant attenuation of 8-bromo-cAMP action. In addition, treatment with FSH increased the intracellular accumulation of cAMP, and concurrent treatment with PRL did not result in inhibition of the FSH action, as assessed by the generation of intracellular cAMP. Taken together, these findings suggest that the ability of PRL to interfere with FSH action with regard to the induction of LH receptors is exerted at sites distal to those involved in cAMP generation. The effect of PRL on LH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) levels was not significant during the increase in receptors, whereas after the maximal level of receptor expression was reached, the effect of PRL was apparent. Cotreatment with FSH (30 ng/ml) and increasing doses of PRL inhibited the levels of...
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...Clase 3- fisio cert II Células foliculares tiroides. Que alimento quimico es importante para que se forme las homronas tiroideas?R: ioduro, el se oxida al interior del coloide y pasa a ser iodo . El iodo adentro de coloide y se asocia a la proteína tiroglobulina . el junto de tirosina globuladas se le adiciona 1 iodo se llama monotiosina y 2 di iodotirosina . El conjunto de tirosina forman tiroglobulinas. Si esta se ioda una tirosina monoyodotirosina y otra se ioda en 2 sitios di iodotirosina.. se asocian a otros AA dando vuelta y se une a otra di iodotirosina y se otro otra di iodotirosina etc esto pasara otra ves en una vescicula por endocitosis y al interiro de la celula se corta la cadena , formando T3 y T4 luego sale a la sangre la T4 y T3 ya cortadas dentro de la celula. Tri iodo tironina t3 / tetraiodo tironina t4 ellas viajan con proteínas transportadoras. *La t3 y t4 cuando viajan por la sangre , estas llegan y actúan en celula blanco ejemplo corazón, celula diana, tiene que tener el receptor para poder actuar. de t4 o tiroxina 89% / t3 tri iodotironina 10% / 1 % hormona t3 reversa no tiene función. RECEPTOR: La afinidad del receptor de t3 en la celula blanco es 10 veces más a fin que para la t4 y el receptor está dentro del núcleo. Siempre la hormona activa es t3 !!!! Entonces la hormona tiroideas viajan por la sangre llegan a una celula blanco ejemplo celula cardiaca pasan al interiro de la celula blanco, y la t4 al interior se trasforma en t3 gracias...
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...lining is then shed due to the low progesterone levels. The dominant gonadotropic hormone during this period is FSH, which stimulates the ovarian cycle to begin the follicular phase. B. Preovulatory Phase (Days 5-11) - phase during which the mature follicle develops within the ovary. Estrogen is the most dramatically rising sex hormone that is produced in the ovaries at this point. It works to build the uterine lining during this phase. The estrogen also causes the FSH to decrease through the negative feedback loop. When it reaches a critical concentration, the release of LH is stimulated. C....
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...dh sdh dsh fsdhfs h hs fdhf sh hs fdhsf shf shf shf dh fhs fhsf hf sdgf gfv fvgf vg vgfv fg gfs fgs fgs fgsd gs fgsf sg g fsg fsgf dsg gf sgf sgf sgf gf fg fgs fgs g f sgf sgf f sgf sgf dg sgfs fgs sg fgsf sg g gf sg fg fgs sgs gf sg vbcnb cn cnv cn c cnv cnv cn cnv nc cnc nv ncv cn vnc hs h sd wu sdc dscsd hc hc shc sch ch chdc dhc h ch cb b zbc hvha dh fdh dshf shs sh dhsd hs shf hd hd fhd fdh ssh shd fdhf hs fsh f sh sh shsa bhlbfrk hd hdfhd hd dhd hd dh fdh dh dh dhdf dhf dhfd h fdhf dhf hsdf vsdah h sdh sah vhsa hds dh dsh lah hsdla h asdh fhhf shjfsd hjsd f\s hjf sjf sdhf sjh fshjf jsf shf shf h fdhf dhs sjad sfj fhj fvdhsf dsafhjsa hjsa hds fhds asdhf dhdf fhdr hr hr hg ghr rhg rwehr hgr rh ghr rh gh h sadsdfhadslg afsh hdsabdhshahsdaslsda hd shas gdshj hdsa dhs gdsh dsha gdh agh gdha gh sdha dshgd has ahsd hd gdsah dsh dsh adhs asdh gdh gdsahg dshad sha dsha dgsh gsadh sdahsd aghds ghdsa asdh adshg asdhsa hs ghd shds hds sdhsdhsd ds hsd shfs hs hs fhs sh shs hs sh fshs hsfs hdf shf shs d d fhd fdhf h hfd fhd fhd hd fdhs hs fsh fshf shs hfs fsh shs hs reih rh rs fsdhf fhs fhs f fhsf shf sh sar hfrehre...
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...Functions of the ovaries: * Produce viable oocyte * Produce female hormones Important facts to know and understand about the ovary: * Ovaries contain all the eggs they will ever have before birth. * Ovarian follicles begin their development as primordial structures, which consist of an oocyte arrested at the diploid stage of the first meiotic division (in prophase I) surrounded by few flattened granulose cells. * Only the dominant follicle is selected because of its ability to convert androgens to oestrogens. The other follicles will not continue to grow and will undergo atresia. An oocyte goes through 4 biological processes: * Oogenesis * Oogenesis is a mature oocyte. It is the process of producing female gametes, once the sex of the embryo is determined. The difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis is that, in spermatogenesis meiosis begins at puberty to produce sperm in a sexually mature male, whereas meiosis occurs before birth in females. * Oogenesis is not a continuous process throughout the life of a female, unlike spermatogenesis in male. Oogenesis begins in utero when the primordial oocyte (known as Oogonia), enter meiosis but however Prevented from entering prophase I until ovulation. The Oogonia (primary oocyte) enter meiosis again before their release, then arrest in metaphase II. Meiosis will only be completed if the egg is fertilised. Oocyte arrested at the diploid stage of the first meiotic division Oocyte...
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...June 2011 essay - A cycle is a biological pathway or process in which the end product of one cycle becomes the starting point for the next cycle. Write an essay about cycles in biology. Plan: Nutrient cycle – carbon and nitrogen Respiration – krebs cycle Photosynthesis – calvin cycle Heart – cardiac cycle Lungs Action potential Menstrual cycle – feedback mechanisms Cell division Nutrients are essential for organisms to survive, they are recycled so that they can be used over and over again. Two major nutrient cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles. The carbon cycle starts in the form of CO2 and is absorbed by plants in photosynthesis to make glucose. This becomes carbon compounds in plant tissue, which is then passed onto primary consumers and then secondary and tertiary consumers. When these organisms die the carbon containing compounds are broken down by decomposers which respire, releasing CO2 back into the atmosphere for the cycle to repeat. The nitrogen cycle is also very important as nitrogen is needed to make proteins. Nitrogen in the atmosphere is turned into ammonia by bacteria, which can then be used by plants. These nitrogen compounds in plants are then turned in ammonium compounds by decomposers. The ammonium compounds are turned into nitrites and nitrates by nitrifying bacteria. The nitrates are then converted back into nitrogen gas, ready for the cycle to repeat. Aerobic respiration also includes a cycle; the krebs cycle. The krebs cycle...
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...CONTENTS Your References ....................................................................... i Pay and Allowances ........................................................ 1 Basic Pay .................................................................... 1 Basic Allowance for Subsistence (BAS) ...................... 1 Housing Allowances .................................................... 2 Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) .................... 3 Transit Housing Allowance (BAH-T) .................... 3 BAH Partial .......................................................... 3 BAH Differential (BAH-DIFF) ............................... 3 Family Separation Housing - BAH (FSH-B) ......... 4 Overseas Housing Allowance (OHA) .................. 4 Family Separation Housing - OHA (FSH-O) ........ 4 Assignment Incentive Pay (AIP) .................................. 5 Hardship Duty Pay – Location (HDP-L) ....................... 6 Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) ................................. 6 CONUS Cost of Living Allowance (CONUS COLA) ..... 6 Family Separation Allowance (FSA) ............................ 7 Family Subsistence Supplemental Allowance (FSSA) . 7 Dislocation Allowance (DLA)........................................ 8 Temporary Lodging Allowance (TLA) .......................... 8 Temporary Lodging Expense (TLE) ............................. 8 Adoption Reimbursement Expenses ............................ 9 Dental Insurance ......................................................
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...The Endocrine System OBJECTIVES Give the functions of the endocrine system Define hormones, endocrine and exocrine glands Enumerate and state the location of the endocrine glands of the body Explain the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in endocrine function Describe how hypothalamus regulates hormone secretion from the pituitary Describe how the pituitary gland regulates the secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands Describe the different endocrine glands of the body based on the following: Structure Hormones produced Target cells for each hormone Principal action of each hormone WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? Identify the 2 major types of endocrine conditions and give examples of each OVERALL FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Water balance Uterine contractions & milk release Growth, metabolism, & tissue maturation Ion regulation Heart rate & blood pressure regulation Blood glucose control Immune system regulation Reproductive functions control REGULATION OF EFFECTORS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS 1 HORMONES Comes from the greek word hormaein which means “to excite” Mediator molecules released by the glands of the endocrine system Overview of the Endocrine System System of ductless glands that secrete hormones Hormones are “messenger molecules” Circulate in the blood Act on distant target cells Target cells respond to the hormones for...
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... * Found in ejaculate * Prostate gland * Produce enzymes * Produces buffers that buffer urine in urethra and the acidic environment in the vagina * Contains anticoagulant enzymes that keep the enzymes from coagulating * Erectile tissue (aka spongy tissue) has sinuses in it that fill with blood, causing the penis to erect * Some animals have a bone in their penis called a baculum (not humans) * Retrograde ejaculation: when the bladder does not close off during ejaculation, causing sperm to go up into the bladder * Retractory period * Figure 46.14 * Hormone roles in men * Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) which tells the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH * Control of hormones in the male is through negative feedback * Testosterone is important for the masculizing of males early in fetal development * Testosterone is related to aggression in animals Female Reproduction * Ovary * 2 ovaries, one on either side of the uterus * Follicle= egg + granulosa cell (follicle cell) * Granulosa cells make hormones estrogen and progesterone * Figure 46.12 * When a female is born all of her eggs are arrested in prophase of meiosis 1 * Every month about 13 eggs begin to continue meiosis . * When the egg is ovulated it goes all the way to metaphase 2 then stops * Break down of cyclin allows meiosis to complete * Uterus * Lining...
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...Angela’s Story: A Case Study on the Reproductive System You are a columnist for a popular website that deals with women's health issues. Visitors to the site can submit their stories and questions through an “Ask the Expert” link on the site. In this scenario, a 26-year-old woman has posted her story and some questions regarding reproductive health. My name is Angela. I am a 26-year-old married woman with no children. My husband, Doug, and I have been trying to get pregnant for over two years now and my doctor has suggested that I consider fertility drug treatments. The irony of our situation is that I have been taking a birth control pill for five years to prevent getting pregnant, and now my doctor suggests that I take another drug to help me get pregnant. When I went off birth control, about a year ago, my menstrual cycle became very irregular. I had been taking a birth control drug called Ortho Tri-Cyclen. To be perfectly honest, I don't understand how it works because my periods were more regular when I was on the pill than when I went off of it. My doctor told me that the pill works because it tricks your body into thinking that it is pregnant. That just confused me even more. When I looked back on my decision to take birth control pills, I realized that I did not really understand how they work. I just do not want to make that mistake again. Before I consider taking any more drugs, I want to understand more about how they work. The drug we’re looking...
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...gònades Òrgans i teixits amb capacitats endocrines: − Fetge, ronyó, pàncrees, sistema digestiu, teixit adipós Retroalimentació (feed-back) La secreció hormonal respon als nivells de la pròpia hormona ! Normalment l'augment d'una hormona inhibeix la seva producció (feed-back negatiu) ! Sovint hi ha efectes també en els sistemes reguladors de la secreció hormonal ! Eixos hormonals ! ! ! La hipòfisi regula la secreció de bona part de les glàndules endocrines L'hipotàlem regula la secreció de la hipòfisi Tot el sistema està regulat per mecanismes de retroalimentació Principals eixos hormonals ! Hipotàlem-hipòfisi-òrgan perifèric: − Tiroide (TRH-TSH-hormones tiroïdals) − Gonades (GnRH-LH i FSH-testosterona, estradiol, progesterona) − Suprarenal (CRH-ACTH-cortisol) − Fetge (GHRH-GH-IGF1) −...
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...CHAPTER 28: Reproductive System INTRODUCTION * Definition: gametes & gonads Gametes: germ cells, which organisms use to sexually reproduce. Gonad: Reproductive organs (Testes in males and ovaries in females) that produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. * Define gynecology, urology & andrology Gynecology: The branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system. Urology: The study of the urinary system, as well as the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of the male reproductive system. Andrology: The branch of medicine that deals with male disorders, like infertility and sexual dysfunction. 28.1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM * The male reproductive organs & the functions of the male reproductive system (Figure 28.1) * The male reproductive organs include: the testes1, a system of ducts2 (including the epididymis, ductus vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands3 (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands) and several supporting structures including the scrotum4 and penis5. Functions: 1. The testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, testosterone. 2. The ducts transport, store and assist in maturation of sperm. 3. The accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid portion of semen. 4. The penis contains the urethra, a passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine. Major organs include:...
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...How its working 1. The pituitary (pi-tu-i-tary) gland in your brain makes the hormones luteinizing (lu-tin-iz-ing) hormone (LH) and follicle (fall-i-call) stimulating hormone (FSH). 2. After getting the signal from the hormones LH and FSH, the ovaries make estrogen (es-tro-gen) and progesterone (pro-ges-ter-own), the female sex hormones. 3. All normal ovaries also make a little bit of the androgen testosterone (an-dro-gen tes-tos-ter-own), a male sex hormone. The pancreas (pang-cree-us) is an organ that makes insulin. High levels of insulin can also cause the ovaries to make more of the hormone testosterone. How menstrual cycle acts in people with PCOS ? 1. With PCOS, LH levels are often high when the menstrual cycle starts. The levels of LH are also higher than FSH...
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... *Acidophils are of two types – Somatotrophs which secrete growth hormone and lactotrophs (secrete prolaction). *Basophils are of three types – a)Thyrotrophs – Secrete thyroid stimulating hormone b) Corticotrophs – Secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone c) Gonadotrophs – Secrete both luteinizing hormone(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). *Along the posterior part of the anterior lobe there is a narrow region called the pars intermedia. It is composed of a few layers of epithelial cells. *Pars intermedia is almost indistinct in man. *Pars tuberalis is composed of cuboidal vascular cells and is non-endocrine in nature. Fig. 27.3 Anatomy of pituitary gland ...
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