...international organizations due to the major impacts associated with it. When a topic such as air pollution is mentioned, most of the people will automatically link it to the idea of things like smog, power plants and emissions from vehicles. However, these are considered examples of outdoor air pollutants. There exists another class of pollutants, which pollute the air inside the houses. These are called indoor air pollutants. Indoor air pollution is when the indoor pollutants or things such as gases and particles contaminate the air indoors. Indoor air pollution refers to the pollution of the air inside the houses or the living spaces. It is the presence of one or more contaminants indoor that carry a certain degree of health risks. The sub-Saharan Africa is among the regions in the world that have been highly affected by indoor air pollution. The aim of this document is to discuss the challenge of indoor air pollution in the region of sub-Saharan Africa. Solid fuel is the major source of this indoor air pollution and particle suspension in the air of these homes. In this region where the population is too poor to be able to afford more efficient and sustainable or less hazardous fuel sources, they are forced to rely on hazardous sources. Solid fuels come in many forms but all carry inherent health risks. Dung from livestock is flammable but releases carbon and even toxins when burned. Charcoal is any previously charred organic material and is effective but has a...
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...Study on Vehicular Pollution and Environmental Administration Course Name: Legal Aspects of Business Faculty: Prof. Name: Roll: 2014PGPMX Submission Date: 15th July 2015 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Conceptual Discussion & implementation of the existing system 4 2.1 Vehicular pollutants and their health/environmental effects 4 2.2 Vehicular pollutants and climate changes 4 2.3 Vehicular Pollution Control Measures in India 6 2.4 Vehicular Emission Standards 7 2.5 Emission standards for controlling pollution from new vehicles in India 8 2.6 Road map for Vehicular Emission norms for new vehicles 8 2.7 Inspection & Maintenance (I/M) Practice in India 9 2.8 Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certification system 10 2.9 Noise Standards for Vehicles 12 2.10 Improvement in Fuel Quality 13 2.11 Indian Initiative for Alternate Fuels 13 3. Data Analysis and Interpretation 15 3.1 Environment Protection Act, 1986 15 3.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 16 3.3 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 17 3.4 Global Environmental Interaction 19 4. CONCLUSIONS 20 1. Introduction “Nature is the source of all material things: the Maker, the means of making, and the things made. All actions take place in time by the intervening of the forces of Nature; but the man, lost in selfish delusion thinks that he himself is the actor.” (Isha Upanishad) “Environmental conservation is about negotiating the transition from past to future...
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...literature is surprisingly void of clarifications, despite the fact that countless studies in energy and ecological economics that could have claimed to measure a ‘carbon footprint’ have been published over decades. This report explores the apparent discrepancy between public and academic use of the term ‘carbon footprint’ and suggests a scientific definition based on commonly accepted accounting principles and modelling approaches. It addresses methodological question such as system boundaries, completeness, comprehensiveness, units and robustness of the indicator. >>> Processes causing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions benefit humans by providing consumer goods and services. This benefit, and hence the responsibility for emissions, varies by purpose or consumption category and is unevenly distributed across and within countries. We quantify greenhouse gas emissions associated with the final consumption of goods and services for 73 nations and 14 aggregate world regions. We analyze the contribution of 8 categories: construction, shelter, food, clothing, mobility, manufactured products, services, and trade. National average per capita footprints vary from 1 tCO2e/y in African countries to 30t/y in Luxembourg and the United States. The expenditure elasticity is 0.57. The cross-national...
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...Bret Bluhm Professor Becker E120 21 April 2013 Word Count: 1,930 The Peril: Car Emission Millions of people wake up every morning and turn their cars on. They willingly drive off, but are oblivious to what damage they are doing. The fuel emission coming out the back ends of millions of vehicles are ultimately harming the earth and future generations, a problem the government is making a priority and taking action on. In her article “Car Emissions are EPA’s Problems,” Emma Marris explains how the Supreme Court ruled that the Environmental Protection Agency must regulate the carbon dioxide produced from cars and trucks in the United States. She goes on to say that, “[t]he climatic changes caused by the Global Warming are due to greenhouse gases and the responsibility of EPA is to regulate pollutants under the Clean Air Act” (Marris). This article provides support and evidence to show the serious effect car emission has on the earth. It is evident that car emission is the leading cause of global warming, a problem that can be addressed through being responsible. Although global warming is a highly disputed topic, certain pieces of hard evidence make the problem difficult to ignore. In 2000, more than three hundred NASA scientists published a report: NASA scientists directly correlate global warming with the cooling stratosphere and the depletion of the ozone. Global warming does not necessarily mean only warmer temperatures. The stratosphere is sensitive to temperature...
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...a strategic plan to reduce the fuel cost and by using various trucking equipment’s that are more efficient and socially conscious while creating a competitive advantage. This study is to help understand the importance of reducing the fuel costs for Peregrine Trucking Company. This highlighted outline also discusses various tools, equipment’s and methods to reduce the fuel expenses of the company. This discussion targets the business processes in the transportation industry to reduce the fuel cost incurred for trucks with special reference to the Peregrine Trucking Company. Over the last two decades the transportation industry became highly competitive. Freight transport demand has grown rapidly and will grow further as our economies recover from the current economic instability. This puts pressure on the capacity of transport networks and community acceptance of the environmental and safety impacts of freight transport, especially by the trucking industry. Alternative cost and energy saving methods need to be identified by the transportation industry to reduce not just the fuel cost but reduce the environmental impact the transportation industry has in the country. The IEA, according to the Aluminum Association (2008), forecasts that annual car and light truck sales worldwide will grow from approximately 65 million in 2006 to more than 140 million in 2050. The technology is supporting the transportation industry with improved fuel efficient equipment, and alternative...
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...associated with this phenomenon are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).Other greenhouse gases (e.g., fluorinated gases) are created and emitted solely through human activities. The principal greenhouse gases that enter the atmosphere because of human activities are: * Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of other chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon dioxide is also removed from the atmosphere (or “sequestered”) when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle. * Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills. * Nitrous Oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste. * Fluorinated Gases: Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (i.e., CFCs, HCFCs, and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse...
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...the fastest growing industries with an expected passenger growth of 5.1% annually by 2030(Boeing). Looking at the strong demand and growth the industry is helping our economies to grow but at the same time it has an increasing effect on the environment. Over the years the fuel efficiency has increased dramatically by improved aircraft design and cleaner fuel. In spite of the more efficient burning of fuel and taking measures to reduce the emissions it is very important to minimize them. Because the aircraft flies at higher altitudes the emissions affect on the higher and lower stratosphere. The governments and the aviation authorities are imposing strict norms and regulations to mitigate the damage. This will have an adverse effect on the businesses. Especially schemes like ETS, it’s going to cost a lot of money to the airline operators to fly to and from EU. Hence as aviation professionals we need to look at this issue as a 2 way campaign which will save money and the most importantly the environment. The following study is conducted for the Dubai International Airport. The aim of this report is to, * To develop a strategy to reduce noise and aircraft emissions in accordance with the ICAO noise and emission regulation * To develop practical recommendations to act on the strategy while maintaining low costs * To develop a path in order to achieve...
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...Pollution and its effects on health and the environment 3. Technical Measure (like Emission Standards) and Non Technical Measures(like prevention of Fuel Adulteration) 4. Fuel Economy Standards and phasing out old Vehicles. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: This research paper is limited in the sense that it tries to study the pollution caused to the environment by the vehicular traffic. Pollution is a broad and extensive topic but this topic tries to limit itself to such pollution caused by the environment and not all other kinds of pollution. METHOD OF WRITING: This paper has largely been written in an investigative and an analytical style. SOURCES OF DATA: The researcher has primarily referred to secondary sources such as books and articles while writing this research paper. MODE OF CITATION: A uniform mode of citation has been used throughout this research paper which is based loosely on the style prescribed in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation(Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 17th ed. 2000). Table of Contents Sr No | Topic | Page No | 1 | Introduction | 3,4 | 2 | Pollution | 4 | 3 | Kinds of Pollution | 4 | 4 | Vehicular Pollution | 5 | 5 | Major vehicle/fuel pollutants | 6 | 6 | Health and environmental effects of vehicular pollutants | 6 | 7 | Various pollutants and its effects on Human health | 7 | 8 | Emission standards for Vehicles | 8 | 9 | Emission Standard for controlling pollution from new vehicles in India | 9 | 10 | Noise...
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...worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. The energy that automobile industry use to produce vehicles will result carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which the most significant of the green house gases(GHG). Historian Mark Foster has estimated that “fully one-third of the total environmental damage caused by automobiles occurred before they were sold and driven.” He cited a study that estimated that fabricating one car produced 29 tons of waste and 1,207 million cubic yards of polluted air. Extracting iron ore, bauxite, petroleum, copper, lead, and a variety of other raw materials to process steel, aluminum, plastics, glass, rubber, and other products necessary to construct automobiles consumes limited resources, uses great amounts of energy, and has serious environmental repercussions. Nowadays, environmental problems are becoming more and more serious in the all area of the world. The automotive industry is one of the largest contributors to CO2 emissions (David, 2009). Carbon dioxide emission that result from automobile industry are one of the factor caused global warming which one of the major issues we being faced with. Most researchers are in agreement that greenhouse gases from industry and agriculture have...
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...purchased. Since most of the raw material in Milano is hardwood product, Hyperglom will use this feedstock. Hyperglom is bagged into 40-pound plastic sleeves and heat sealed. The plastic bags display the Hyperglom pellet logo and address. The bagged pellets will be delivered to pellet dealers on pallets, fifty bags (or one ton) per pallet. Hyperglom are used in residential space heating stoves specifically designed to accept pellets. Pellet stoves offer considerable advantages over traditional stoves including increased ease-of operation, reduced ash disposal, improved combustion efficiency, and, importantly, reduced air emissions. Reduced air emissions allows for compliance with federal and state air quality regulations. National market demand for pellet stoves is increasing at a rate higher than additional increments of supply of pellet fuels in many areas. Hyperglom will employ various state-of-the-art technologies that will increase the efficiency of production. There are no proprietary technologies to be created by the business. Rather, Hyperglom will purchase all of the technology-related capital equipment from recognized vendors. The pellet product itself will exceed national standards but is not considered proprietary in itself. 2.0 Hyperglom Pellets Description The principal product to be manufactured by Hyperglom is a premium Hyperglom pellets...
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...Written by Emily Jones 1. Why are chemical properties of fuels of interest to us now and in the future? We use fuels to power many aspects of our lives, so the chemical properties of fuels are an interest to us now and in the future. There are many different types of fuels, but the three main fuels in which have scientist interested upon are, solid fuels, liquid fuels, and gaseous fuels. The main reason to why these varieties of fuels will interest us within the future to come is because the prospect of a society with much greater use of these products is often referred to as either the “bio-based future” or a “carbohydrate economy”. Without fuels, we wouldn’t be where we are today in society. An example of a fuel and how it actually helps...
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...industry. Their effort in research and development lead to the production of a device that will change the way we fuel our cars. The Gas Replacer will transition a gas-powered engine to run on Biofuels. Since this device is unprecedented, there are many questions out there about the product. Should I buy it? What are the benefits of installing one? (D1) I have narrowed it down to three main benefits of purchasing and installing The Gas Replacer: 1. More money in your wallet. Gasoline is expensive. I know you felt your pain in the recent times when filling up your car. Biofuels will help you save money. They are easier to grow and can be produced year after year. They can also be grown domestically minimizing our dependency on imports. All these reasons make biofuels cheaper and therefore you richer. 2. Support Environment. Become eco friendly and do your part of taking care of our environment. The carbon monoxide emitted by burning of Biofuels is drastically lower compared to the carbon emission from gas fuels. I guarantee this will make you feel good about yourself and the company you work for. 3. Help the economy. While our economy is still rebounding from recession, you can help the recovery by purchasing The Gas Replacer. Using biofuels reduces the need to import fuel from other nations. This brings down the huge amounts spend by United States on fuel and adds up as extra money to the nations economy. You will not regret installing The Gas Replacer on your car...
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...The Rise of Air Transport and its impact on the Environment [pic] Table of Content 1 Abstract 3 2 Introduction 3 3 HISTORY OF THE WORLD AIR transport 3 3.1 How it all began 3 3.2 ICAO and IATA-history and reality 4 4 Air Transportation and the Environment 5 4.1 Demand for Air Transport 5 4.2 Environmental Impact of Aviation 7 4.3 CO2 emissions per passenger kilometer 7 4.4 Aircraft Water Emission 9 4.5 Nitrogen Oxides 9 4.6 Impact of Aviation on Biodiversity 10 4.7 Noise Emissions and its impact on humans as well as biodiversity 11 5 Cost of Aviation on certain examples 11 5.1 Aviation Cost for exotic flowers 11 5.2 The Berlin Airport Fiasco 12 6 Historical Trends in Aircraft Transport 13 7 Conclusion 14 8 Table of Figures 15 9 Sources 15 1 Abstract The following Assignment has the topic of showing the history of aviation and within this showing the environmental impact of aviation. Due to this the history is shown and in addition different types of problems connected to aviation such as carbon oxide and greenhouse gases are explained. At last there is an introduction in data’s showing aviation in its beginning as a mass transport and now. 2 Introduction Transportation - one of the most important sectors of the economy, performing the function of a kind of circulatory system in a...
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...environmental issue to the society. 2.0 Problem Statement Freight transport has been identified that are causing three major problems, which are stated as below, (1) Increases of the road freight transport increase environmental issues along, (2) Some controversy relationship issue between transport growth and economic development, environmental and political factors, (3) Emission rise of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Carbon Dioxide (CO²) worsen the greenhouse effect. 2.1 Road freight transport and environmental issues. The freight transport in Europe by road, rail and waterway together has grown by about 60 per cent since 1970; especially road transport has more than doubled, while rail and waterway still remained static. In this case, there is involving an increasing number of road freight traffic that could cause towards the increasing of environmental problem. For a case in point, when heavy goods vehicles are being used to transfer goods from a point of origin to another destination, it could be leaking out pollutant material and energy emission that would be harmful to humans as well as flora and fauna. 2.2 Controversy relationship issue The relationships between transport growth and economic development are significantly different from those linking the economy to the energy sector generally. The energy intensity of economic defined as the amount energy needed to generate 1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) unit has declined...
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...CO2 Usage and Transportation: An evaluation of fuel consumption and emissions Introduction From this class I have come to understand the reach and reality of global warming. Every purchase I make has an impact regardless of how minute I feel it is. Many other consumers are faced with the same choices globally. It is those who consciously decide as an individual to purchase items with smaller carbon footprints that can make a difference as a whole. There is a broad spectrum of choices to be made as a consumer everything from groceries to the transportation method used to get them can be evaluated. Grocery shopping for many Americans, myself included, consists of making purchases based on taste preference and cost. However, intergrading the actual dollar value as well as taxation on the environment of production into the cost of that product could drastically reduce our carbon footprint. Hamershlag (2011) found the three highest production emission levels come from lamb, beef, and cheese respectively. Production emissions in this case can be defined as all emissions prior and post product leaving the farm. Taking a closer look at beef, one of the highest consumed meats in our country, for every 2.2 pounds of meat 59.6 pounds of CO2e, carbon dioxide equivalents are produced. If several consumers individual substituted chicken for beef the reduction of CO2e would be staggering. This change in one purchase is a reduction of 44.6lb of CO2e. Take that to the global...
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