...Assess the contribution of Functionalism and New Right theories and research to our understanding of society today. (33 marks) Functionalism, devised by Durkheim and Parsons, is a structural theory focusing on the needs of the whole social system and how these shape society’s main features (e.g. social institutions, humans’ behavioural patterns). It is a consensus theory, seeing society as based on value consensus (agreement) between its inhabitants about their values, goals and rules. The New Right is a conservative, political perspective that shares similarities with Functionalism (e.g. believing some people are more naturally talented than others) but contradicts it in arguing that the state should have less involvement in society (e.g. by cutting welfare). Durkheim saw modern industrial society as based on a complex division of labour which promotes differences between groups, weakening social solidarity. He argued that the resultant freedom to the individual must be regulated by society to prevent extreme egoism from destroying all social bonds. Resultantly, he saw society as external and independent to individuals, being made up of ‘social facts’ that constrain and shape people’s behaviour to meet society’s functional prerequisites (needs). Durkheim further believed that if any one thing (‘social fact’) exists, it has a function which will help meet society’s needs, the key ones of which are goals (met through political institutions, e.g. parliament), adaptation (meeting...
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...Functionalism in a Family Functionalism in a Family We Can Work Together Introduction to Sociology I Beth Stewart April 9, 2013 Functionalism in a Family 1 My family would seem very normal from an outside perspective; if someone were to look deep into all the aspects it takes to keep all of us sane and functional, they would be amazed at the effort and dedication it requires. If you look at how “each structure fulfills certain functions, or purposes and activities, to meet different needs that contribute to a society's stability and survival,” (Beth Stewart, lecture 2) you can compare that to a family idea as well. Each family member is a different structure and each has different functions that contribute to the family as a whole. Of course there are many different views and values, but that just gives us more information and ideas to sort out everyone’s different needs. For example: Each parent has a role in providing for their children, whether it is equal roles, or divided ideas. If the father is supposed to provide income, and the mother is supposed to nurture, it can be detrimental to the child and even the spouse if one or both of those roles are not being upheld. “Some social patterns are dysfunctional because they have a negative impact on a group or society.” (Stewart, lecture 2). If one person (structure) of the family is expected to maintain a certain function...
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...Παλεπηζηήκην Κύπξνπ Πνιπηερληθή ρνιή Σκήκα Αξρηηεθηνληθήο ΑΡΗ 201 – Αξρηηεθηνληθή ύλζεζε IV Επηβιέπωλ Καζεγήηξηα: Νάηηα Χαξαιάκπνπο Εαξηλό Εμάκελν 2014 Peter Eisenman _ House Studies Παλαγηώηα Σδηνύξξνπ Αλαζηαζία Γεωξγηάδε Νίθνο Κπξηδή Peter Eisenman House Studies Born: August 11, 1932 (age 83), Newark, New Jersey, United States Books: Ten Canonical Buildings, Giuseppe Terragni and more Awards: Guggenheim Fellowship for Humanities, US & Canada, Wolf Prize in Arts. House VI Peter Eisenman House Studies House VI “Now going back to the houses and to conclude that question, first, I never thought that I would want to build anything but houses because I thought that the house gave sufficient room to experiment with non-functionalities since there is no one type of functional organization for a house but there are architectural organizations” “architecture should cleanse itself of all obligations dictated by function, place, technique, or program, and address only those formal principles that helped solve the constructional problem in question ” Architecture Tools: Rotate, Array, Offset, Stretch, Montage, Grid, Paneling, Slippage, Mirror, Volume articulation. Peter Eisenman Architect: Peter Eisenman Location: Cornwall, Connecticut Client: Mr. and Mrs. Richard Frank Project Year: 1972-1975 House Studies House VI Peter Eisenman House Studies House VI “The cube loses its value as such when the nucleus...
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...7. Functionalism: Historical origin, principles and contributions to the field of Psychology Abstract It is believed that the school of functionalism was first established in 1896 by the publication of John Dewey’s article “The Reflex Arc in Psychology. Functionalism can be defined as a broad school, which focuses on the function of the mind and mental processes, as opposed to the structure of the mind. The school also focuses on how behaviour allows individual adjustment to the environment (Hergenhahn, 2009). The purpose of this essay is to highlight the importance of knowing how the school originated and the basic principles such as; stream of consciousness, habit and instincts, the self and emotions, which shape what functionalism is today. Furthermore it is important to recognise the substantial contributions functionalism made to the broader psychology field such as; applied psychology, memory and behaviourism. Moreover it is important to acknowledge that introspection was the main approach many functionalists perceived to be authentic. Although a further recommendation for research could be how society’s fixation on technology influences an individual’s mind and body in regards to adaptation to the environment. Functionalism: Historical origin, principles and contributions to the field of Psychology Functionalism is an approach that has not been defined with clarity (Hergenhahn, 2009). Although Hergenhahn...
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...Functionalism is the idea that mental states are functional state and you have to treat the mind as a functional concept. The imaginary level between the physical implementation and the behavioral output is concern with the brain. The brain is like a computer and the mind is the software. As long as the physical system is complex. It can recreate and interact with the neurons in the brain you can have a mind. The Idea functionalism contributes towards a better understanding of life because it takes a look at what the mental state is on a person and identifies the functional role. Our desires, beliefs, and sensations do not share a similarity to other creatures with a brain. Freedom, determinism, and responsibility are the idea that for which anyone is responsible or accountable for their significant action. Responsibility is the concept to a functional society. Responsibility is the root to all our traditions of reward and punishments. Freedom, determinism, and responsibility contribute to a better understanding of life because we see that the choices we make in life are free will. The outcome of the decision you make whether good or bad is what you deserve. The responsibility relies solely on you to make the correct decision that could lead you to a happier life or a dysfunctional one. The structure of the personality is the idea that there are three components to make up a personality the id, the ego, and the superego. The first component is id which is totally unconscious...
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...What is Functionalism? In the social sciences specifically sociology and socio-cultural anthropology, functionalism also functional analysis, is a sociological philosophy that originally attempts to explain social institutions as collective means to fill individual biological needs. Later it came to focus on the ways social institutions fill social needs, especially social solidarity. Functionalism is associated with Emile Durkheim and more recently with Talcott Parsons (Marshall 1994: 190-1). Since functional analysis studies the contributions made by socio-cultural phenomena to the socio-cultural systems of which they are a part. Many functionalists argue that social institutions are functionally integrated to form a stable system and that a change in one institution will precipitate a change in other institutions; expressed by Durkheim and others as an organic analogy. Functionalism, originating as an alternative to historical explanations, was one of the first twentieth century anthropological theories, until it was superseded by structural-functional analysis or structural-functionalism. Structural-functionalism takes the view that society consists of parts (e.g. police, hospitals, schools, and farms), each of which have their own functions and work together to promote social stability. Structural-functionalism was the dominant perspective of cultural anthropologists and rural sociologists between World War II and the Vietnam War. Along with conflict theory and interactionism...
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...http://anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php?culture=Functionalism http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/functionalism.htm INTRODUCTION Functionalism was a major paradigm shift in the history of American psychology. As an outgrowth of Darwin’s evolutionary theory, the functionalist approach focused on the examination of the function and purpose of mind and behavior. Rather than the structures of the mind, functionalism was interested in mental processes and their relation to behavior. Through his work at Harvard as a professor teaching psychology courses and his writings related to the philosophy of pragmatism and functionalism, William James became known as spokesman of this burgeoning approach to psychology. His influence was exponentially increased through the inspiration he gave to his students. G. Stanley Hall, Mary Calkins, and Edward Thorndike are among those who spread functionalist psychology to other universities. DARWIN AND FUNCTIONALISM Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection was tremendously influential on the establishment of functionalism. After his famous voyage on The HMS Beagle, Darwin labored many years to produce the book responsible for a dramatic paradigm shift: The Origin of Species. Darwin’s argued that the environment forces a natural selection upon its inhabitants and favors those inhabitants that have adaptive characteristics. The members within a species who have adaptive characteristics pass on this survival...
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...Functionalist Overview • Functionalism is a macro, structural theory. It focuses on the needs of the social system as a whole and how these needs shape all the main features of society - from the form that social institutions such as the family take, right down to the behaviour patterns of individuals and the roles they perform. • Functionalism is a consensus theory. It sees society as based on a basic consensus or agreement among its members about values, goals and rules. • Functionalism is very much a modernist theory of society and shares the goals of the Enlightenment project. Functionalists believe that we can obtain true knowledge of the functioning of society and that this knowledge can be used to improve society. DURKHEIM AND FUNCTIONALISM Durkheim was the most important forerunner of functionalism. He was concerned by rapid social change from a traditional society with a simple social structure to a complex modern society. • Traditional society was based on mechanical solidarity with little division of labour, where its members were all fairly alike. A strong collective conscience bound them so tightly together that individuals in the modern sense did not really exist. • Modern society has a complex division of labour, which promotes differences between groups and weakens social solidarity. Greater individual freedom must be regulated to prevent extreme egoism from destroying all social bonds. • Rapid change undermines old norms without creating clear new ones, throwing...
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...Functionalism (Integration) Functionalism (Integration) Introduction International integration refers to the process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones- the gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from the state to regional or global structures. Functionalism is a theory of International Relations that arose during the inter-War period principally from the strong concern about the obsolescence of the State as a form of social organization. Functionalism is a doctrine that looks at organizations in terms of their function; also, it focuses on the way individuals and groups work together. Functionalists focus on common interests and needs shared by states (but also by non-state actors) in a process of global integration triggered by the erosion of state sovereignty and the increasing weight of knowledge and hence of scientists and experts in the process of policy-making. Functionalism proposed to build a form of authority based in functions and needs, which linked authority with needs, scientific knowledge, expertise and technology, i.e. it provided a supraterritorial concept of authority. The functionalist approach excludes and refutes the idea of state power and political influence (realist approach) in interpreting the cause for such proliferation of international organizations during the inter-war (which was characterized by nation-state conflict) and the subsequent years. Definition “International...
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...The theory of functionalism came to be with the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. Functionalism is when society works together in maintaining a balance. This balance inherently provides a set function that interconnects the dynamics of institutions and families with this theory. One cannot function without the other, since every institution influence just another dynamic. Functionalism also stresses the concepts of functionality and dysfunctionality. There is a dysfunctionality with the number of teenagers that abuse prescription drugs, because it is related to a dysfunctionality in family roles with their upbringings. Even Sherman states that some of the children who abuse the drugs have witness...
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...Sociology Homework; Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the functionalist view of society. Functionalism is seen as a macro scale approach to society as it doesn’t focus on individual aspects of it but looks at it as a whole. They associate society with a biological organism and Parsons identifies 3 similarities between these two. The first is the system organisms, both society and biological organisms are self-regulating but have parts which are all inter-related to help function as a whole (in the body; cells & organs, in society; institutions). The second similarity is headed system needs, and the last is functions as for example in the body each organ contributes to something different and within society each institution is present for a different purpose. This macro scale approach can be seen as a strength as it allows all sociologist from the functionalist perspective to observe society and the institutions within as a whole. The functionalists also see society as something positive and something that benefits everyone as they believe it focuses on the needs of the whole. An aspect of the functionalist theory is that they believe society is based on value consensus whereby all norms and values are agreed on by members of the society. The functionalists believe that many societies have in placed democracy as the norms and values have come to a state where everyone agrees with them. This can be seen as a strength as the Functionalists are seen to realise that democracy...
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...the strengths and limitations of the functionalists theory in sociology. In the study of sociology, the functionalist perspective is a view of society that focuses on the way various parts of society have funtions and live in a consensus that maintain the stability and social order of the whole society. Functionalism is seen as a macro scale approach to society; it sees society as a whole rather than just focusing on some parts of it. Because of this, functionalism views society as a body (organic analogy), all institutions works together to make the society. This is particularly useful when observing the society in order to understand the way it functions and how all the institutions work together to sustain society as a whole. This can also be denoted as one of its strengths. Functionalism is also seen as a consensus theory, it sees society as fair and just, and it acknowledges that many societies including the majority of western ones, have democracy and all individuals within a particular society share the same or similar norms and values. This also could therefore be seen as a strength as it acknowledges that democracy does exists in many societies. Functionalism emphasizes a societal equilibrium. If something happens to disrupt the order and the flow of the system, society must adjust to achieve a stable state. According to Durkheim, society should be analyzed and described in terms of functions. Society is a system of interrelated parts where no one part can function...
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...Buck Buleza SP 2750 Research 2.1 Applicability of the Functionalist Theory * Which type of group interaction does this theory talk about? * This theory speaks of how each member of a group is responsible for the function of the group. There must be a balance from each member for the group to function properly. If one member of the group does not hold up their end of the workload then it throws off the rest of the group. Communication is key here. * How does this theory assist in the functioning of groups? Functionalism in a group setting should help with the balance of the group. All members would take on their own responsiblities/workload to match that of the other members. This allows the group as a whole to progress forward toward their goal. If any member starts slacking though it will throw off the rest of the members. The group would then need to meet and figure out a way to rebalance. * State a hypothetical scenario that depicts how this theory applies to a group. “For example, the government, or state, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. The family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. If all goes well, the parts of society produce order, stability, and productivity. If...
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...Functionalist Theory – Essay Plan Introduction * Functionalism is a consensus structuralist theory, which sees the source of crime and deviance located in the structure of society * Social order and cohesion are based on value consensus, and the agencies of social control seek to protect this by controlling the threat posed by crime and deviance * Functionalists do argue that crime and deviance are useful in society because they have a ‘function’ * They reinforce the consensus of values, norms and behaviour of the majority non-deviant population * Durkheim and other functionalist sociologists who came after him argue that all societies need some change to remain healthy and stable * If society reacts positively to deviant behaviour it starts the process for that behaviour to be seen as non-deviant in the future 1P – Study of crime 1E – Emile Durkheim 1E – Felt that an understanding of crime and deviance was essential in order to understand how society functioned. He argued that crime had 4 characteristics: Inevitable, Universal, Relative and Functional. Overall Durkheim saw high levels of crime and deviance as very negative for society causing uncertainty and disruption but despite the potential threats to social order, he saw some deviance as necessary and beneficial as it could perform positive functions in contributing to the well being by; strengthening collective values, enabling social change, acting as a safety valve and acting as a warning...
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...\ The Chinese Room Argument The Chinese Room argument was developed by John Searle in the early 1980’s. The argument was designed to prove that strong artificial intelligence was not possible. While the argument itself is flawless, John Searle’s opinion that strong artificial intelligence is impossible is not. The Chinese room argument is really more of a thought provoking experiment. You are asked to imagine an English speaking man in a room, within this room there is nothing but tools to which he can translate Chinese symbols. The man in the room is passed these symbols through a slit on one side of the room, and using his tools he must translate them. Then, he passes the translations through the slit in the other side of the room, and to the people outside the room it looks like he understands Chinese. Searle’s argument is that just because it looks like the man understands the Chinese symbols, and has the tools to translate the Chinese Symbols, doesn’t mean he actually understands the symbols. Within this argument the man represents a computer. The symbols are given to the computer, the computers programming allows the computer to translate the symbols, and the computer gives an answer. At no point does this imply the computer understands the original information it was given. The computer was simply programmed to be able to function as such(Gams 231). Using words and substituting the word Computer for Strong Artificial Intelligence the argument would sound...
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