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Galileo
Sir Galileo Galilei (also known as the “Father of Modern Science”) was an Italian scientist, astronomer, and mathematician of the Renaissance era whose methodical discoveries and principles changed our interpretation of the world around us. Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy to Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati on February 15, 1564, their eldest child. His father, a musician, had wanted his son to study in medicine because of the financial benefits. In 1581, Galileo went off to study medicine at the University of Pisa where he took an interest in physics and mathematics. At his time at Pisa, Galileo made a scientific discovery that would change our view of time. At cathedral, Galileo noticed a chandelier swinging over him. His curiosity of how long it swings, being timed by his pulse, led to a realization that the periods were all similar. This became known as the Law of the Pendulum which is used to control clocks. In 1585, Galileo left the University of Pisa due to financial troubles. To make ends meet, he took various teaching jobs educating mathematics. A lecture he made about the position and size of Dante’s Inferno received praise and Galileo received re-entrance to the University of Pisa. While there, Galileo took interest in Aristotle’s laws of nature that stated that heavier objects drop at a rapid speed than lighter objects. This law has been accepted by many and few have tried to experiment. Galileo decided to experiment by going to the top of the Tower of Pisa which measured at 177feet with different balls which different sizes and masses and dropped them from the top of the tower and made the observation that the balls landed at the base of the building at equal time which made Aristotle’s laws incorrect. This finding caused Galileo to leave the University of Pisa for the second time. Galileo later took a teaching job at the University of Padua. In 1591, when Galileo’s father died, he was left with the responsibility for caring for his siblings. Desperate to make money, Galileo sold military compasses for profit and drew in a lot of money. While teaching at Padua, Galileo had a vast following and an increased notoriety. In 1600, Galileo met a woman named Marina Gamba with whom he had three children with, two daughters Virginia and Livia and a son Vincenzo who later became a renowned musician. Galileo never married Marina because of financial woes and fear for his reputation. In 1609, upon hearing about the invention of the telescope, Galileo decided to make one of his own. After constructing a 10-power telescope, he revealed to the Senate who were fascinated and Galileo’s profit increased and received honors. In 1610, Galileo tested his telescope in the sky and discovered while using his telescope to observe the moon that it was spherical and had craters and depressions and it was jagged and rough. Many people didn’t believe Galileo because of their own beliefs that the Moon was flat and smooth. Galileo upgraded his telescope to a 30-power and re-tested his telescope on Jupiter and found that Jupiter had three “stars” two to the east and one to the west in a straight line. On another observation, he discovered that the three “stars” were all on one side still in a straight line which he came to the conclusion that the “stars” were actually moons orbiting Jupiter and that Venus had phases identical to the moon. This led to Galileo to support Copernicanism, the theory that the Earth orbits the sun. This caused backlash from nobles because they felt that it contradicted the Bible. Galileo went on the defense his theory saying that even though he is a religious man, he does believe that Bible interpreters could make mistakes. He was ordered to never educate about the Copernican theory. Later, Galileo expressed his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems which caused for him to be under house arrest for the remainder of his life. Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642 from a fever and heart palpitations after many years of being in poor health and being blind. Galileo’s discoveries revolutionized into modern science.

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