...QUESTION The gap between the official curriculum and actual curriculum is often as the result of the misuse of available instructional time. Discuss. The term ‘curriculum’, was derived from the Greek word ‘curere’ which literarily means ‘racecourse. As a broad concept, the term ‘curriculum’ does not have a concise or precise definition. However, it can be explained in terms of academic content as the planned interaction of learners and instructors with instructional content, materials, resources and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives. Simply put, it is the set of courses, coursework and their contents offered at a school or educational and training institutions. We have several scenarios of the usage of the term, curriculum. Some of these are official, actual, null, formal, informal, hidden, enacted, experienced and unintended curricula. Nevertheless, the concentration of this work is on the gap between the official and actual curricula. The official curriculum is the administratively and legally documented programme of study and other aspects of school life, subject matter, skills and values that policy makers expect learners to be taught. It usually gives the basic plan of lessons to be followed, including objectives, sequence and materials. Some components of the official curriculum include the syllabus, timetable, official calendars, official list of recommended books, content and style of final and intermediate examination. Difficulties...
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...QUESTION The gap between the official curriculum and actual curriculum is often as the result of the misuse of available instructional time. Discuss. The term ‘curriculum’, was derived from the Greek word ‘curere’ which literarily means ‘racecourse. As a broad concept, the term ‘curriculum’ does not have a concise or precise definition. However, it can be explained in terms of academic content as the planned interaction of learners and instructors with instructional content, materials, resources and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives. Simply put, it is the set of courses, coursework and their contents offered at a school or educational and training institutions. We have several scenarios of the usage of the term, curriculum. Some of these are official, actual, null, formal, informal, hidden, enacted, experienced and unintended curricula. Nevertheless, the concentration of this work is on the gap between the official and actual curricula. The official curriculum is the administratively and legally documented programme of study and other aspects of school life, subject matter, skills and values that policy makers expect learners to be taught. It usually gives the basic plan of lessons to be followed, including objectives, sequence and materials. Some components of the official curriculum include the syllabus, timetable, official calendars, official list of recommended books, content and style of final and intermediate examination. Difficulties...
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...Definitions of Curriculum Definition 1: Curriculum is such “permanent” subjects as grammar, reading, logic, rhetoric, mathematics, and the greatest books of the Western world that best embody essential knowledge. Definition 2: Curriculum is those subjects that are most useful for living in contemporary society. Definition 3: Curriculum is all planned learnings for which the school is responsible. Definition 4: Curriculum is all the experiences learners have under the guidance of the school. Definition 5: Curriculum is the totality of learning experiences provided to students so that they can attain general skills and knowledge at a variety of learning sites. Definition 6: Curriculum is what the student constructs from working with the computer and its various networks, such as the Internet. Definition 7: Curriculum is the questioning of authority and the searching for complex views of human situations. Definition 8: Curriculum is all the experiences that learners have in the course of living. (From Marsh, C. J. & Willis, G. (2003). Curriculum: Alternative approaches, ongoing issues. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.) Types of Curriculum —from Leslie Wilson’s website and Larry Cuban (Courtesy of Dr. Judith Irvin, Florida State University) Overt, explicit or written curriculum is simply that which is written as part of formal instruction of the schooling experience. It may refer to a curriculum document, texts...
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...vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. But are all these 4 elements being visited upon in our classrooms? This paper aims at looking at the kind of English that is taught/learnt in our traditional classrooms in schools and colleges across India and how it relates to boosting the employability quotient in an individual. Keywords: LSRW, employability, communication, language learning. Introduction: Down the ages English gained popularity through commerce as there was a time when the sun never set on the British Empire – thanks to their conquests - and their colonies spread from one end of the Earth to the other end. Though English is a foreign language it has been taught in India for decades and as we are all well aware it is an associate official language. All our government documents exist in English as well as Hindi. "I would have English as an associate, additional language, which can be used not because of facilities, but because I do not wish the people of non-Hindi areas to feel that certain doors of advance are closed to them. So I would have it as an alternative language as long as people of India require it" - Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, (from the Convocation Address, delivered at University of Pune on 27th Jan. 1955).(1), (2) India has a mix of urban, semi-urban and rural learners who either learn in English-medium or who...
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...of achieved status’ rather than ascribed. * Education teaches universalistic standards- rather than the particularistic standards seen in family * Competition, equality and individualism are taught within education. These are crucial to capitalism and cannot be taught in family due to its cooperative nature. Marxism- Conflict Perspective Schools make proletariat passive and resigned to their fate. Making sure they don’t rebel! Althusser * Education acts as an Ideological apparatus- ‘brainwashing’ Apply this to schools, it can be argued hidden curriculum teaches obedience etc. and punishes free thinking. Official Curriculum teaches that alternatives to capitalism as dangerous! Study: Bowles & Gintis (1976) Schools mirror workplace. This is the correspondence principle, and it prepares children to accept their future exploitation as the proletariat. Note several similarities between workplace and schools: Hierarchical, same values of uniform and punctuality etc, external rewards emphasised i.e. wages and grades as opposed to just enjoyment, fragmentation & alienation- form group, subject, department etc. Also argue that education transmits myth of meritocracy! The belief that...
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...A World Culture of Schooling? Kathryn M. Anderson-Levitt Introductory chapter to Anderson-Levitt, Kathryn, Ed. 2003 Local Meanings, Global Schooling: Anthropology and World Culture Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 1 Is there one global culture of schooling, or many? Are school systems around the world diverging from their original European sources, or are they converging toward a single model?i This book opens a dialogue between two very different perspectives on schooling around the world. On the one hand, anthropologists and many scholars in comparative education emphasize national variation, not to mention variation from district to district and from classroom to classroom. From their point of view, the nearly 200 national school systems in the world today represent some 200 different and diverging cultures of schooling. On the other hand, sociology’s “institutionalists” or world culture theorists argue that not only has the model of modern mass education spread from a common source, but that schools around the world are becoming more similar over time.ii According to world culture theory, rather than diverging, schools are converging toward a single global model. This question matters to anthropologists because when we look at globalization— the movement of people, money and ideas across the entire world in unprecedented volume—we wonder whether it really means that the world is becoming more homogeneous. Are we creating a global culture (a “McWorld” for the...
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...Education system of Pakistan Introduction It is mandated in the Constitution of Pakistan to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 5-16 years and enhance adult literacy. With the 18th constitutional amendment the concurrent list which comprised of 47 subjects was abolished and these subjects, including education, were transferred to federating units as a move towards provincial autonomy. The year 2015 is important in the context that it marks the deadline for the participants of Dakar declaration (Education For All [EFA] commitment) including Pakistan. Education related statistics coupled with Pakistan’s progress regarding education targets set in Vision 2030 and Pakistan’s lagging behind in achieving EFA targets and its Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) for education call for an analysis of the education system of Pakistan and to look into the issues and problems it is facing so that workable solutions could be recommended. What is Education System? The system of education includes all institutions that are involved in delivering formal education (public and private, for-profit and nonprofit, onsite or virtual instruction) and their faculties, students, physical infrastructure, resources and rules. In a broader definition the system also includes the institutions that are directly involved in financing, managing, operating or regulating such institutions (like government ministries and regulatory bodies, central testing organizations, textbook...
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...school districts determining education standards, the state and federal governments provide the policy direction. One method to assess education performance and compliance with the centralized policy is the use of accountability measures - i.e., standardized tests. The NCLB, coupled with state policy, is intended to decrease inequality and set an objective measurement in place where school districts, schools, teachers, and even students can be held accountable for their progress or lack thereof. However, there are arguments from opponents of standardized testing claiming that test-driven curricula are harmful to the needs of a democratic society, and that testing discriminates against minorities by widening the education achievement gap (Hursh 612). It is the intention of this research paper to investigate this claim and the claims of proponents of standardized testing by analyzing what role standardized testing should...
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...one that you will already be familiar with because descriptive statistics are used in everyday life in areas such as government, healthcare, business, and sport. 2. Inferential (analytical) statistics makes inferences about populations (entire groups of people or firms) by analysing data gathered from samples (smaller subsets of the entire group), and deals with methods that enable a conclusion to be drawn from these data. (An inference is an assumption, supposition, deduction or possibility.) Inferential statistics starts with a hypothesis (a statement of, or a conjecture about, the relationship between two or more variables that you intend to study), and investigates whether the data are consistent with that hypothesis. Because statistical processing requires mathematics, it is an area that is often approached with discomfort and anxiety, if not actual fear. Which is why this book tells you which statistics to use, why those statistics, and when to use them, and...
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...Quantitative research methods in educational planning Series editor: Kenneth N.Ross Module John Izard 6 Overview of test construction UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Quantitative research methods in educational planning These modules were prepared by IIEP staff and consultants to be used in training workshops presented for the National Research Coordinators who are responsible for the educational policy research programme conducted by the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ). The publication is available from the following two Internet Websites: http://www.sacmeq.org and http://www.unesco.org/iiep. International Institute for Educational Planning/UNESCO 7-9 rue Eugène-Delacroix, 75116 Paris, France Tel: (33 1) 45 03 77 00 Fax: (33 1 ) 40 72 83 66 e-mail: information@iiep.unesco.org IIEP web site: http://www.unesco.org/iiep September 2005 © UNESCO The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission ...
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...Flaws in Pakistan’s Education System Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences; Vo. 4 No.1 Flaws in Pakistan’s Educational System Hina Rehman* Dr. Nushad Khan† Abstract The paper aims to identify prevalent problems in the Pakistani educational system with a view to find out their solution. Education system of any country is meant to equip and facilitate the nation to pursue national goals and strengthen its ideological foundations. Presumably the existing education system of the country has failed to deliver matching response to the call of our national objectives and aspirations. Introduction Education plays an important role in political stability, economic development and social progress of a nation. It brings political stability by realizing the people their national rights and duties and thus through awareness of their rights and duties, a very good environment is created for better implementation of the policies and good participation and cooperation of the people. Education brings economic development because it enhances the productivity and efficiency of the people, and provides them necessary skills which enable the people to play their role in supporting the sustainable economic growth of the country. Education shapes the personality of the people, seeks them moral obligations and duties, so they can play their part in the society. Today Pakistan is facing a number of problems i.e. poverty, insecurity, terrorism, sectarianism and many more and base provided to all...
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...Chapter–One Introduction 1.1Background of the Study/ Introduction: Today's work environment requires employees to be skilled in performing complex tasks in an efficient, cost-effective, and safe manner. Training is needed when employees are not performing up to a certain standard or at an expected level of performance. The difference between actual the actual level of job performance and the expected level of job performance indicates a need for training. A training analysis is conducted ultimately to identify what areas of knowledge or behaviors that training needs to accomplish with learners. The analysis considers what results the organization needs from the learner, what knowledge and skills the learner presently has and usually concludes with identifying what knowledge and skills the learner must gain. Usually this phase also includes identifying when training should occur and who should attend as learners. Ideally, criteria are established for the final evaluation of training to conclude if training goals were met or not. Depending on the resources and needs of the organization, a training analysis can range from a very detailed inventory of skills to a general review of performance results. The more complete the training analysis, the more likely that the employee's training will ultimately contribute results to the organization. This report is a Project Report prepared as a requirement for the conclusion of the MBA Program. As per requirement of...
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...Internship Report On Marketing Services of The Private Universities in Bangladesh -A Case Study On Southern University Bangladesh [pic] BBA Program FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH |Submitted By |Under the Guidance of | | | | |Muhammad Mahmud Hossain Mamun |Prof. A. J. M. Nuruddin Chowdhury, | |ID Number: 111-24-18 |Former Vice- Chancellor, | |BBA Program |University of Chittagong | |Faculty of Business Administration |& | |Southern University Bangladesh. |Southern University Bangladesh. | Table of Contents |Particulars |Page No. | ...
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...Federation of Accountants (IFAC). This assessment is positioned within the broader context of the Cambodia’s institutional framework and capacity needed to ensure the quality of corporate financial reporting Cambodia is putting in place an institutional framework with regard to accounting, auditing, and financial reporting practices. However, institutional weaknesses in regulation, compliance, and enforcement of standards and rules still exist. The accounting and auditing statutory framework suffers from inconsistencies among different laws. Although the national accounting standards and auditing standards are based on IFRS, and ISA, respectively, they appear outmoded and have gaps in comparison with the international equivalents. There are varying compliance gaps in both accounting and auditing practices. These gaps could primarily stem from lack of clearer understanding by professional accountants, inadequate technical capacities of the regulators, absence of implementation guidance, lack of independent oversight of the auditing profession, and shortcomings in professional education and training. There is little awareness of the...
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...socio-economic security, training opportunities, and working conditions. This enormous unlocked potential represents a substantial loss of opportunity for both individuals and society. With increasing emphasis being given to work- and skills-based solutions to economic competition and poverty in the developing world, comes a renewed focus on technical and vocational education and training (TVET) as a means to expand opportunities for marginalized youth (Tripney, et. al., 2013). Enhancing the quality of basic education in the Philippines is urgent and critical. In line with this, one of the discussions of DepEd which incurred on October 2010 is to enhance the basic education program of the country in a way that is least disruptive to the current curriculum, most affordable to government and families, and aligned with international practice through the K-12 policy. The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. Many students who finish basic education do not possess sufficient mastery of basic competencies. One reason is that students do not get adequate instructional time or time on task. This quality of education is reflected in the inadequate preparation of high school graduates for the world of work or entrepreneurship or higher education. High school...
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