...[pic] ANTACIDS PRE LAB DISCUSSION The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to begin the chemical breakdown [digestion] of the food that you eat. Although this acid is quite strong, (about 2 M), the stomach has a thick mucus lining that protects the stomach tissue itself from being digested by the acid. When the stomach is too full or when you have swallowed air, the acid will be forced up out of the stomach into the unprotected esophagus. The acid will react with the unprotected tissue and cause a burning sensation commonly known as "heart burn". There are a number of over-the-counter medications called "antacids". These are not chemical bases. If they were bases and you used them regularly or took them in large doses, they would raise the pH of your blood. This condition, called alkalosis, would result in kidney damage. The brands of antacids sold in the drug store contain insoluble compounds that acids will react with, resulting in the acid being consumed in the reaction. The most common ingredient used is calcium carbonate [CaCO3], also known as limestone. This limestone is ground to a powder, mixed with a starch paste, and formed into a tablet. Often flavoring and coloring is added to make the tablet more attractive. Other tablets contain insoluble hydroxides that will react with hydrochloric acid. There are also newer types of antacids that are taken before eating. These consist of a hormone [chemical messenger] that reduces the...
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...Acid-Base Balance Kelly Heffron Grand Canyon University NUR-614 September 16, 2015 Acid-Base Balance The acid base balance is a homeostatic process that aides the body in maintaining a pH in the arterial blood between 7.35-7.45 (Patient, 2015). The body works together through multi-systems to ensure that acidity or alkalinity never take over within the blood. The purpose of the following paper is define the classification of the acid-base balance, define the factors from the case study, explain the pathophysiology, describe the compensatory mechanisms, pharmacological interventions, and the educational needs of patients with an imbalance. Classification In the following case study, the patient presents with metabolic alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is a state within the blood when sodium bicarbonate (HCO3) increases. This condition can arise when the there is an acid loss within the body and HCO3 in the blood increases (Merk Manual, 2015). This process can cause the intracellular shifting of hydrogen ions, thus causing HCO3 retention. In the case study it is identified that the kidneys have a higher content of HCO3 because of the volume depletions. Normally, the kidneys filter out the HCO3 and excrete it into the urine (Merk Manual, 2015). In the case study, compensatory mechanisms have not activated, because the PaO2 is still within normal range of 35-45mm Hg, with a level of 40mm Hg. When excretion does not occur, the acid-base balance shifts from homeostasis...
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...|Loperamide, Imodium; anti- diarrheal |2 mg PO per loose |Inhibits peristalsis and prolongs transit |Relief of diarrhea |Loose stool | | |stool PRN up to 20 |time by a direct effect on nerves, reduces| | | | |mg/day |fecal volume, increases fecal viscosity | | | |calcium carbonate/ |30 cc PO Q 4hrs PRN |neutralizing the acid in the stomach. |Reduction in gastric acid |Upset GI | |magnesium carbonate, Mylanta; | | | | | |mineral/electrolyte supplement | | | | |...
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...Title: Comparing the effectiveness of several Antacids Abstract: When using an Antacid, its a medication taken by the mouth. The purpose of this is to slow down the pain with acid indigestion. Antacids work together to neutralize excess stomach acid, which starts during the digestion process. Here are some common Antacids that was used in the lab: Rolaids, Maalox, and Tums. Some don't know that these antacids have at least one of these ingredients: aluminum, Calcium, magnesium, and sodium ( Directly on the back of the products). The aim of this experiment was to evaluate and test the effectiveness of antacids. Hypothesis: All antacid will not be equally effective because they all have different ingredients. Introduction: Within this experiment, the three different antacids was chosen: Maalox, Rolaids, and Tums. To get started we had to crush one antacid and add it to 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker. We did all three antacids separately, but made sure that all three antacids dissolved properly, meaning you don't see some on the bottom of the beaker. By using a stirring rod, stirring can help dissolve the antacids. We had to transfer the three different antacids into three separate test tubes with a pipet adding 5 mL of antacids solution. When we done this we then had to add 4 drops of bromcresol purple to the test tube. Bromcresol purple is a pH indicator. Then we had to add 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to the three test tubes, we had to mix after every drop. this...
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...Can a Cabbage Distinguish an Acid from a Base? For this activity, Chemistry students have prepared cabbage juice and have set up workstations in the classroom for you to explore acids and bases. You will use your observations to classify some common household items as acids, neutral substances, or bases. Whenever we work with chemicals, it is necessary work carefully and to wear aprons and goggles. How does it work? Red cabbage contains a pigment molecule known as an anthocyanin. This same pigment gives many other items in nature a bright red color. Apples, plums, poppies, grapes, cornflowers, and red maple leaves in the fall all contain anthocyanins. The color you see is dependent upon pH, or relative acidity of its surroundings. pH Scale pH Scale When the pH for a substance is 7, we say it is neutral. If the pH is lower, it is acidic. If it is higher, it is basic. The further the pH is from 7, the more acidic or basic the substance. Our stomach contents are typically at a pH 1 to 2 because of hydrochloric acid that is produced by cells in the lining of the stomach. Acid is important in our stomachs for helping break down the food we eat. What Now? You will test some solutions that are known to be acidic, neutral, or basic. You will use this information to determine the colors you would expect at various levels along the pH scale. Once you’ve established a pattern, you will be testing common household substances to determine if they are acidic...
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...The best way to get rid of heartburn is through a natural method, so they say. And many heartburn sufferers will agree to this since natural heartburn remedies are truly effective in reducing the frequency of heartburn and are safer to use in the long run. These remedies are also inexpensive and don't require taking drugs that can cause side-effects that may even be more serious than the condition itself. If you are looking for ways to get rid of heartburn using natural means, here are some really useful tips for you. 1. Avoid heartburn triggers - there are types of foods that can cause heartburn. Food triggers may vary from person to person but the most common triggers include fatty and fried foods, spicy foods, raw onions, black pepper, garlic and peppermint. Chocolates too are said to cause acid reflux as well as alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, citrus fruits and citrus juices. 2. Divide your meals to smaller portions - people who suffer from acid reflux experience heartburn usually after eating a big meal. It'll help lessen the frequency of the problem if you eat six small meals a day instead of three big meals. Also, avoid going to bed less than 2 hours after eating or you'll suffer from nighttime heartburn. 3. Lose weight - obesity is also seen as one of the chief reasons why acid reflux occurs. Overweight people are prone to gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD than people who have healthier weight. 4. Get rid of bad habits - smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages...
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...SC155 - INTRO TO CHEMISTRY: MATTER AND EQUILIBRIUM Indigestion and Titration: An Acid-Base Titration Imagine yourself as the Lead Analytical Chemist at Kaplan Industries. Your first big assignment is to investigate the strength of several commercial antacids for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They have sent five antacids to be tested with a back-titration that works as follows: • • • First, each antacid tablet is mixed with 40 mL of 0.1 M HCl—this acidic solution is the same stuff that is in stomach acid, and one antacid pill is nowhere near enough to neutralize all 40 mL of the acid. So, to see how much extra help each antacid pill needs to neutralize 40 mL of 0.1 M HCL, you add 0.05 M NaOH drop-by-drop to back-titrate the solution until the pH is neutral. What this means is that, the stronger the antacid tablet, the less NaOH it will take to help bring the acid to neutral. (In other words, the stronger antacid tablets counteract more of the original HCl, leaving the solution closer to neutral before the NaOH is added.) Here are your results: Maalox Mass of one dose antacid mL NaOH used in backtitration 20.0 g Tums 21.0 g Mylanta 18.0 g CVS brand 18.3 g Rennies 17.5 g 24.1 mL 22.4 mL 20.0 mL 19.9 mL 24.4 mL 1. Which is the strongest antacid, on a single-dose basis? Which is the weakest? Explain and show your calculations. 2. Which are the strongest and weakest, on a by-weight (mass) basis? 3. When people do back titrations, they usually watch...
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...Medications 1. Protonix (pantoprazole) – antiulcer agent (proton-pump inhibitors) a. Indications – Erosive esophagitis associated with GERD. Decrease relapse rates of daytime and nighttime heartburn symptoms on patients with GERD. Pathologic gastric hypersecretory conditions. b. Action – Binds to an enzyme in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen. Diminished accumulation of acid in the gastric lumen, with lessened acid reflux. Healing of duodenal ulcers and esophagitis. Decreased acid secretion in hypersecretory conditions. Pg. 990 2. SynTHROID (levothyroxine) – hormones (thyroid preparations) a. Indications – Thyroid supplementation in hypothyroidism. Treatment or suppression of euthyroid goiters and thryroid cancer. b. Action – Replacement of or supplementation to endogenous thyroid hormones. Principal effect is increasing metabolic rate of body tissues: Promote gluconeogenesis, increase utilization and mobilization of glycogen stores, stimulate protein synthesis, promote cell growth and differentiation, aid in the development of the brain and CNS. Contain T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) activity. Replacement in hypothyroidism to restore normal hormonal balance. Suppression of thyroid cancers. Pg. 1219 3. Dulcosate Sodium (colace) – laxative (stool softener) a. Indications – prevention of constipation (in patients who should avoid straining...
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...Effectiveness of Antacid Tablets by Trisha Dwivdi, 2002 Abstract The purpose of this project was to figure out if antacid tablets are effective in neutralizing the human stomach. Effective was defined to mean that the tablet did not neutralize too much of the solution or too little of the solution compared to other brands. I titrated a solution that had a pH that was similar to the human stomach and tested four brands of popular antacid tablets. The four brands were Pepcid AC®, Zantac 75®, Rolaids®, and Alka Seltzer®. Rolaids® was the only brand that did not neutralize the solution. The other three antacid tablets did work and I decided that antacid tablets are effective in neutralizing the human stomach since they did not neutralize all of the stomach solution or they did not just neutralize a small amount of it. This experiment was all relative to the other tablets, because I had no background information on what defines an antacid tablet to be effective so I had to base it on the results of the other tablets. Rolaids® took an irregular amount of stomach solution compared to the other tablets to neutralize, so I based my results on this observation. Introduction The purpose of doing this project was to figure out if antacid tablets work effectively since there are many tablets out there on the market. I predicted that the antacid tablets will neutralize the stomach solution I made and therefore be effective. I worked in the Breck School Science Lab under...
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...######## Chm 2046L/ ######## Antacids: Neutralizing Acid Within the Stomach Introduction: Knowing the acidity of a substance or environment can be very crucial to maintaining the safety of everything in the surrounding area. Humans have a strong acid within the stomach known as hydrochloric acid (HCl). HCl is essential as the body uses it to digest the food that comes in. Through this process is how humans can break down all the food eaten to take in the nutrients necessary for survival. The pH balance within the stomach can be disrupted depending on which foods the person chooses to consume. People can also have genetic predispositions to easily upsetting the pH balance within their stomach (Madell, 2012). At an average of a pH 3, the stomach may fall below that level and cause uncomfortable symptoms for which pharmaceutical companies created the antacid. The purpose of antacids is to neutralize stomach acids. An example of such an antacid would be the brands Tums or Alka-Seltzer. There are many other brands that provide acid indigestion relief to customers but there is always one that has a better record at relieving symptoms quicker and stronger. To determine which of four brands neutralizes the drop in pH in the stomach best, a titration technique was used. Phenolphthalein was used as an indicator because of its correlation of color change with pH level. In basic conditions, it is pink and as soon as it becomes acidic it turns clear. The goal was to find...
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...Ranitidine: Prices recover after two years After sustained fall in prices from Rs 740 per kg in May 2006 to Rs 490 in Jan-Feb’08, the Ranitidine Hydrochloride prices have rebounded to Rs 700 in fag end of May 2008 Ranitidine HCl belongs to a class of medications, called H2–Blockers used for treatment of ulcers. Ranitidine HCl blocks the action of histamine (acid) on stomach cells thus reducing stomach acid production. Ranitidine HCl is useful in healing of stomach ulcers and reducing ulcer pain and has been effective in preventing ulcer recurrence when given in low doses for prolonged period of time. In doses higher than that used in ulcer treatment, Ranitidine HCl has been helpful in treating heartburn and in healing ulcer and inflammation of the throat resulting from the acid reflects. The product patent for Ranitidine HCl was held by GlaxoSmithkline (GSK) and was marketed under the brand name ‘Zantac’. The product patent for Ranitidine HCl held by GSK expired in 2002. Damand and Supply According to the industry sources, the annual requirement for Ranitidine HCl is around 6000MTPA. India, with around 3600MT of suppy, is the biggest supplier of Ranitidine to the world market. As the production os Ranitidine is very complex, the product is manufactured by few players only. These are; Neuland Laboratories, Shasun Chemicals and Drugs, SMS Pharmaceuticals, Orchev Pharma and Saraca Pharma. Producers in India SMS Pharmaceuticals: Hyderabad based SMS Pharmaceuticals is the largest...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | INTRODUCTION We are doing a case study on medical, nursing, pharmacological management of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). We took a COPD patient and assessed the patient for clinical manifestation, the medical, nursing, pharmacological care given to the patient. In our case study we will include the care Hawwa is receiving now and the care we can add to daily routine to help her recover faster. Hawwa Ismail is admitted to Medical ward with diagnosis of COPD. She is 145cm tall, slim, with dark complexion. She is 79 years old. She said that she has difficulty in breathing, she cannot sleep in night time ,she do not feel like eating food and she was having cough. Physical assessment revealed BP 138/47mmHg right arm in lying position, pulse 84 regular and strong, and breathing pattern was irregular labored, tachypnic at 40 breathes per minute,SpO2 99% in room air and temperature 360C (96.80F).Her facial color and lips are ruddy, but nails are clean ,pale and clubbed. She has a little barrel chest, uses accessory muscle to breathe. She has prolonged expiration. While auscultating lungs, diminished breath sound in most of the lower lobes and a small wheezing sound in right lower lobe was noted. PERSONAL DETAILS PATIENT NAME: Hawwa Ismail ADDRESS:Iruvaige/R.Inguraidhoo GUARDIAN: NAME: Abdul HameedHussain CONTACT NO: 7772099 AGE: 79yrs SEX: female NATIONALITY: Maldivian LANGUAGE: Dhivehi RACE: Asian ...
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... oral Generic Name Brand Name Classifications Mechanism of Action Indication Contraindication Adverse Reaction Nursing Responsiblities Sodium Bicarbonate Arm & Hammer Baking Soda, Neut, Soda Mint Acidifiers and alkalinizing Restores buffering capacity of the body and utilizes excess acid. >cardiac arrest >metabolic acidosis >systemic or urinary alkalinization >antacid >Contraindicated to pts w/ metabolic or respiratory alkalosis & in those with hypocalcaemia in w/c alkalosis may produce tetany, hypertension, seizures or heart failure >Also contraindicated in pts losing chlorides bec. of vomiting or continuous GI suction & receiving diuretics that produce hypochloremic alkalosis CNS: tetany CV: edema GI: gastric distention, flatulence Metabolic: hypokalemia, hyponatremia >Monitor pt closely for toxicity and affectiveness >Avoid using NaHCO3 and enteric-coated drugs together. DRUG STUDY Prescribed and Recommended Dosage, Frequency, and route of Administration 100mg OD, oral Generic Name Brand Name Classifications Mechanism of Action Indication Contraindication Adverse Reaction Nursing Responsiblities Allopurinol Aloprim, ApoAllopurinol + Zyloprim Hyperuricemia and gout preparations Reduces uric acid production by inhibiting xanthine oxidase >Gout or hyperurocemia >Hyperuricemia caused by malignancies >To prevent acute gout attacks >To prevent uric acid nephropathy during cancer chemotherapy >Recurrent calcium...
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...4. The patient is getting Methylprednisolone (Solu-medrol) which is a corticosteroid. Hyperglycemia is a side effect of Methylprednisolone. The doctor would be ordering constant blood sugar checks on a patient on IV corticosteroid therapy although the patient does not have a history of hypertension. Protonix: When spinal cord injury occurs above the level of T5, the primary GI problems that occur are related to hypo motility. Paralytic ileus and gastric distention develop as a result of decreased GI motility. Stress ulcers develop because of excessive release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Protonix is frequently used to prevent the occurrence of ulcers in the initial phase. 5. During an injury, the spinal column and the spinal cord can be injured anywhere along their length. The majority of the damage to the spinal cord occurs at the time of injury, but further damage can be caused by improper handling of the unstable spine and by the disruption of the blood supply, which can cause hypoxia and necrosis. Immediately following SCI, spinal shock occurs in the portion of the spinal cord that is injured and results in a complete loss of all motor, sensory, reflex, and autonomic function below the level of the injury. This loss is manifested in loss of bowel and bladder tone and peripheral vascular tone, which result in bladder distention, paralytic ileus, flaccid paralysis, and hypotension. After a period that varies from hours to months, but which usually lasts for 1...
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...Pantoprazole (Protonix) from internet media. Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor (pantoprazole, n.d.). Mechanism of Action: Binds to an enzyme in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen (pantoprazole, n.d.). Drug Administration and Dosage: PO (Adults): 40 mg once daily. PO (Children 5 yr): 15– 39 kg— 20 mg once daily for up to 8 wk; 40 kg— 40 mg once daily for up to 8 wk. IV (Adults): 40 mg once daily for 7– 10 days. Gastric Hypersecretory Conditions; PO (Adults): 40 mg twice daily, up to 120 mg twice daily. IV (Adults): 80 mg q 12 hr (up to 240 mg/day) (pantoprazole, n.d.). Drug Interactions: Drug-Drug: Maypabsorption of drugs requiring acid pH, including ketoconazole, itraconazole, atazanavir, ampicillin esters, and iron salts. Mayqrisk of bleeding with warfarin (monitor INR/PT). Hypomagnesemiaqrisk of digoxin toxicity. Mayqmethotrexate levels (pantoprazole, n.d.). Labs effects/ interference: May cause abnormal liver function tests, including increased AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin. May cause hypomagnesemia. Monitor serum magnesium prior to and periodically during therapy (pantoprazole, n.d.). Special considerations: Contraindicated in Hypersensitivity; OB: Should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed; Lactation: Discontinue breast feeding due to potential for serious adverse reactions in infants. Use Cautiously in: Patients using high-doses for 1 year (qrisk of hip, wrist, or spine fractures);...
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