...loss for a word”. It is commonly believed that women talk more than men. Moreover, some researchers argue that there is a significant difference in a way how men and women communicate. One group of scientists insists that differences in men’s and women’s speech prove a controversial idea that “Women's American English” exists. On the contrary, others assert that the reason why males and females tend to use certain words and phrases is caused by social factors. They believe that society has different expectations from men and women relating to their social statuses, family roles and job preferences which may influence women's linguistic behaviour. The difference in communication styles of males and females doesn't prove the existence of women's language; on the opposite, it shows that women have found the most convenient way to express themselves in the mainly male-dominant society. The entire literature review will investigate how social norms and expectations have influenced women's speech and whether there is discrimination on the basis of gender in speech. It will be organized using a thematic style of presentation. First of all, it will be shown whether there are differences in usage of linguistic forms, such as vocabulary, syntax and tone, between males and females. And then, the concept of report and rapport talk in women's and men's speech will be examined. There is no reason to deny that men and women tend to use somewhat different linguistic forms. However, it doesn't...
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...LANGUAGE AND GENDER 1. Introduction Women speak because they wish to speak, whereas a man speaks only when driven to speech by something outside himself--like, for instance, he can't find any clean socks. (Jean Kerr) Do men and women speak differently? Can Language be sexist? Is there vocabulary that is more typical for women than for men? My term paper shall try to answer those questions, look at typical forms of language use in relation to gender and I will aim to find possible reasons that explain a gender-based difference. But first it is important to explain why in sociolinguistics the term gender is used rather than sex. While sex refers to biological characteristics, gender is “a social category that is connected to the roles of women and men in society” (Becker & Bieswanger 2010: 185). My term paper will start with some general definitions about gender and language like gender-exclusive speech difference, gender-preferential speech features and gender and class. I will focus especially on women´s linguistic behaviour and answer questions like “Do women talk more than men?”. I will try to find explanations for a different linguistic behaviour. After focusing on explanations for a possible different use of language I will finally give features of women´s language that will make differences obvious. At the end of my paper I will also try to explain what is meant by a “sexism in language” and whether or not English is a sexist language and what could be done...
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...loss for a word”. It is commonly believed that women talk more than men. Moreover, some researchers argue that there is a significant difference in a way how men and women communicate. One group of scientists insists that differences in men’s and women’s speech prove a controversial idea that “Women's American English” exists. On the contrary, others assert that the reason why males and females tend to use certain words and phrases is caused by social factors. They believe that society has different expectations from men and women relating to their social statuses, family roles and job preferences which may influence women's linguistic behaviour. The difference in communication styles of males and females doesn't prove the existence of women's language; on the opposite, it shows that women have found the most convenient way to express themselves in the mainly male-dominant society. The entire literature review will investigate how social norms and expectations have influenced women's speech and whether there is discrimination on the basis of gender in speech. It will be organized using a thematic style of presentation. First of all, it will be shown whether there are differences in usage of linguistic forms, such as vocabulary, syntax and tone, between males and females. And then, the concept of report and rapport talk in women's and men's speech will be examined. There is no reason to deny that men and women tend to use somewhat different linguistic forms. However, it doesn't...
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...SMS Text Analysis: Language, Gender and Current Practices Muhammad Shaban Rafi1 Abstract This article tests the assumption that SMS language is like a pidgin in every speech community. The article also examines the assumption that a great motor of SMS lives among females whose lexical and morpho-syntactic choices are different from males. It further speculates influence of SMS language on language of media. One hundred messages were taken randomly from 20 cell phones and perceptions of 25 males and 25 females were recorded on an ordinal scale for analysis. The text was analyzed to look into lexicology, morphology and syntactic levels of texters, and influence of SMS on language of commercials. The results show that a novice intelligible language has evolved through SMS, which is influencing language of media. A significant difference is found between male and female texters’ linguistic properties. Introduction Short Message Service (SMS) language tends to create a novice language, which has become an integral part of the multilingual world. It pursues simple sentences structure for communication. It is assumed that SMS syntactic and lexical choices by the texters are not so different from a child language. A child expresses his feelings through simple present progressive tense e.g. mom eating for ‘Mom is eating’ and Eating for ‘I am eating’. The empirical data show that SMS language over-looks orthographic and syntactic rules of a language with a great emphasis...
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...5gendpolite4.doc; Oct 2002 word count: 13,276 Chapter 5: Gender and Politeness Introduction Given the model of gender described in the last chapter where gender is dispersed into practices and contexts/communities of practice, and is oriented to by individuals in relation to their perceptions of race and class stereotypes, rather than being located at the level of the individual, and also given the model of linguistic politeness as described in Chapters 2 and 3, where politeness/impoliteness is considered to be a matter of assessment within a context and the result of complex negotiations with perceptions of appropriacy norms and stereotypes, it is difficult, if not impossible, simply to approach the relation between gender and politeness as a question of an investigation of the production, by individual men or women of a number of linguistic features which are assumed to be unequivocally polite or impolite. What I would like to do instead is to consider the complexity of the relationship between gender and politeness, so that the common-sense nature of gender and politeness and their relation to each other is troubled. Here, I aim to analyse the way that certain practices which are considered to be polite or impolite are, within particular communities of practice, stereotypically gendered. As I discussed in Chapter 4, these stereotypes do not actually exist as such, but are hypothesised by particular speakers and hearers within communities of practices, on the...
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...Evaluation Essay on Gender in Advertising Gender differences and biases have been a part of the normal lives of humans ever since anyone can remember. Anthropological evidence has revealed that even the humans and the hominids of ancient times had separate roles for men and women in their societies, and this relates to the concepts of epistemology. There were certain things that women were forbidden to do and similarly men could not partake in some of the activities that were traditionally reserved for women. This has given birth to the gender role stereotypes that we find today. These differences have been passed on to our current times; although many differences occur now that have caused a lot of debate amongst the people as to their appropriateness and have made it possible for us to have a stereotyping threat by which we sometimes assign certain qualities to certain people without thinking. For example, many men are blamed for undermining women and stereotyping them for traditional roles, and this could be said to be the same for men; men are also stereotyped in many of their roles. This leads to social constructionism since the reality is not always depicted by what we see by our eyes. These ideas have also carried on in the world of advertising and the differences shown between the males and the females are apparent in many advertisements we see today. This can have some serious impacts on the society as people begin to stereotype the gender roles in reality. There has...
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...Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 87 Verbal Communication chapter outline The ImporTance of Verbal communIcaTIon Language and Perception Language and Power Power and Words Power and Accent Power and Identity Labels WhaT Is Verbal communIcaTIon? Functions of Language Components of Language Influences on Verbal communIcaTIon Gender Age Regionality Ethnicity and Race Education and Occupation eThIcs and Verbal communIcaTIon Hate Speech Confirming and Disconfirming Communication ImproVIng your Verbal communIcaTIon skIlls “I” Statements Become Aware of the Power of Language The IndIVIdual, Verbal communIcaTIon, and socIeTy 88 “ The verbal elements of communication are the foundation on which meaning is created. When I took a trip to Britain, I thought people would speak with a “British accent.” I didn’t realize that there are many different accents and the differences are not just pronunciation, but also vocabulary. In order to get my message across, I learned to avoid using slang words as much as I could. I didn’t realize how much American slang I use in my everyday speech! Despite the many different ways of speaking English across the UK, I felt the way that I speak English made me stick out as an American. W hen we think of “communication,” we tend to think about the verbal elements of communication: the words people choose, the accents they speak with, and the meanings they convey through language. We frequently...
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...and linguistic values. On the other hand, sociolinguistics centers on the relationship between language and culture and has produced a new discipline, cross-culture communication. Because one culture’s meat is another culture’s poison, the different thinking patterns, value systems and cultural peculiarities are most interesting topics for scholars in this field. Language and gender Language and gender is one of the foci of sociolinguistics. Its theoretical ground comes from the inequality reflected in male-dominated society. Broadly-speaking, females have been subordinated to their male counterparts in social, economic and political fields. Females are, to some extent, marginalized in social affairs. This unjust situation may be seen as a kind of sexual discrimination. However this phenomenon is so omnipresent that it has become a conventionalized rule, which might even be illustrated from etymological evidences. For example, in terms of grammar, the masculine gender is unmarked whereas the feminine gender is marked, because it could be used to refer to both masculine and feminine genders. Therefore “All men fear death” means that both men and women fear death. Then...
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...PRESCHOOL Just look at this→think of examples for all of them Chapter 7: Physical & Cognitive Development • Growth & ability of the body Right/ left handedness emerges early Bone ossification Gross motor skills • Brain lateralization—certain cognitive functions are located more in 1 hemisphere of brain than other→ become more pronounced during preschool years o Right vs. Left hemisphere specialization • Left hemisphere- speaking, reading, thinking & reasoning • Right Hemisphere- Spatial relationships, pattern recognition & emotional expression (global processing) o What are examples of skills associated with the right and left hemisphere? o Some specialization of each hemisphere, BUT each can perform most tasks of the other. EX: right hemisphere does some language processing and does important role in language comprehension • Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development (early childhood: 2—6) o Children at this time increase in use of symbolic thinking, mental reasoning, use of concepts.. Representational thought • EX: seeing moms car keys(symbol) prompts u to ask “are we going to the store?” • Primarily defined by limitations. Characterized by centration o Aren’t capable of operations→ organized/formal mental process that develops in school-aged children o Confuses own POV w/ others & cant consider multiple characteristics of stuff o Period of centration- concentrating on 1 limited aspect of stimulus & ignoring other stimulus. (EX: a cat w/ dog...
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...not. It will answer what types of tactics she uses to influence others based on a portion of her speech. This paper will also provide answers about her sources of power and characterize her motives. Lastly this paper will answer whether or not managerial differences based on gender play a role in Ho Ching’s influence. Is Ho Ching an influential leader? Why or why not? Ho Ching is an influential leader based on the reading passage. She is influential because she is the wife of Singapore’s Prime minister. This means that she has the ear of one of the nation’s most powerful men on an almost daily basis. Ho Ching says that she and her husband engage in spirited debates because they do not always agree. By engaging in these debates, she attempts to influence her husband’s opinion. Ho Ching is also influential because of her position as the chief executive of Temasek Holdings where she manages a portfolio of $50 billion. She acquired this position through influence gained from education, experience and in part through family connections. Ho Ching has the power to influence many markets throughout Asia as the chief executive of a powerful holding firm. Based on the excerpt from Ho Ching’s speech, what type of tactics did she use to influence the behavior of others? Ho Ching uses inspirational appeals, ingratiation, and rational persuasion to influence listeners during her speech. Ho Ching says “the sparkle is beginning to return” to Asia. Ching intends to inspire pride in...
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...com/contact-us/ ) Feel Free to Search your Class through Our Product Categories or From Our Search Bar (http://hwguiders.com/ ) HUM 186 Week 4 The Internet: Ethical and Legal Issues The “Information Superhighway”, or Internet, is a powerful medium for today’s information driven society. From its humble beginnings as a series of networks established to help the military and government share resources, it has become a place for people to engage in commerce and also for people to interact socially in both business and personal faculties. Along with the excellent opportunities for meaningful communication in this new atmosphere, the Internet has evolved as an open, democratic cyber society marked by free speech and volunteerism. It is a community gathering place for people to share ideas, concerns, stories and opinions, and to give help and assistance to one another. (Mills-Scofield) There has also arisen a series of problems. Whenever any major development in society is conceived, such as when telephones were introduced, problems ensue. The Internet, because of its modern nature is not really well dealt with when it comes to existing ethical and moral issues. Being that the Internet has fostered a new class of community that requires a unique category of moral values and ethical considerations. Things are always going to be dealt with differently when it comes to any revolutionary type of medium. For instance how can the federal government regulate...
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...Tiffany Williams BUS 600 Michael Murphy Gender and Communication July 12, 2010 Gender and Communication I think it’s safe to say that men and women are different in so many ways. We act differently, look different and we communicate differently. These differences can cause conflicts from time to time which often lead to misunderstandings. For communication between men and women to be effective, we must recognize the differences between male and female communication styles. In this paper, I will be discussing the different communication styles between men and women and how these differences play a major role in the workplace. According to Anne Meier (1999, pp. 115-119), “There exist numerous stereotypes in the way men and women communicate”. We will first begin with the most common form of communication….talking. “One of the most common notions is that women talk more than men. Women are also thought to participate in "empty talk," dealing with trivial and unimportant matters. While women's speech is believed to be unassertive and lacking in power, men's speech is viewed as bold and aggressive. Men and women typically talk about different things. In general, women talk more about their feelings than men do, regardless of to whom they are speaking. Women, in conversation with women, discuss personal matters, relationships, family, health and reproduction. Men discuss music, current events, sports, business and other men. Men control the topic of conversation...
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...Scarborough, 1993). However, accumulated evidence from research on children and adults suggests that this dichotomy may not be a useful approach. In particular, it has been repeatedly demonstrated within a school aged population that those meeting traditional definitions for reading disabilities do not differ in meaningful ways from those simply classified as poor readers. In both cases, primary deficits in cognitive-linguistic domains, such as phonological processing, have been identified (Felton, & Wood, 1992; Shaywitz, Fletcher, Holahan, & Shaywitz, 1992; Siegel, 1989; Vellutino, Scanlon, & Lyon, 2000). Bone, Cirino, Morris and Morris (2002) replicated this finding with an adult sample. Similarly, there does not appear to be any significant difference between the two groups, reading disabled and poor readers, with respect to response to phonologically based treatments (Kruidenier, 2002; Vellutino, et al., 2000). In essence, there appears to be a point of confluence where poor...
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...Conversation • Don’t interrupt. • Don’t talk to only one person when conversing in a group. • Don’t engage in “one-upping. • Don’t overshare. Things Not to Say • “Am I boring you?” • “Huh?” “What?” “Say What?” “Eh?” • “Actually, you should say ‘between you and me,” not ‘between you and I.’” • “Stop me if I’ve told you this story before…” The Number One Rule of Conversation: Be Natural Source: http://artofmanliness.com/2010/09/24/the-art-of-conversation/ Public Speaking Public Speaking • Definition • Speaking Opportunities • Similarities between PS and Conversation • Differences between PS and Conversation • Speech Communication Process • Factors to be Considered During Speaking Public Speaking • Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. • It is closely allied to "presenting", although the latter has more of a commercial advertisement connotation. Speaking Opportunities • At work • Selling your ideas • Technical...
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...38 multiple choice and/or T/F Possible Essay Topics Please identify 2 rape myths. Tell why these are myths instead of truth. (See Chapter 9) 1. What are 3 ways of coping with stress? (As discussed in class) * change stressor * change how you think about the stressor * distraction/procrastination 2. Why might a victim of domestic violence stay with their partner? (List 3 reasons) * Love * Fear * Economic Dependence * Children 3. What are the differences between sex, gender and gender expression? Explain. ( See chapter 9) * Sex: is biological. It is what you were born male/female * Gender: is the psychological as well as roles and behaviors * Gender expression: how one expresses themselves to the world Multiple choice and T/F (See chapters 9-11; pages 399-482) 1. Definitions of sex, gender and gender expression 2. Understanding social construction of gender * Society shapes the idea of men/women * Is it biological/ societal 3. Differences between men/women (see page 407) * Review bullet points 4. Sexual Harrassment (see page 412) * define quid pro quo * hostile work place * if being harassed must tell someone in authority * don’t need to show proof * ie. no promotion, demoted 5. Rape/sexual assault * why is it under reported * ie. embarrassment, stigma, shame, fault, justice system 6. 3 therories of rape/ why rape happens (see page 418) * victim precipitated ...
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