...Gender Differences in Preference for Product Design By Ellie Taylor 2008-2009 A PSYC3170 Major Project Supervised by Dr Steve Westerman and Dr Ed Sutherland A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of BSc (International) Psychology And in agreement with the University of Leeds’ Declaration of Academic Integrity [pic] Institute of Psychological Sciences University of Leeds Acknowledgements I would like to personally thank Steve Westerman, Ed Sutherland and Peter Gardner for the help and time they gave me to complete this project. Without their constant support it would have been much harder to produce. A special thanks goes to Steve Westerman for creating the computer programme used, and guidance with statistics. CONTENTS Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...2 Contents Page……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..4 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 1. How are Aesthetic Preferences Formed………………………………………………………………………….……………6 1. Previous Experience…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..6 2. Physiological Feelings and Threat Perception……..……………………………………………………….………..6 3. Evolution……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
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...LA : paper due wednesday Marat sade: paper sex and death: project voice: ball piece gender role: social role in society sex- gameyetes biological in most cases, typical male behavior fighting other males for access to females. Or looking good to get a female. - parental investment -- behaving as it would -- any energy risk, effort thetas put into one offspring that can not be out into another offspring (ie) a drop of yolk. Any investing// more time choosing a pack of gum or a car -- more picky. a female is choosy because she has more investment. - the sex that choses or the sex that is chosen - peacocks -- male provides sperm, female choses male based on sperm. until the bird is fledged. more eyes-- longer life span better offspring humans do not fall neatly into these categories-- examples: looking good to get a female. symmetry of the face -- good genes. picking the best match investment level -- children boobs = feathers 1:Male: be flashy/ showing off/ be more desirable- peacocks must be chosen by the female. Defending territory - male salmon/ fighting: elephant seal - demonstrating their worth. eye spots on my tail, long snood, i beat the crap out of all the other seals so i am clearly the best. making an effort to secure a mate by: examples 1. female: choosy/ coy choosing them or waiting for fight 2. Parental Investment - anything (such as energy or time) you put into one kid that takes away fitness from future kids. ie: 9 months being pregnant...
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...BEAUTY IN THE AGE OF MARKETING Bingqing Yin and Susie Pryor Contact person: Susie Pryor Bingqing Yin Assistant Professor Master’s student School of Business School of Business Washburn University Washburn University 1700 S. W. College 1700 S. W. College Topeka, KS 66621 Topeka, KS 66621 Phone: 785-670-1601 Phone: 785-670-1601 Email: susie.pryor@washburn.edu Email: bingqing.yin@washburn.edu Beauty in the Age of Marketing Beauty, it is said, is in the eye of the beholder. It is, accordingly, subjective and presumably both socially and culturally influenced. From a marketer’s perspective, this is a less than useful perspective, for beauty sells. A body of research suggests, for example, that physically attractive models used in advertising produce consumer expectations of accountability, dynamism and trustworthiness; therefore, marketers tend to use these models to enhance and strengthen the appeal of their advertisements and products (Atkin and Block 1983; Kamins and Gupta 1994). Physically attractive people are known to be perceived by consumers as friendly, warm, dominant, sociable, outgoing, responsive, and possessing both self-esteem and intelligence (Adams, 1977; Adams & Read, 1983; Berscheid & Walster, 1974; Bloch & Richins, 1992; Cann, Siegfried, & Pearce, 1981; Dion & Dion ,1987; Goldman & Lewis, 1977). Individuals favor and are favorably disposed towards physically attractive people...
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...Head-to-Toe Examination Write Up Biographic Data Date: 11/8/13 | Name: L.C. | Gender: Male | Race: Hispanic | Date of Birth: 04/15/1972 | Age: 42 | Marital Status: married | Contact Person: J.C. ( Wife) | Occupation: Aircraft mechanic | Source of Data: Patient | HISTORY Reason for Seeking Care/Presenting Problem Cirrhosis Congestive Heart Failure Coronary Heart Disease Diverticular Disease Depression Diabetes, Type 1 x Diabetes, Type 2 Emphysema Glaucoma Gout Hemophilia Hernia Hypertension Irritable Bowel Syndrome Multiple Sclerosis Osteoporosis Parkinson’s Disease Psoriasis Renal Failure Seizure Disorder Thyroid Disease Venous Insufficiency Vision Disturbance Female: Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding Other (describe):asthma Fibrocystic Breast Disease Premenstrual Syndrome Male: Prostate Disease Current medications (include prescription, over-the-counter, herbs, and vitamins): Name of Drug | Dosage/Frequency | Last Dose Taken | Reason for Taking | Ventolin INH | 2 puffs PRN | 3 years ago | Asthma | Metformin | 500 mg PO BID | 11/8/13 started on 10/28/13 | Diabetes T 2 | Multivitamin | 1 tab PO daily | 11/8/13 | Supplement | | | | | Allergies to Medication/Foods/Medical Products/Other (e.g., latex, contrast, tape): Allergic To | Type of Reaction | PCN | Hives, difficulty breathing | | | | | | | Current medical treatments (e.g., breathing...
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...Facial Attractiveness: The Effects of Labeling from Individual and Social Perceptive Abstract An examination of Because the paper is relatively short, consider removing "in-depth" how the effects of labeling based on facial attractiveness impacts an individual’s self-esteem, social interaction, self-perception and quality of life. These two sentences need to be revised. Both sentences are incomplete by themselves. The following paper is an examination of the effects that labeling based on facial attractiveness impact an individual’s self esteem, social interaction, self perception, and quality of life. Research has revealed how labeling in a variety of settings; from social encounters in school to the business sector, as well as across the span of adolescence to adulthood, has taken a toll on personal development. This paper also looks at the personal and social ideas of attractiveness, along with the possible consequences of perceived attractiveness on personal and professional outcomes. What is facial attractiveness? Is it a personal opinion or is it a predestined hormonal attribute of the human race? Does attractiveness play a role in our daily lives? And if so does facial attractiveness have a meaning of higher intelligence? One may ask these questions when searching for that long awaited answer to why are people judged by appearance and why does society place such high value on attractiveness. Attractiveness does not make a person intelligent. Outward...
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...Assess the view that gender roles and relationships have become more equal in modern life. Gender roles is being socialised into your gender for example boys are likely to be taught to play with cars whereas girls are likely to be taught to play with dolls. In a relationship these gender roles turn to conjugal roles. Conjugal roles are the parts played by the male and female in a marriage or cohabiting relationship, these conjugal roles can be joint and equal or they can be segregated. Some sociologists would suggest that in modern life, conjugal roles are becoming more equal. Conjugal roles were studied by two sociologists named young and Wilmot who stated that traditional segregated conjugal roles, which were that partners had very distinctive and separate roles in a household e.g. Men have the instrumental role and work to get money for the family and women are in the expressive role which is where they provide the emotional support, have become more equal and turned into joint conjugal roles which are that the partners roles within a marriage or relationship are mostly shared, which has led to a ‘symmetrical family’. By symmetrical family they mean one in which the roles of husbands and wives are now much more similar, for example women now go out to work although it may be part time instead of fulltime. Young and Willmott found that the symmetrical family was more common in young couples who were geographically and socially isolated. The positive of the symmetrical family...
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...Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria Jegede Omolayo Station Manager, Babcock University Radio Station And Lecturer, Department Of Mass Communication Babcock University, Ilisan,Ogun State, Nigeria Tsebee Asor Kenneth Department Of Mass Communication, Al Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Abstract: Several studies have been on the impact of media violence on aggressive and violent behavior. Researches on effect of media violence have proved that heavy exposure in films, videos, televisions and movies can increase the risk of behaving violently. This paper is an escursion of selected media violence theories -social learning theory, catharsis theory and cultivation theory, and Persuasion theories – Congruity theory, Symmetry theory and Cognitive Balance theory explaining the effect of domestic violence on the Nigerian youths, looking at the possibility of these theories at the short and long term effect of domestic violence on the youths, desensitization, heavy and non-heavy viewers, other factors and the positive effect of viewing...
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...considered more of an art form; reflecting on the two people involved, their sexual preference, gender role, and exchange of dominance pertaining to the specific environmental setting. Although courting...
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...favored very fast detection of fear expressions on the faces of others (e.g. Palermo & Rhodes, 2007), so one can avoid whatever predator or attacker is inciting the fear. By contrast, given that human mate choice and courtship typically require at least a few hours, with a large investment of conscious, attentive, thoughtful interaction (Geher & Miller, 2007; Miller, 2000), a speed advantage of a few hundred milliseconds in judging facial attractiveness seems trivial. This point raises a problem with “automaticity” as a generic criterion for adaptedness: if a perceptual decision already happens in less than a second with barely noticeable demands on attention and feeds into a process of social or sexual interaction that lasts for at least a few minutes, as most significant interactions with conspecifics do, then there may be no fitness benefits of pushing the perceptual process to be even faster or less attention demanding than it already is. Barrett et al. (2006) made a similar argument against automaticity for more leisurely social and sexual judgment tasks. This study has several limitations that should be addressed in further research. The participants were all young adult female university students in the United States, with about half being Anglo (white/Caucasian) and half being Hispanic (with various levels of genetic admixture from European and Native American populations). Results might differ for participants of different ages and sexes, or, less plausibly, for participants...
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...Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of abusive behaviour in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or retain authority and control over another partner. Domestic violence can be physical, emotional, economic, psychological or sexual actions or threats of actions that impact another person. Domestic violence is commonly inflicted on women though men too suffer domestic violence. Most Sociologists would attribute domestic violence towards social causes rather than psychological. The police play a key part in dealing with domestic violence however, they’re frequently subjected to criticism due to the method used when countering to the issue. Several feel the police don't take domestic violence calls as serious because police involvement would be improper in which some may consider being a family issue. Nevertheless, others claim that since the police are vital members in society and are the initial point of communication when violence ensues, they should see it as urgency and reply in an appropriate way to instances of domestic violence. Official reports show that one in four women will experience domestic violence, and one in eight repeatedly experience the crime. Russell and Rebecca Dobash established these instances can be started by what the husband saw as a contest to their power such as a wife complaining at the husband for neglecting her. The Dobash’s feel that marriage justifies violence against women talk command and power on husbands and reliance...
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...distributed of the exhibit, prepared by the curator himself, contained all the contents of the exhibition but excluded the 5 obscene pictures due to “budget restraints and esthetic design composition.” Fourth, the court isolated the nude pictures of the two minors because the tests for obscenity in cases involving minors are different. The photographs in the exhibition to be “taken as a whole” did not include these, meaning the exhibit was reduced 2 more pictures. To prove that the seven pictures had serious artistic value, art experts where brought to testify. The art experts called the pictures in the exhibit the work of "a brilliant artist," with "symmetry" and "classic proportions”. Mapplethorpe’s photographs provided Cincinnatians with a multidimensional set of reflections and challenged traditional cultural assumptions about gender, sexuality, race and the body. The court ultimately agreed that “the public interest in the First Amendment protection outweighs any other consideration” (Weiner, 2000). On October 5, 1990, the eight jurors found the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center and Barrie not guilty of the charges of displaying obscene material. Under Ohio law, the case ended then and there, because the state is prohibited from appealing a jury verdict. ''This is a signal to everybody that before they start shutting down museums and telling people what they can say and what they can see,'' said H. Louis Sirkin, a defense lawyer, ''they better realize there is a protection...
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...Comparison of Duffy’s ‘Lizzie, Six’ and ‘Oppenheim’s Cup and Saucer’ In this essay I will be comparing two poems by Carol Ann Duffy; ‘Lizzie, Six’ and ‘Oppenheim’s Cup and Saucer’, both of which explore similar themes of sexuality, yet they portray this in a very different manner. As mentioned, ‘Lizzie, Six’ and ‘Oppenheim’s Cup and Saucer’ both portray a sexual persona. However, there is a huge difference between the natures of these relationships. Already from the title ‘Lizzie, Six’, we get the impression that this poem is presenting an underage girl. This, as well as the simplistic, childlike replies in the second line of each stanza, particularly ‘to play in the fields’ shows the innocence of the girl, and how she longs to be a child instead of being under the power of the other authoritive figure in the poem. Lizzie is shown to be overpowered by her abuser, who interrogates, instructs and threatens Lizzie with constant ‘What’, ‘Where’ and ‘Why?’ In contrast, ‘Oppenheim’s Cup and Saucer’ portrays a much freer and relaxed tone with much more relaxed structure and care free language. Alliteration such as ‘loud laughter’ and ‘far from’ highlights this natural, flowing Duffy is trying to convey, using the way it rolls of the tongue to emphasise how the relationship is natural to the narrator of the poem, how it comes easily to them. The alliteration and sibilance shown in ‘secret life stirred’ also shows attention to detail which highlights the intimacy and romance of...
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...1. BASIC STATS Types of variables: Count: no of bedrooms/children, manufacture year Ordinal: categories, income brackets Nominal: gender, yes/no, manufacture model Continuous: distance, time, age, best cruising speed Graphs Scatterplots: shows if there is a linear relationship (positive increasing left to right, cov>0), doesn't measure strength Histogram: modality skewness (positive long tail to right), modal class, symmetry Box Plot: Skewness (short/long whisker, short bottom=positive), symmetric Empirical CDFs | |Sampl|Populat| | |e |ion | |Average/Mean |[pic]|μ | |Variance | s2 |σ2 | |Standard |s |Σ | |Deviation | | | |Correlation |r |ρ | Location of Percentiles = ___th observation = what figure? Arithmetic Mean Mean vs Median If symmetric, mean ≈ median If positive skew, mean > median If negative skew, mean < median Variance Measures spread Larger SD – ↑ risk – ↑ rate of return Eg Standard Deviation Coefficient of variation Measures spread Covariance Measures the strength (and direction) of linear relationship between 2 variables. If cov > 0, then as X increases, Y increases (positive slope). If cov < 0 = opposite. If cov=0, not linearly related Coefficient of correlation If r=-1, perfect negative linear relationship If r=+1, perfect positive relationship If r=0, no LINEAR relationship From...
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...Anxiety Disorders – an Outline Fears & Phobias • Adaptive responses • Excessive in nature Fear: excessive fears Phobia: subset of fears including avoidance fear, anxious anticipation, interferes significantly with daily routine, markedly distressed. Social Phobia: 2 types: generalized versus nongeneralized. Five subtypes: animal type; natural environment type; blood-injection type; situation type; “other” type. Common fears: ontogenetic parade. These include: fear of separation; fear of unfamiliar adults; fear of animals, darkness, & imaginary creatures. Adult fears: social fears; fears related to blood, illness, injury, or death; fear of animals; fears of environmental hazards. Genetics: Mean heritability 40%. Environment or combination of both appears important. Theories of Fear: 1. Two-factor Theory (Mowrer) & Pavlov, Watson & Rayner. Includes classical & operant conditioning. 2. Rachman (1976) which includes direct conditioning, modeling, & information/instructional transmission. Prepared Fears (Seligman, 1970): 1. rapidly acquired 2. resistant to extinction 3. “noncognitive” 4. differentially associated with stimuli of evolutionary significance. Research on preparedness theory: Cook & Mineka (1987, 1990); McNally (1987); Bandura Behavioral & Cognitive Theories: 1. Neo-conditioning; 2. Neo-conditioning & emotional processing. Anxiety Sensitivity: Reiss – AS is one of 3 fundamental fears. The others include illness/injury...
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...APPROACHES IN LITERARY CRITICISM 1. Moral / Philosophical Approach - Critics believe that the larger purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues. - Many poets have strong ethical or religious convictions, but the moralist critic usually has a broader interest. Literature has a humanizing or civilizing mission, and the critic values work which furthers that end: promotes tolerance, social justice, sensitivity to individual wishes and talents, etc. 2. Topical/Historical/Biographical - Critics see works as the reflection of an author's life and times (or of the characters' life and times). They believe it is necessary to know about the author and the political, economical, and sociological context of his times in order to truly understand his works. - Poems are placed in their historical context — to explain not only their allusions and particular use of words, but the conventions and expectations of the times. The approach may be evaluative (i.e. the critic may suggest ways of responding to the poem once the perspective is corrected), or may simply use it as historical data. - a poem may be used to illuminate the writer's psychology, or as biographic data. No less than the correspondence, remembered conversations, choice of reading matter, the poem is analyzed for relevance to its author. 3. New Critical Formalist - A formalistic approach to literature, once called New Criticism, involves a close reading of the text. Formalistic...
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