...Alternate Gender Roles in Native American and Hindu Societies Sara Boater Anthropology 101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Cal Overton January 09, 2014 While many cultures have defined societal gender roles that are specifically male or female, there are some cultures that also recognize that some individuals belong to an alternate gender role. Individuals that may participate in alternate gender roles are those that are born as male of female, but identify themselves as being the opposite of their biological sex. These individuals may also be only sexually attracted to members of the same sex as well. Some cultures recognize this alternate gender role, and even consider them to be holy, others may be more judgmental and may even harbor prejudice and hatred. While the reasons that people might identify themselves as a gender that is opposite of their own may be mostly the same from culture to culture, they way that they are viewed is usually quite different. It can also be said that many cultures choose not to even recognize alternate gender roles within their societies,which is usually because these individuals are highly misunderstood. Though many cultures end up fearing what they don't understand, there are two that have at one time embraced and celebrated the people that identified with the alternate gender roles. The Native Americans have their Two Spirits, and Indians have their Hijra. These two cultures may share many similar traits...
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...Gender roles are the stereotypical attributes, that made men believe- as well as portray that they are and will be, the stronger sex. Women have been deemed “hysterical” and “weak”, but they are far from those words. Women have undergone different gender stereotypes, while men take them for granted and see them as theirs. Judeth Butler made it known that gender roles were fictional. Spanish, African American, post-colonial women and Native American women faced horrendous obstacles throughout their life with gender roles and unjust events – and those obstacles are still being faced in today’s culture. Gender roles and gender stereotypes are what men have based their whole life existence around. “All gendered behavior in our society is an act.”...
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...Alternative Gender Roles Richard Taylor Introduction to Cultural Anthropology ANT 101 Debbie Cassetta July 14th, 2014 Although alternative gender is largely looked down upon in western culture, this is not a new trend in the world. Around the globe alternative gender has been held in high regards throughout history. Individuals of the third gender are typical known seen as males taking on more feminine roles within their society. It is true that more males adhere to the title of alternative gender, but females also transition to more masculine roles as well. These types of individuals are typically considered special among the people within society. They are usually healers, medicine men or women, or even individuals who have the power to curse others. Two spirits are among some of the more famous alternative gender individuals of the western world. Two spirits are engrained into many Native American cultures. The Zuni of central New Mexico are one of the tribes that hold two spirits in very high regard. Two spirits are even a part of their religious lore and are often used in their religious ceremonies to reenact the legends of the two spirit deity. In Evolution’s Rainbow Joan Roughgarden (2004) states: Among the Zuni, for example, legend tells of a battle between agricultural and hunting spirits in which a two-spirited deity brought peace to the warring parties. Zunis reenacted this event ceremonially every four years, with a two-spirited person playing the role of the...
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...Third Genders in Cultural Societies M’Tisha Garnett ANT 101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Instructor: Larissa Begley February 3, 2014 In society today should the Hijra and Two Spirit be recognized as gay men in their culture rather than Third Gender? Studies have shown that these Third Gender groups choose not to label themselves as male or female, but prefer a female appearance and male companionship. This way of life has resulted in a high rate of HIV/AIDS in their communities. There are many Third Gender groups in different cultures such as the Fa’afafine in Polynesia, Sworn Virgins from the Balkins and the Hijra’s from South Asia. Hijra who of the Third Gender have since the late 90’s been recognized as a third gender by their county but they are still dealing with acceptance in their society. Although a lot of these Third Gender groups been around for centuries and some hold a spiritual meaning, that is not much of the case today. Third Genders such as Hijra and Two-Spirits are not seen in society as spiritual beings anymore, they are being labeled transsexual, transgender, or gay. Because of their status and lack of money and education they have been forced into prostitution with the same sex, exposing them to HIV and AIDS which is plaguing their community. The hijras are a religious community of men who dress and act like women and whose culture centers on the worship of Bahuchara Mata, one of the many versions of the Mother Goddess worshipped throughout...
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...Parillo’s main argument in his second chapter of Diversity in America is that many Americans fall victim to to stereotypes when thinking about a diverse group of people like the Native Americans. Native American depictions in movies like Dances with Wolves (1990) are repeatedly branded as warriors on horsebacks who wear feathers and live in tipis. Although some of these depictions in movies and people’s minds are based on reality, Parillo argues that these depictions represent only a few possible realities of the hundreds of tribes that existed in aboriginal America. Just because a particular tribe hunted buffalo, does not mean that every last native relied on buffalo as a main food source. To support his argument that Native Americans are victims of broad generalizations, Parillo gives examples of how diverse and multicultural these groups of people were to prove to his readers that not all natives were and are the same....
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...Humanities 332: American Humanities Fall 2015 Professor Kim Codella PhD. Office Phone 916-691-7633 Office SOC #128 Office Hours MW 4:30PM-5:30PM TTH 4-5:30PM, online 11-12 pm Friday. codellk@crc.losrios.edu Required Text. The House made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday. This book is available in the bookstore for you and there is also a copy in the library for your use. In addition there will be weekly online readings in D2L. You must do the required reading to pass the class. Students must attend lectures and take notes. Participation, i.e., your attention is required. Course description: This course examines the arts and ideas taken from the American experience in the 20th century and today. Material covered includes literature, art, music, philosophy and history of the twentieth century. The course draws upon the arts of African American, Native American, Asian American, Anglo and Latino cultures as avenues for understanding issues of ethnicity, class and gender as they intersect with mainstream American values. Course presentation: Lecture, discussion, audio-visual materials and readings from the text, online, and material to be supplied by the instructor. In addition an extra-credit will be offered. Attendance: Required, a student missing more than 5.4 class hours may be dropped from the course (this is four class sessions). Because of the recent budget situation instructors are encouraged to drop students who are not attending class. Basic Rules: ...
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...Berdache and present day Trans individuals, A comparison of Valentine’s & Gutiérrez’s views on establishing gender covenants. In comparing Warfare, homosexuality, gender status among native American Indian men in the southwest by Gutierrez and I know what I am by Valentine one is struck by the apparent differences that both authors have on multiple levels despite their agreement on gender identity as a product of society and culture. Through discrepancies in tone and evidence selection light can be shed on these aforementioned points of contestation. Gutierrez’s main point of: “Gender is a role not a status” (Gutierrez pg 29) Permeates his argument in a strong tonal sense through its fatalistic and impersonal attributes. In presenting the Berdache as defeated warriors enslaved to serve the economic and sexual needs of Native American men living segregated from women(Gutierrez 27), Gutierrez’s tone acquires a causational dimension where stated evidence is deemed irrevocably responsible of the gender role of the Berdache. Notably through the usage of visual representations of Berdache men in ritualistic dances with red paint in between their thighs used as irrefutable proof of Berdache subservience through male rape when others have postulated it could have simulated female menstruation given the Berdache’s mandated feminine appearance (Gutierrez 27). While tonally evocative of the hallmarks of an anthropologist sure of his field, to take such a tone especially...
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...The Native Americans in this instance considered them as they were, or as they called them the third gender role. This is not a physical category but a sociological category. In Native American culture, it seems that not much was made out of the transgenders actions. If the individual chose aspects of the female that person was treated as female, and so forth for if the male aspect was chosen. This could be a process of what tools the child decided to play with and they would go with that. This did not seem to go beyond that for most Indian tribes and was accepted. I modern time transgenders seem to be more accepted in Native American culture now. There has even been a term added to their culture called, two-spirits. American culture is a western culture in this idea about transgender. In this culture, we seem to have the idea of out of sight out of mind or turned it into an entertainment principle. Western culture at the star would accept individuals that kept their status to themselves; one example is soldiers in the civil war. These soldiers disguised as men fought during this time, and after kept their identity as men, they estimated the number of 200 females donned the military uniform at that...
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...Their Effects on Native American Women Isabella J. Baxter '15 Gettysburg College, baxtis01@gettysburg.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Native American Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Baxter, Isabella J. '15, "Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women" (2013). Student Publications. Paper 87. http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/87 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 87 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact cupola@gettysburg.edu. Oppression, Sexual Violence and Their Effects on Native American Women Keywords Native American Women, Sexual Violence, Oppression, Colonization, White Feminism Abstract This paper is a response to the chapter “Sexual Violence as a Tool of Genocide” in Andrea Smith’s book Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide. Smith argues that U.S. colonial culture strategically uses sexual violence against Native women as a weapon to ensure the oppression and marginalization of Native people. This...
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...Views Of Native American And Euro American Culture On The Intersexed Child, Or "Two Spirit." Ryan Morris Thomas Edison State College Native Americans have viewed intersexed or “two-spirit” children with great respect for a very long time. They thought that children who were born with both male and female characteristics were blessed to have both of them. Most Native Americans were naturally very spiritual and believed that all children were a blessing. Thus, the name given to children who possessed both male and female traits was called “two-spirit.” “Therefore, many Native American religions, rather than stigmatising such persons, often looked to them as religious leaders and teachers (Williams).” Native Americans believed that these children were more beneficial to the group because they could perform the tasks of men and women. “A feminine male who preferred to do women's work (gathering wild plants or farming domestic plants) was logically expected to marry a masculine male, who did men's work (hunting and warfare). Because a family needed both plant foods and meat, a masculine female hunter, in turn, usually married a feminine female, to provide these complementary gender roles for economic survival. The gender-conforming spouse of two-spirit people did not see themselves as "homosexual" or as anything other than "normal"(Williams).” This makes a tremendous amount of sense because it allows the two-spirit individual to live a normal life that includes a family and...
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...Prior to their series of conflicts, the English and Native Americans experienced a relatively peaceful coexistence through the belief of sharing and trade. To start, the Indians shared their land and culture with the English, which allowed the two groups to live in the same area peacefully at first. In addition, the Indians and English exchanged goods through trade; one group had what the other group desired. For example, the “Pequots wanted European trade goods -- kettles, cloth, axes, [and] hoes” while the English “wanted furs and wampum” (Massacre at Mystic). The European goods helped Indians advance their tribe while the Indian goods helped the Europeans barter with other regional tribes. Trade created a mutualistic relationship between...
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...see a number of cultures that have an identified third gender. “The baku in the Philippines, xaniths in Oman, serrers among the Pokot people of Kenya” (Khan, S et al., 2009). Throughout these cultures people are being revered, oppressed, celebrated, and mocked. Specifically, this will be a discussion of the differences between the Two Spirits of the Lakota Nation and the Hijra of South Asia, and how both cultures have changed throughout the years from cultural evolution and colonization. An example from Lakota Nation is “an old Lakota word, “Winyanktehca” has today been contracted to the simple word, “Wintke,” meaning, “two-souls-person” (Schützer, 1995). Two Spirit people are revered in the Lakota nation, they are considered sacred, spiritual and mysterious. When the European settlers arrived in the “new world”, they worked to change multiple aspects of the Lakota nation, including the treatment of the Wintke. Wintke are called to transform their gender in dreams from their deity. Schützer (1995) stated that she was given a choice “Lakota deities never order. [Her] gender transformation was called for by the Spirits” (Shützer, 1995). Schützer felt called by her ancestors, the spirits that she worshiped and held sacred, to change her life and her experience within that life. Dreams of a different life chased her into the daylight hours and she made a decision to follow a scared path that was protected by her own culture. A culture that viewed gender differently than...
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...Elements of Religious Traditions Over the years individuals have been studying the different religions of the world only to find there are many obstacles in this area. Webster dictionary defined religion as “a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices. Traditions or rituals play a critical role in individual and institutional religion and can strength the bond between the individual and the sacred. Why study religion? The study of religions of the world can bring enlightenment and understanding of other religions (Molloy, 2010). It is important to understand the complications associated with studying regions of the world. Religious traditions are passed on from generations through spoken stories and experience. A good example of an oral story is some of the ritual dances and ritual clothing Native American partake in during ceremonies. As scholars study these oral traditions many details could be over looked due to a language barrier. Many written religious documents are written in spiritual language called Hagiography (Molloy, 2010). This is a spiritual language with the purpose of creating devotion to a high entity. This language can be challenging to translate and put in a document with the purpose of educating. Religious traditions are used to created devotion, bring communities together, and give hope during trying times. Many traditions include myths, stories, doctrines, and texts (Molloy, 2010). Myths tell the story...
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...Art and Culture The role women and their influence in the twentieth century started when they were challenged, by men, not allowing women to be included in the art exhibits and therefore the feminist movement had begun. The feminist movement was started with four women artists: Yoko Ono, Adrian Piper, Carolee Schneemann, and Eva Hesse who participated in and prompted the artistic directions. The purpose of the feminist movement was to protest for equal rights, sexism, gender roles, and reproductive rights so women could be allowed in the American art world. In 1971, art historian Linda Nochlin published an essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” In this article she argued with art critics and historians. Nochlin explained how women were being excluded from all art exhibits and collections. Women started protesting by picketing museums and staging demonstrations. In 1972, women started shaping American society by opening their own art galleries all over the world to show their work. They opened feminist art programs at Fresno State College and California Institute of the Arts (Cal Arts) in early 1970. By 1974 over 1,000 United States colleges and universities offered women’s studies courses. In 1975, women started creating images of their bodies to proclaim women’s right to control and enjoy their bodies, which was the start of women’s liberation, while other women decided to dress up their painting with embroidery, knitting, quilting, and china paintings...
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...segregation and racial discrimination to inequality between Genders and the oppression of women, literature has the ability to reach out and usurp the perspective of the reader and provide them with a whole new one to shine a light on what life may be like being subjected to such experiences of “Otherness”. Both The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood and Green Grass, Running Water by Thomas King are both books which bring to the fore the plights of two different groups of people: Women and the domination and subjugation of the gender is the basis for The Handmaid’s Tale, while Green Grass, Running Water identifies the attempt of Native Americans to hold onto their culture in the face of a society that disregards their ancestry and subsequently find themselves marginalized, and both books show how each of these groups attempt to speak out and resist despite the odds against them. The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood is a book that explores the oppression and subjugation of women at the hands of a totalitarian regime...
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