...CHAPTER ONE LIMITS, ALTERNATIVES, AND CHOICES CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning and importance of economics. In this first chapter, however, we will not plunge into problems and issues; instead we consider some important preliminaries. We first look at the economic perspective—how economists think about problems. Next, we examine the specific methods economists use to examine economic behavior and the economy, including distinguishing between macroeconomics and microeconomics. We then look at the economizing problem from both an individual and societal perspective. For the individual we develop the budget line, for society the production possibilities model. In our discussion of production possibilities, the concepts of opportunity costs and increasing opportunity costs, unemployment, growth, and present vs. future possibilities are all demonstrated. Finally, in the Last Word, some of the problems, limitations, and pitfalls that hinder sound economic reasoning are examined. The Appendix to Chapter 1 provides an important introduction to graphical analysis. While this will be review material for most students, for some this may be new. Instructors are strongly urged to confirm that their students understand this section before proceeding. The software supplement can provide effective remedial help for those students who are not familiar with graphical analysis, or just need a refresher. WHAT’S NEW There is a new learning objective...
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...Qklhokn 1 Accounting Theory Paper-8 M. Com. (Final) Directorate of Distance Education Maharshi Dayanand University ROHTAK – 124 001 2 jktuhfr foKku Copyright © 2004, Maharshi Dayanand University, ROHTAK All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright holder. Maharshi Dayanand University ROHTAK – 124 001 Developed & Produced by EXCEL BOOKS PVT. LTD., A-45 Naraina, Phase 1, New Delhi-110028 Qklhokn 3 Contents Chapter 1 Accounting-An Intoduction Chapter 2 The History and Evolution of Accounting Thoughts 23 Chapter 3 Approaches to Accounting Theory 56 Chapter 4 Accounting Postulates, Concepts and Principles 88 Chapter 5 Income Concepts 107 Chapter 6 Revenues, Expenses, Gains and Losses 139 Chapter 7 Valuation of Assets 158 Chapter 8 Liabilities and Equity 177 Chapter 9 Depreciation Accounting and Policy 192 Chapter 10 Inventories and their Valuation 238 Chapter 11 Financial Reporting 277 Chapter 12 Specific Issues in Corporate Reporting 302 Chapter 13 Harmonization of Financial Reporting 323 Chapter 14 Accounting for Price Level Changes 339 Chapter 15 Human Resource Accounting 397 Chapter 16 Financial Engineering:...
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...UVA-F-1483 Version 2.3 WARREN E. BUFFETT, 2005 On May 24, 2005, Warren E. Buffett, the chairperson and chief executive officer (CEO) of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., announced that MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, would acquire the electric utility PacifiCorp. In Buffett’s largest deal since 1998, and the second largest of his entire career, MidAmerican would purchase PacifiCorp from its parent, Scottish Power plc, for $5.1 billion in cash and $4.3 billion in liabilities and preferred stock. “The energy sector has long interested us, and this is the right fit,” Buffett said. At the announcement, Berkshire Hathaway’s Class A shares closed up 2.4% for the day, for a gain in market value of $2.17 billion.1 Scottish Power’s share price also jumped 6.28% on the news2; the S&P 500 Composite Index closed up 0.02%. Exhibit 1 illustrates the recent share-price performance for Berkshire Hathaway, Scottish Power, and the S&P 500 Index. The acquisition of PacifiCorp renewed public interest in its sponsor, Warren Buffett. In many ways, he was an anomaly. One of the richest individuals in the world (with an estimated net worth of about $44 billion), he was also respected and even beloved. Though he had accumulated perhaps the best investment record in history (a compound annual increase in wealth for Berkshire Hathaway of 24% from 1965 to 2004),3 Berkshire paid him only $100,000 per year to serve as its CEO. While Buffett and other insiders controlled...
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...that the dollar is stable. * Since the assets cannot be sold there is no independent check of valuation. * This method measures only the costs to the organization but ignores completely any measure of the value of the employee to the organization (Cascio 3). Replacement Cost approach This approach measures the cost of replacing an employee. According to Likert (1985) replacement cost include recruitment, selection, compensation, and training cost (including the income foregone during the training period). The data derived from this method could be useful in deciding whether to dismiss or replace the staff. Limitations * Substitution of replacement cost method for historical cost method does little more than update the valuation, at the expense of importing considerably more subjectivity into the measure. This method may also lead to an upwardly biased estimate because an inefficient firm may incur greater cost to replace an employee (Cascio 3-4). Present Value of Future Earnings Lev and Schwartz (1971) proposed an economic valuation...
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...The Essays of Warren Buffett: Lessons for Corporate America Essays by Warren E. Buffett Selected, Arranged, and Introduced by Lawrence A. Cunningham Includes Previously Copyrighted Material Reprinted with Permission THE ESSAYS OF WARREN BUFFETT: LESSONS FOR CORPORATE AMERICA Essays by Warren E. Buffett Chairman and CEO Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Selected, Arranged, and Introduced by Lawrence A. Cunningham Professor of Law Director, The Samuel and Ronnie Heyman Center on Corporate Governance Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Yeshiva University © 1997; 1998 Lawrence A. Cunningham All Rights Reserved Includes Previously Copyrighted Material Reprinted with Permission TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROLOGUE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 27 I. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. B. C. D. E. Owner-Related Business Principles................ Boards and Managers............................. The Anxieties of Plant Closings An Owner-Based Approach to Corporate Charity. A Principled Approach to Executive Pay.......... 29 29 38 43 47 54 II. CORPORATE FINANCE AND INVESTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. 63 Mr. Market........................................ 63 Arbitrage......................
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...The Essays of Warren Buffett: Lessons for Corporate America Essays by Warren E. Buffett Selected, Arranged, and Introduced by Lawrence A. Cunningham Includes Previously Copyrighted Material Reprinted with Permission THE ESSAYS OF WARREN BUFFETT: LESSONS FOR CORPORATE AMERICA Essays by Warren E. Buffett Chairman and CEO Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Selected, Arranged, and Introduced by Lawrence A. Cunningham Professor of Law Director, The Samuel and Ronnie Heyman Center on Corporate Governance Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Yeshiva University © 1997; 1998 Lawrence A. Cunningham All Rights Reserved Includes Previously Copyrighted Material Reprinted with Permission TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROLOGUE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 27 I. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. B. C. D. E. Owner-Related Business Principles................ Boards and Managers............................. The Anxieties of Plant Closings An Owner-Based Approach to Corporate Charity. A Principled Approach to Executive Pay.......... 29 29 38 43 47 54 II. CORPORATE FINANCE AND INVESTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. 63 Mr. Market........................................ 63 Arbitrage......................
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...list of Frequently Used Symbols and Notation A text such as Intermediate Financial Theory is, by nature, relatively notation intensive. We have adopted a strategy to minimize the notational burden within each individual chapter at the cost of being, at times, inconsistent in our use of symbols across chapters. We list here a set of symbols regularly used with their specific meaning. At times, however, we have found it more practical to use some of the listed symbols to represent a different concept. In other instances, clarity required making the symbolic representation more precise (e.g., by being more specific as to the time dimension of an interest rate). Roman Alphabet a Amount invested in the risky asset; in Chapter 14, fraction of wealth invested in the risky asset or portfolio AT Transpose of the matrix (or vector)A c Consumption; in Chapter 14 only, consumption is represented by C, while c represents ln C ck Consumption of agent k in state of nature θ θ CE Certainty equivalent CA Price of an American call option CE Price of a European call option d Dividend rate or amount ∆ Number of shares in the replicating portfolio (Chapter xx E The expectations operator ek Endowment of agent k in state of nature θ θ f Futures position (Chapter 16); pf Price of a futures contract (Chapter 16) F, G Cumulative distribution functions associated with densities: f, g Probability density functions K The strike or exercise price of an option K(˜) Kurtosis of the random variable x x ˜ L A lottery...
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...cover next page > title author publisher isbn10 | asin print isbn13 ebook isbn13 language subject publication date lcc ddc subject : : : : : : : : : : : cover next page > < previous page page_i next page > Page i Dictionary of Accounting Terms Third Edition Joel G. Siegel, PhD, CPA Professor of Accounting Queens College of the City University of New York Jae K. Shim, PhD Professor of Accounting College of Business Administration California State University, Long Beach < previous page page_i next page > < previous page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS page_ii next page > Page ii The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions made by reviewers John Downes, formerly of the New York City Office of Economic Development, and Dr. G. Thomas Friedlob, Professor of Accounting at Clemson University. Their in-depth evaluations have been of great importance to the technical accuracy of the manuscript. Gerald J. Barry suggested many meaningful insertions and deletions that greatly enhanced the authors' prose. Thanks also go to Roberta Siegel and Cher Ragge for their assistance with the computer terms, graphics, and word processing. Anna Damaskos, Don Reis, Sally Strauss, and Eileen Prigge of Barron's have been invaluable during the many stages of editing the manuscript into its bound book form. © Copyright 2000 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Prior editions © 1995, 1987 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this...
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...Part II ASPE applies to private enterprises; CPA Canada Handbook Part III ASNFPO applies to not-for-profit organizations. CPA Canada Handbook Part IV ASPP applies to pension plans. For governments and government organizations, see under Public Sector Accounting (PSA) Handbook for details of what applies. Note 2: Part II and V Definitions may not be identical — check the CPA Canada Handbook – Accounting. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abnormal earnings Also referred to as unexpected earnings. Differences between the expected value of earnings and the actual realized. Absorption costing Absorption costing is a method of assigning costs to inventory. It includes fixed overhead costs in addition to variable overhead costs added to direct materials and direct labour to calculate unit cost. Accelerated depreciation Accelerated depreciation is a method of allocating the cost of an asset in which the annual depreciation amounts are larger in an asset’s early years and decrease over time. An example of accelerated depreciation would be the double-declining balance method. Access controls Procedures designed to restrict access to online terminal devices, programs, and data. Access controls consist of ”user authentication” and ”user authorization.” Account Place within an accounting system where the increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, owner’s equity, revenue, or expense are recorded and stored. Account analysis An account analysis...
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...publicly accountable enterprises, CICA Part II ASPE applies to private enterprises; CICA Part III ASNFPO applies to not-for-profit organizations. CICA Part IV ASPP applies to pension plans. For governments and government organizations, see under Public Sector Accounting (PSA) Handbook for details of what applies. Note 2: Part II and V Definitions may not be identical — check the CICA Handbook — Accounting. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abnormal earnings Also referred to as unexpected earnings. Differences between the expected value of earnings and the actual realized. Absorption costing Absorption costing is a method of assigning costs to inventory. It includes fixed overhead costs in addition to variable overhead costs added to direct materials and direct labour to calculate unit cost. Accelerated amortization Accelerated amortization is a method of allocating the cost of an asset in which the annual amortization amounts are larger in an asset’s early years and decrease over time. An example of accelerated amortization would be the double-declining balance method. Access controls Procedures designed to restrict access to online terminal devices, programs, and data. Access controls consist of ”user authentication” and ”user authorization.” Account Place within an accounting system where the increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, owner’s equity, revenue, or expense are recorded and stored. Account analysis An account analysis...
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...6 5 4 3 2 13-315309-6 PRENTICE-HALL, INTERNATIONAL, LONDON PRENTICE-HALL OF AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD., SYD NEY PRENTICE-HALL O F CAN AD A, LTD., TO RONTO PRENTICE-HALL OF INDIA PRIVATE LTD., NEW DELHI PRENTICE-HALL OF JAPAN, INC., TO KYO 1 To Mimi, D rew , Stuart, and Stephen Preface Though significant portions of Financial Management and Policy have been changed in this revision, its purpose remains: first, to develop an understanding of financial theory in an organized manner so that the reader may evaluate the firm’s investment, financing, and dividend deci sions in keeping with an objective of maximizing shareholder wealth; second, to become familiar with the application of analytical techniques to a number o f areas o f financial decision-making; and third, to expose the reader to the institutional material necessary to give him a feel for the environment in which financial decisions are made. In revising, I have attempted to reflect changes that have occurred in financial theory and practice since the first edition as well as to sharpen and update existing material so that it is better structured and more easily comprehended. There is an increased emphasis upon valuation and upon linking various financial decisions with valuation. In this regard,...
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...Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development DAF/COMP(2014)14 06-Jun-2014 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR FINANCIAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS COMPETITION COMMITTEE DAF/COMP(2014)14 Unclassified AIRLINE COMPETITION -- Background Paper by the Secretariat -18-19 June 2014 This document was prepared by the OECD Secretariat to serve as a background note for Item IX at the 121st meeting of OECD Competition Committee on 18-19 June 2014. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. More documents related to this discussion can be found at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/airlinecompetition.htm. English - Or. English JT03358883 Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. DAF/COMP(2014)14 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Features of the airline industry ..............................................................................................................
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...Great Man theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search [pic] [pic] Napoleon The Great Man Theory was a popular 19th century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of "great men", or heroes: highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or Machiavellianism utilized their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, and in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a decisive counter-argument that remained influential throughout the 20th century; Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetime.[1][2][3] |Contents | |[hide] | |1 Introduction | |2 Criticisms | |3 See also | |4 References | |5 External links | [pic][edit] Introduction Carlyle commented that "The history of the world is but the biography of great men," reflecting his belief that heroes shape history through both their personal attributes and divine inspiration.[4] In his book On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, Carlyle set out how he saw history as having turned on the decisions of "heroes", giving detailed analysis of the influence...
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...Scott, Financial Accounting Theory, 6th Edition Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2 Suggested Solutions to Questions and Problems 1. P.V. Ltd. Income Statement for Year 2 Accretion of discount (10% × 286.36) $28.64 P.V. Ltd. Balance Sheet As at Time 2 Financial Asset Cash $315.00 Shareholders’ Equity Opening balance Net income Capital Asset Present value 0.00 $315.00 $315.00 $286.36 28.64 Note that cash includes interest at 10% on opening cash balance of $150. 2. Suppose that P.V. Ltd. paid a dividend of $10 at the end of year 1 (any portion of year 1 net income would do). Then, its year 2 opening net assets are $276.36, and net income would be: P.V. Ltd. Income Statement For Year 2 Accretion of discount (10% × 276.36) $27.64 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Canada Inc 11 Scott, Financial Accounting Theory, 6th Edition Instructor’s Manual P.V.’s balance sheet at time 2 would be: P.V. Ltd. Balance Sheet As at Time 2 Financial Asset Cash: (140 + 14 + 150) $304.00 Chapter 2 Shareholders’ Equity Opening balance: $276.36 (286.36 - 10.00 dividend) Capital Asset, at Present value 0.00 $304.00 $304.00 Net income 27.64 Thus, at time 2 the shareholders have: Cash from dividend Interest at 10% on cash dividend, for year 2 Value of firm per balance sheet $10.00 1.00 304.00 $315.00 This is the same value as that of the firm at time 2, assuming P.V. Ltd. paid no dividends (see Question 1). Consequently, the firm’s dividend policy does not matter to the shareholders...
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...4 TH EDITION Managing and Using Information Systems A Strategic Approach KERI E. PEARLSON KP Partners CAROL S. SAUNDERS University of Central Florida JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. To Yale & Hana To Rusty, Russell &Kristin VICE PRESIDENT & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES This book is printed on acid-free paper. Don Fowley Beth Lang Golub Lyle Curry Carly DeCandia Harry Nolan Kevin Murphy Patricia McFadden Lauren Sapira Pine Tree Composition Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945)...
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