...Charles Spearman - General Intelligence: British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863-1945) described a concept he referred to as general intelligence, or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to to examine a number of mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed. Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities: Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities." The abilities that he described were: * Verbal comprehension * Reasoning * Perceptual speed * Numerical ability * Word fluency * Associative memory * Spatial visualization Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences: One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Instead of focusing on the analysis of test scores, Gardner proposed that numerical expressions of human intelligence are not a full and accurate depiction of people's abilities. His theory describes eight distinct intelligences that are based on skills and abilities that are valued...
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...Intelligence is an ability to understand objective things and solve problems by knowledge. It develops by knowledge and practice. In 1904, a British psychologist, Charles Spielman found that people who got high score in a specific test would also got high score in other tests. Although there are not much similar among those tests, Spielman believe it is convincing enough to say there is something that make a person always get high score, he called it General Intelligence [3]. Early research of intelligence test used age to calculate the intelligence of children(Binet and Simon). German psychologist Stern firstly put forward the concept of IQ. He raised the formula: MA(Intelligence Age)/CA(Real Age)*100=IQ. This formula connects the age and the intelligence and intelligence reduces with the increasing of age. Obviously it doesn’t conform to reality after further study.(Yang, Wang, Cao, Cheng & Wang, 2015). Till now, people always use deviation IQ as standard, which is not completely impacted by age. With modern investigation, scientists have found that intelligence has connection with many factors. It means age is not so conclusive and many surveys show study, environment and many other factors that have nothing to do with age also affect people’s intelligence. However, it doesn’t mean age is not a significant part of intelligence study. From the survey of age and intelligence, intelligence is linked with age at different phases and there are many different kinds of intelligence...
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...individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Copyright 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0033-2909/98/S3.00 Psychological Bulletin 1998, Vol. 124, No. 2, 262-274 The Validity and Utility of Selection Methods in Personnel Psychology: Practical and Theoretical Implications of 85 Years of Research Findings John E. Hunter Michigan State University Frank L. Schmidt University of Iowa This article summarizes the practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research in personnel selection. On the basis of meta-analytic findings, this article presents the validity of 19 selection procedures for predicting job performance and training performance and the validity of paired combinations of general mental ability (GMA) and Ihe 18 other selection procedures. Overall, the 3 combinations with the highest multivariate validity and utility for job performance were GMA plus a work sample test (mean validity of .63), GMA plus an integrity test (mean validity of .65), and GMA plus a structured interview (mean validity of .63). A further advantage of the latter 2 combinations is that they can be used for both entry level selection and selection of experienced employees. The practical utility implications of these summary findings are substantial. The implications of these research findings for the development of theories of job performance are discussed. From the point of view of practical value, the most important property of a personnel...
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...Intelligence has been defined in different ways, including the abilities, but not limited to, abstract thought, understanding, being self aware,communication, reasoning, learning, having emotional knowledge, retaining, planning, and problem solving. Intelligence is most widely studied in humans, but has also been observed in animals and plants. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines or the simulation of intelligence in machines. Numerous definitions of and hypotheses about intelligence have been proposed since before the twentieth century, with no consensus reached by scholars. Within the discipline of psychology, various approaches to human intelligence have been adopted. The psychometricapproach is especially familiar to the general public, as well as being the most researched and by far the most widely used in practical settings.[1] Contents [hide] * 1 History of the term * 2 Definitions * 3 Human intelligence * 3.1 Psychometrics * 3.2 Other theories * 3.3 Evolution of intelligence * 3.4 Improving intelligence * 4 Animal and plant intelligence * 5 Artificial intelligence * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 Further reading * 9 External links | ------------------------------------------------- [edit]History of the term Main article: Nous Intelligence derives from the Latin verb intelligere which derives from inter-legere meaning to "pick out" or discern. A form of this verb, intellectus, became the medieval technical...
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...of scores being used to compare you with another person? Please explain. I do believe the test measures intelligence accurately in general. After taking the IQ test I received a score of 95. I answered 24 questions out of the 30, but 16 were answered incorrectly. The questions were simple and straight forward. The IQ tests measures one’s ability to solve a problem, and takes into account the age of the participant. I do feel that the IQ tests are designed for an audience that is too broad. IQ tests are used to measure areas that need reinforcement, cognitive issues, and helping someone make career decisions. Most of the questions are math related problems, and if you are not strong in math you will not do well in the test. It also has the down side that if one sets to learning to answer the type of questions the test uses it will alter the final results, and some people do not test well under the pressure of a test setting. In the end the score received might not be relevant to everyone’s intelligence. I believe that the test is biased. The test is designed to make certain assumptions. My background is different from that of many people born here in the United States. At times, a question takes longer to make sense to me, but the test was timed. In an effort to be relevant, the test only quizzes a few areas of your intelligence. It assumes that some of this general knowledge is relevant to everyone in the same manner. I am average at math, but the test is highly math...
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...For centuries humans have pondered over the nature of intelligence. Many have created theories to develop a concrete understanding of its overall concept. In addition to disagreements about the basic nature of intelligence, psychologists have spent a great amount of time and energy debating the various influences on individual intelligence. The debate focuses on one of the major questions in psychology, which is more important Nature or Nurture? Charles Spearman proposed a general intelligence factor, g, which underlies all intelligent behavior. Many scientists still believe in a general intelligence factor that underlies the specific abilities that intelligence tests measure. Other scientists are skeptical, because people can score high on one specific ability but show weakness in others. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (Simon and Binet, 1905) produced the first form of modern intelligence testing in 1905. The test had a practical purpose and was used to identify children who may need extra help with their school work. Due to the purpose of the test, the exercises Binet and Simon asked the children to complete were very similar to tasks the children completed within schools, i.e. measures of vocabulary, comprehension of facts and relationships and mathematical and verbal reasoning. The Binet & Simon test was later modified and extended by Lewis Terman and his associates at Stanford University where it was translated for use in the United States (Terman 1916, Terman and...
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...genetic factors affect the IQ of a person, and specific genes that take part in influencing the IQ have been identified. The studies have also proposed that performance is affected by genetic factors. However, it has not been clear whether the genes that shape the IQ are the same genes that influence test scores and grades. The high heritability of intelligence proves to be a difficult subject because it may be perceived to imply that the communities or schools that perform poorly produce unfavorable results due to the immutable characteristics present in those populations. This may imply that the poor kids should be left alone just because they are created that way. However, comprehending the reason why the school system is difficult for some people while being easy for others is important to enabling the researchers to come up with a system that suits the individual strengths of the communities and schools involved. Again, high heritability does not imply total heritability because there is yet another vital role of the environment that requires much consideration, an aspect that informs the scholars of the field of intelligence inheritability how the results can be improved through a change in the environment. A population exhibiting high rate of heritability may be interpreted as a symbol of equality in the sense that environment would be the dominant factor, or it can’t vary radically. For instance, taking height to be an example, people grow to be shorter or taller adults...
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...(2015) intellectual abilities are abilities needed to perform mental activities – thinking, reasoning, and problem solving (p. 53). Intelligence quotient (IQ) are controversial testes designed to ascertain a person’s general intellectual abilities (Robins et al., 2015, p.53). A substantial amount of intellectual ability is said to be inherited (Robins et al., 2015, p.62). A New Zealand political philosopher name James Flynn does research on intelligence and his resulted are called the “Flynn effect” (Wikipedia, n.d). Flynn Effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day (Wikipedia, n.d). Robins et al. (2015) states that now Flynn is saying that though the scores continue to rise, it would “probably be better to say that we are “more modern” than “smarter” (p.62). Three questions that will be answered in this text will be: (1) Do you believe people are really getting smarter? (2) How do you reconcile Flynn’s recent description of the modern mind with the General Social Survey’s findings that U.S. adults preform poorly on scientific questions and aren’t knowledgeable about scientific method? and (3) If the Flynn effect is real, does this undermine the theory that IQ is mostly inherited? Keywords: intelligence abilities, Flynn effect, IQ Case Incident 1 Levitating IQs Questions 2.16. Do you believe people are really getting smarter...
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...Is intelligence associated with health and longevity and if so, why? Discuss with reference to relevant empirical studies. Associations between measures of socioeconomic status (SES), health and survival rates have been firmly established by social epidemiologists. Nevertheless, in spite of improving western living conditions and wide access to health services and information, social inequalities in health and mortality still prevail. In some instances, wide accessibility to health care appears only to deepen socioeconomic divisions of health and mortality rates (Gottfredson, 2004). Why this should be the case has led researchers to seek out further predictors of morbidity and mortality across the social spectrum. From these efforts a new field of study, cognitive epidemiology (Deary & Der 2005) is seeking to establish general intelligence scores as risk factors for mortality and certain health outcomes. This is a comparatively new field of research, and findings with regard to the extent and exact causal mechanisms of an association between intelligence, health and longevity remain far from conclusive. For instance, some researchers claim that intelligence is the ‘elusive fundamental cause’ of health inequalities (Gottfredson, 2004); whilst others negate the impact of intelligence once SES factors and education are controlled for (Singh-Manoux & Kivimaki, 2009; Hauser & Palloni, 2008). Intelligence tests are long established as valid predictors of occupational...
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...Module 5 Homework Assignment PSY140: Introduction to Psychology November 21st 2011 1. Define cognition and name the basic units of thinking. Cognition is defined as mental processes of perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, and deciding. Concepts are the basic units of thinking. Concepts are general categories of things, events and qualities that are linked by a common feature or features, in spite of their differences. Which help us make sense of information in the world. Concepts also enhance our memory and guide our behavior. Lahley, Benjamin B. / Psychology an Introduction/ 9th Ed. 2. How is language learned and how does it relate to thinking? Language is learned so early that it is difficult to explain how it is managed. Some psycholinguists have proposed that language is learned by special genetically programmed procedures that are unique to language learning. Others contend that the general analytic capacity of the human brain is such that even complex language rules can be worked out without any innate knowledge or special language acquisition procedures. Regardless of which view is correct, experience with one’s native language must be critically important. Narrative skill differences are connected to the way that mothers converse with their children. If they use an elaborative style, engaging in lengthy discussions about children’s past experiences, providing lots of details, asking questions and encouraging children...
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...contributions in many areas of psychology, including psychometrics, statistics, and the study of human intelligence. He developed methods for scaling psychological measures, assessing attitudes, and test theory, among many other influential contributions. He is best known for the development of new factor analytic techniques to determine the number and nature of latent constructs within a set of observed variables. Thurstone considers intelligence as a mental trait and the capacity to make impulses focal at their early, unfinished stage of formation. To him therefore, Intelligence is the capacity for abstraction, which is an inhibitory process. Zeichner (2007) defines intelligence as the ability to learn quickly, solve problems, understand complex and abstract issues and generally behave in a reasonable, rational and purposeful manner. Intelligence derives from the Latin verb intelligere, which means to comprehend or perceive. It is the mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situation, understand and handle abstract concepts and use knowledge to manipulate ones environment. Intelligence can also be described as being able to think logically, analyze issues, and solve problems and to cope with life in a new environment. Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities. (Schmuck, 2006)...
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...Definition of Intelligence Intelligence can be defined in a variety of ways depending on one’s viewpoint or position. Defining this science is not confined to particular skill or test but can be identified through various approaches, models, or skill sets. In responding to a widely accepted fact that “only 50% of the population will have an IQ of average or above”, one must first briefly understand the origins of intelligence. There has been a debate among researchers and psychologists of whether intelligence is a unitary phenomenon or consists of various s skills and abilities. The two primary views of intelligence, global ability and specific talents, can be used to categorize individuals, as it relates to this science. Global consists of one’s ability to reason and acquire knowledge that manifests itself in a variety of ways, such as memorizing a long poem or solving a maze. Specific talent defines one’s ability to some areas but not in others. For example, a person may be able to compose a sonata but unable to solve a verbal reasoning problem. (Bukato, Daehler 2004 p.348) In order to further understand intelligence one must have a foundation for the various models’ and theories that are widely accepted and used to measure this field. One of the methods for understanding intelligence is the psychometric model (Binet-Simon 1905), which is based on testing large groups of individuals to quantify differences in abilities. The basic assumption with...
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...whether or not the human race will be able to withstand extinction. The parameters of human intelligence can be used to define and determine the possibility of this outcome. Humans are believed to have the title of being the most dominant and intelligent species on the face of the Earth, but there is much competition for that title today and arguments arise within the scientific community. Humans believe that they are separated from all other species based on the concept of intelligence and how they have used intelligence to their advantage to create language, technology and many other things to ultimately establish themselves as a successful species. In order to actually prove that humans rightfully deserve that title, one must delve into the debate of intelligence to clarify the meaning and understanding of intelligence. This will provide evidence to the argument on whether or not the human species will be viable in the long-term. In the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, intelligence is defined as the ability to collect and apply certain knowledge and information from the external environment to different situations1. Although this is a brief and vague definition, certain scientists such as Howard Gardner postulates that intelligence is a complex topic because humans have the ability to use a wide range of different intelligences in life. This is known as the theory of multiple intelligences, for example someone being able to learn a language and not being able to...
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...Alison Neddeau Professor Gelven General Psychology II 21 March 2015 Intelligence Research shows that individuals learn in different ways. This has lead to several studies, which have inferred the different characteristics associated with how people receive, process and utilize information. A keen interest in these individual differences, named "learning styles" saw an increase in the 1960s. Today, even as the field of psychology has made as shift to studying more in-depth behaviors of group, learning styles continues to play significant roles in how human beings learn. What seems to remain a constant in attempting to interpret how learning is done is the complexity of the human mind in terms. It is quite unique that one person is able to process information one way while another does so in a contrasting manner, yet both people receive, process and ultimately arrive at the same level of knowledge about what they are taught. Understanding learning styles, which are often simple, yet complex, allows educators and trainers to tailor their methods of teaching and materials to accommodate different styles of learning. Generally speaking, there are three types of learning styles. People receive process and retain information by using visual, auditory or kinesthetic methods. There has also been evidence that these learning styles often lead learners to develop characteristics that have led experts to properly gauge levels of intelligence (Ldpride.net). Those that learn by using their...
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...being used more and more frequently. Psychological Tests A psychological test is a series of standardized problems or questions that assess a certain individual characteristic. Tests are commonly used to assess many KSAOs, including knowledge, skill, ability, attitudes, interests, and personality (Spector, 2008). There are three types of psychological tests used in the workplace to help differentiate between those used for pre-employment or retention. Essentially pre-employment is called the "recruiting radar." These tests are ability tests, personality tests, and emotional intelligence tests (Spector, 2008). Ability tests Ability tests are the ability or aptitude with the capacity to do or learn to do a particular task (Spector, 2008). Ability tests have been split into many subcategories such as cognitive ability tests, which is an IQ or also known as an intelligence test, or a test of general cognitive ability. Cognitive tests are also done on an individual that focus on the mathematical or verbal...
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