General Psychology
Autism- severe chronic developmental disorder * Characterized by severely compromised ability to engage in and by a lack of interest in social interaction.
*Autism Spectrum*
1. Asperger’s Syndrome * high/ normal intelligence * shy * problem on eye contact * don’t recognize facial expressions * focus only on 1 thing * absent minded * can’t adapt to changes
2. Semantic Pragmantic Disorder- more sociable
3. Hyperlexia- more on a symptom than a disorder - fascinated in letters and numbers but don’t communicate
4. Non-verbal Learning Disability- can’t recognize faces
5. Prosopagnosia- face blind (2.5% of the entire world) ~ ~ ~
Learning Disorder Dyslexia- reading disorder “Dyslexia”

ADHD- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Stuttering- therapy “singing”

Tics- abnormal movement that can’t be controlled

Tourette’s Syndrome-vocal tics (5 in every 10k people)

Coprolalia- involuntary shouting

Separation Anxiety (No Description)

Conduct Disorder (No Description)

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Jean Piaget- 1st a BIOLOGIST
Cognitive Development- ability to understand
Genetic Epistemology- study of the development of knowledge

Schemas- sensory motor skills A. Assimilation (No Description) B. Accommodation (No Description)

Equilibrium- Balance of adaptation

Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor- birth- 2 years old Primary Circular Reaction | 1 to 4 months | Mental Representation | Secondary Circular Reaction | 4 to 12 months | Deferred Limitation | Tertiary Circular Reaction | 12 to 24 months | Mental Combination | 2. Preoperational- 2 to 7 years old * Anything that represents something else * “Egocentric” has his own point of view 3. Concrete Operations- 7 to 11 years old
Operations- logical operations or principles we use in solving problems
Conservation- a quantity remains the same despite in appearance 4. Formal Operations * hypothetical thinking * abstract reasoning

Lawrence Kohlberg & Moral Development

Level 1 (Pre-conventional Morality)
Step 1- Reward and Punishment
Step2- Exchange

Level 2 (Conventional Morality)
Step 3- Good Boy/ Good Girl
Step 4- Law and Order

Level 3 (Post-conventional Morality)
Step 5- Social Contrast
Step 6- Universal Principle

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Erik Erikson- psychologist more on society and culture oriented.
Epigenetic Principle- developed through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in 8 stages.
Crises- certain developmental tasks that are psychological in nature.
Mutuality- interactions of generations
Virtue- psychological strength which will help us through the rest of our lives

Stage Name | Optimal Time | Task/ Crises | Virtue | Infant | 1-1/2 yrs old | Trust vs Mistrust | Hope | Toddler | 18mons- 4 yrs old | Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt | Will power | Preschooler | 4-6 yrs old | Initiative vs Guilt | Purpose | School Age | 6-12 yrs old | Industry vs Inferiority | Competency | Adolescence | 12-20 yrs old | Ego Identity vs Role Confession | Fidelity | Young Adulthood | 18-30 yrs old | Intimacy vs Isolation | Love | Middle Adulthood | Mid 20’s- Late 5o’s | Generative vs Stagnation | Caring | Late Adulthood | -Old Age- | Ego integrity vs Despair | Wisdom |

Personality- the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that makes a person unique.

Characteristic of Personality 1. Organized and consistent. 2. Psychological but influenced by biological needs and processes. 3. Displayed through thoughts, feelings and behavior and many other ways.

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Theories

I. Type theory of personality * The earliest known theory of personality developed by Greek physician Hypocrites.
Hypocrites- characterized human behavior in terms of four temperaments

1. Sanguine or Optimistic type- Blood 2. Phlegmatic or Slow or lethargic- Phlegm 3. Melancholic or Sad and depressed- Black bile 4. Choleric or Angry type- Yellow bile

William Sheldon- an American psychologist developed a modern typology of personality based on body types.

1. Endomorph- heavy and easy going 2. Mesomorph- muscular and aggressive 3. Ectomorph- thin, intellectual and artistic

II. Traits Theory

Traits- a characteristic, way in which an individual perceives, feels, believes and acts.
Temperaments- genetically determined traits.

A. Carl Jung 1. Introversion and Extraversion
Introversion- tendency to prefer the world inside oneself
Extraversion- tendency to look to the outside world, especially people, for one’s pleasure 2. Sensing and Intuiting
Sensing- get all information about life from their senses
Intuiting- get all information from intuiting 3. Thinking and Feeling
Thinking- makes their decisions based on reason, logic, step by step problem solving
Feeling- decisions based on feelings 4. Judging and Perceiving
Judging- tend to be neat, orderly, hardworking, always on time, schedules things very carefully
Perceiving- more spontaneous, prefer to do things as the spirit moves them, probably more fun, but they tend to get things done

B. Hans Eipenck (Eysenck) - the first psychologist to make traits or temperament issues into something more mathematical. He called these traits as Dimensions.

1. Extraversion- Introversion 2. Neurotism- if you score high in this dimension it means you tend to be an emotional person and very nervous. Low Neurotism is often called emotional stability 3. Psychoticism- a high score means the person is likely to have problems dealing with reality. The person is likely to have hallucinations and delusions. A middle score means the person is eccentric or you take risks that people are not likely to take a low score means the person is normal.

C. The Big Five

1. Extraversion- Introversion 2. Emotional Stability 3. Agreeableness
High score- friendly and accommodating
Low score- idiosyncratic and his trouble getting along with people 4. Conscientiousness
High score- orderly, get their work done on time, care about doing things right
Low score- rarely worry about deadlines and more interested in taking it easy 5. Openness to experience
High- enjoy cultural pursuits like art, music dance, more inclined to traits going to museums, meet people, try new food