...Part 2 1. Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they aren't necessarily negative. Stereotypes are basically generalizations that are made about groups. Such generalizations are necessary: in order to be able to interact effectively, we must have some idea of what people are likely to be like, which behaviors will be considered acceptable, and which not.Such generalizations are, in essence, stereotypes. They allow us to put people into a category, according to the group they belong to, and make inferences about how they will behave based on that grouping. There will still be differences between individuals from one culture, and with the same individual in different situations. But the stereotype is reasonably accurate, so it is useful. Stereotypes are only a problem when they are inaccurate, especially when those inaccuracies are negative and hostile. 2. Stereotyping provides a view which may be based on some truths/facts, but is often limited and biased. They tend to be a neat and convenient capsule summary slanted toward a view point of the creator. Other non-critical thinkers can be seduced by stereotypes which simplifies the world. The small element(s) of truth contained in the stereotype seem so obvious and create a hint of credibility. Non-critical thinkers accept the stereotype and may intentionally or unintentional perpetuate and spread it. Part 3 1. Prejudice is a feeling someone may have, simply means to "pre-judge" someone in your...
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...avowed identities. The positive outcomes are mutual avowed identities that results in the creation of certain ideologies. The negative outcomes are the stigmas and stereotypes of those ascribed identities. By stereotyping people we somewhat categorize the group as a whole which can end bias views. But if we know that ignoring individualism in a group of people is ignorant, then why do we still do it? I will answer this question by analyzing Kory Floyd and Susan Fiske’s concepts of stereotypes while applying them to the growing co-culture of cannabis users using a High Times magazine article as my...
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...Definition | Stereotypes | unreliable, exaggerated generalizationsabout all members of a group that donot take individual differences intoaccount | Prejudice | is most often used to refer to preconceived judgments toward people or a person because of race/ethnicity, gender, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, nationality or other personal characteristics. It can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence. | Labeling theory | a sociological approach introducedby Howard Becker that attempts toexplain why certain people are viewedas deviants and others engaging in thesame behavior are not | Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: * Race * Ethnicity * Religion * Gender * Sexual orientation * Age * Disability Category | Stereotype 1 | Stereotype 2 | Stereotype 3 | Race | All Afro American can play basketball | White cannot dance | All Hispanics can speak English | Religion | all Muslims are terrorists. | All Catholic Priests molest boys | Christians are brainwashed | Gender Male | Is to be the financial provider | He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused. | Hold his emotions in check; and always initiate sex. | Part III Answer each question in 100 to 150 words related to those stereotypes: * What...
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...Definition: A stereotype is “...a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.” (Cardwell, 1996). For example, a “hells angel” biker dresses in leather. One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to respond rapidly to situations because we may have had a similar experience before. One disadvantage is that it makes us ignore differences between individuals; therefore we think things about people that might not be true (i.e. make generalizations). The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world; since they reduce the amount of processing (i.e. thinking) we have to do when we meet a new person. By stereotyping we infer that a person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that we assume all members of that group have. Stereotypes lead to social categorization, which is one of the reasons for prejudice attitudes (i.e. “them” and “us” mentality) which leads to in-groups and out-groups. Most stereotypes probably tend to convey a negative impression. Positive examples would include judges (the phrase “sober as a judge” would suggest this is a stereotype with a very respectable set of characteristics), overweight people (who are often seen as “jolly”) and television newsreaders (usually seen as highly dependable, respectable and impartial). Negative stereotypes seem far more common, however. Racial Stereotypes french stereotype Researchers have found that stereotypes exist...
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...Intercultural Barriers in America • Which intercultural communication barrier is most prevalent in America today? The intercultural communication barrier that I believe is most prevalent in America today would be stereotyping and prejudice. When people stereotype others they assume that a person has certain characteristics and abilities that they believe all members of that group have. Many people use stereotypes to simplify their world and reduce the amount of processing and thinking they have to do when they meet a new person. Stereotyping makes people ignore the differences between others, as well. Then they end up thinking things about people that might not be true and make generalizations. Stereotypes also lead to social categorization, which is one of the reasons for prejudice attitudes. This is because most stereotypes tend to convey a negative impression (Beebe, Beebe & Redmond, 2008). Stereotyping and prejudice happens every day in the United States. One example of stereotyping comes from a story I read about in my Cultural Diversity class. Although African Americans accounted for only 17 percent of the motorists on the New Jersey turnpike during a certain time period, they were 80 percent of the motorists pulled over. These occurrences gave rise to the charge that a new traffic offense was added to the books: DWB, or “driving while Black” (Schaefer, 2012, p. 42). Another example of stereotyping is racial profiling. A federal study...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix B Part I Define the following terms: |Term |Definition | |Stereotypes |The need for humanity to make the world a smaller more manageable place. To use a phrase to describe| | |groups, etc. | |Prejudice |Negative attitude, thoughts or beliefs, rejecting a group or depriving them of opportunities. | |Labeling theory |If someone is stereotyped as a deviant, than regardless of original intent. One may become a | | |deviant. | Part II Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: • Race • Ethnicity • Religion • Gender • Sexual orientation • Age • Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Sexual Orientation |Dike: A gay female that dresses |Fag: A gay male that dresses or |Recruiter: All gay people try | | |or acts more masculine. |acts more feminine. ...
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...group on account of their membership to that group'. This definition implies that stereotyping is primarily a group process, through the individuals psyche's within that group. A further idea of stereotyping, defined by Allport (1954) as 'thinking ill of others without warrant', is that people 'make their mind up' without any personal experience. This pre judgment about a whole group is then transferred to the stigmatization of any individuals in that group. It is these ideas that the essay aims to evaluate, through the cognitive process of categorization and the above definitions that bring about three distinct features of stereotyping, that our cognition can be demonstrated through. The first characteristic of stereotyping is over-generalization. A number of studies conducted found that different combinations of traits were associated with groups of different ethnic and national origin (Katz and Braly, 1933). However, stereotyping does not imply that all members of a group are judged in these ways, just that a...
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...negative judgment is at the basis of how we act, feel, behave and how we view each other’s beliefs. Some attitudes can be automatic, conscious, intentional or even unintentional, depending on the situation. I interviewed a few of my friends, asking them if they were prejudice. Their first reactions were quick and shallow. “No, I love black people,” or my favorite, “I’m not prejudice, I have a colored TV.” To define the question better, I explained the different aspects and concepts of prejudice such as sexism, stereotyping, generalization, discrimination and racism. I asked them if they have ever involved a negative evaluation of someone or some group. The answer was an uncomfortable yes. Now, being made aware that they have prejudice roots and tendencies, I asked them the same initial question once again. They all still claimed that they weren’t prejudice and even tried to justify their answer. They weren’t going to wear that label. Everyone stereotypes. We naturally organize what we see in our minds, categorizing things in ways that we can easily understand. It seems to me that our American society over-generalizes and is prone to being famously inaccurate in its judgments regarding ethnicity. The typical result of these attitudes is negative and arrogant, leading towards discriminatory behaviors. Sexism and racism are common practices of discrimination, even when there is no intent. A better way to view the world is to regard every race as a minority. With the help of global...
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...have regarding other group members. On the other hand, stereotypes can be defined as beliefs regarding a group including a description of an individual, their abilities as well as their behaviour. Therefore, stereotypes cognitively represent how people are similar to other and their differences towards other groups. ‘Individuals can be aware of stereotypes and have cognitive representations of their beliefs without endorsing such stereotypes, without prejudice feelings as well as without having a belief that stereotypes can affect their behaviour and judgement’ (Charnley et al 2009: 195). Stereotyping as well as prejudice are considered as an adaptive processes product, which simplifies complex world towards enabling individuals to apply cognitive resources towards various tasks. Nevertheless, despite the function served by cognitively adaptive processes by use of mental shortcuts to make decisions regarding other people can result in serious negative outcomes (Smith 2008). The horrifying mistreatment of people in history including that of African American, homosexuals, people with disabilities, has been the main impulsion for prejudice as well as stereotypes study. Therefore, the original experiments and ideas are concerned with negative attitudes, conscious as well as discriminatory behaviors. Nevertheless, due to changes that have occurred on prejudice and stereotypes at the social level, the materialization of stereotypes, as well as prejudice, have also transformed. Towards...
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...Ethnic stereotypes and multiculturalism. Summary of course "Ethnic psychology" Contents: 1. The concept and properties of ethnic stereotypes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 4 2. National prejudices. Types etnostereotipov ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .7 3. 4. Variants of the reactions to cultural diversity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 5. Advantages and disadvantages of multiculturalism ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 Bibliographic list ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 20 Introduction. Considering the cultural differences in thinking, beliefs, attitudes and behavior, it is easy to succumb to cognitive and emotional reactions to the material to begin to make generalizations, to form negative stereotypes about other people and even pre-make judgments about these differences, and people who are inherent in this behavior before you really understand what lies at its core. These processes and reactions are common in today's world, and to describe them often use the terms ethnic stereotypes, prejudice, multiculturalism, discrimination. Unfortunately, these terms are often used without a clear idea about them, which only exacerbates the problems that they need to clarify. Some of today's most pressing social issues associated with these processes, as boundaries between countries and cultures are becoming more permeable as...
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...Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Chelyabinsk State University Faculty of Linguistics and Translation Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language Intercultural Communication Project Stereotypes of gender roles in Egypt and Russia Written by: Elena Yakusheva Group: LIE – 503 Chelyabinsk, 2014 Table of contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Part one GENDER STEREOTYPES THEORY. …………………………….........6 1.1 Stereotypes: definition and functions…………………………………………..6 1.2 The gender concept……………….. ………………………………………….10 1.3 Gender stereotype: types and functions……………………………………….14 Conclusions on part one………………………………………………...…….......20 Part two. STEREOTYPES OF GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT AND RUSSIA….21 2.1 Research method on the stereotypes of gender roles in Russia and Egypt........21 2.2 The interpretation of the results of the research in Russia……………………21 2.3 The interpretation of the results of the research in Egypt……………………..24 2.4 The comparison of the results and its reasons………………………………...25 Conclusions on part two…………………………………………………………..29 Resources………………………………………………………………………….30 Online resources…………………………………………………………………..32 Appendix………………………………………………………………………….33 Introduction The questions connected with features of a sex of the person and his or her psychological and social distinctions, are among recently the most discussed in society. Today the role of the man and the woman undergoes considerable changes....
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...Self-Schema: A self-schema is a belief or idea about oneself that leads to a bias that is self-perpetuating. It could consist of a particular role in society or a generalization based on social sterotypes. If a mother tells her daughter she looks like a tom boy, her daughter may react by choosing activities that she imagines a tom boy would do. Conversely, if the mother tells her she looks like a princess, her daughter might choose activities thought to be more feminine. The self-schema becomes self-perpetuating when the individual chooses activities based on expectations instead of desires. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The term schematic describes having a particular schema for a particular dimension. For instance, a person in a rock band at night would have a "rocker" schema. However, during the day, if he works as a salesperson, he would have a "salesperson" schema during that period of time. Schemas vary according to cultural background and other environmental factors. Once people have developed a schema about themselves, there is a strong tendency for that schema to be maintained by a bias in what they attend to, in what they remember, and in what they are prepared to accept as true about themselves. In other words, the self-schema becomes self-perpetuating. The self-schema is then stored in long-term memory, and both facilitates and biases the processing of personally relevant information. The term aschematic means...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis has been conducted at the department of the Graduate School of Business at University of Tun Abdul Razak. During the time period of my writing my thesis, I have gained knowledge from the down and up parts. This journey has been giving me some good experiences and I hope that this thesis will contribute to other students in the subject of Women in Management later. Throughout the writing of the thesis, I would like to thank several people that have been essential for conducting to my work. First and foremost, I would like to thank my beloved supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Khairudin Damhoeri for being supportive and for his valuable advices. Secondly, I would like to send a special gratitude to my respondent Puan Nor Rubaiha Mohamed Nor, CEO of Yayasan UEM, UEM Group Berhad. Last but not least, a special thanks goes to my husband, family and friends for putting a smile on my face every single day. ABSTRACT The topic of the thesis is Women in Leadership and Management. This essay concerns the subject of thesis work is to make research of women leadership attributes and management styles. In order to get clearer details about that, I have made some investigations or researches on women leadership starting from definition of it, followed by the data collection in order to strengthen the research topic. Data shows that women continue to increase their share of managerial positions but unfortunately the rate of progress is slow and uneven...
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...Beyond Sophisticated Stereotyping: Cultural Sensemaking in Context [and Executive Commentaries] Author(s): Joyce S. Osland, Allan Bird, June Delano and Mathew Jacob Source: The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), Vol. 14, No. 1, Themes: Forming Impressions and Giving Feedback (Feb., 2000), pp. 65-79 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4165609 . Accessed: 05/08/2013 09:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005). http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 155.33.240.146 on Mon, 5 Aug 2013 09:54:15 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ? Academy of Management Executive, 2000, Vol. 14, No. 1 Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Cultural sensemakingn i context Joyce S. Osland and Allan Bird Executive Overview Much of our cross-cultural training and research occurs within...
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...DATABASE MODELING AND DESIGN The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems (Selected Titles) Joe Celko’s Data, Measurements and Standards in SQL Joe Celko Information Modeling and Relational Databases, 2nd Edition Terry Halpin, Tony Morgan Joe Celko’s Thinking in Sets Joe Celko Business Metadata Bill Inmon, Bonnie O’Neil, Lowell Fryman Unleashing Web 2.0 Gottfried Vossen, Stephan Hagemann Enterprise Knowledge Management David Loshin Business Process Change, 2nd Edition Paul Harmon IT Manager’s Handbook, 2nd Edition Bill Holtsnider & Brian Jaffe Joe Celko’s Puzzles and Answers, 2 Joe Celko nd Location-Based Services ` Jochen Schiller and Agnes Voisard Managing Time in Relational Databases: How to Design, Update and Query Temporal Data Tom Johnston and Randall Weis Database Modeling with MicrosoftW Visio for Enterprise Architects Terry Halpin, Ken Evans, Patrick Hallock, Bill Maclean Designing Data-Intensive Web Applications Stephano Ceri, Piero Fraternali, Aldo Bongio, Marco Brambilla, Sara Comai, Maristella Matera Mining the Web: Discovering Knowledge from Hypertext Data Soumen Chakrabarti Advanced SQL: 1999—Understanding Object-Relational and Other Advanced Features Jim Melton Database Tuning: Principles, Experiments, and Troubleshooting Techniques Dennis Shasha, Philippe Bonnet SQL: 1999—Understanding Relational Language Components Jim Melton, Alan R. Simon Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Edited by Usama Fayyad, Georges G. Grinstein...
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