...Genetic Diversity How genetic diversity comes about? Genetic diversity is a branch of Biology which refers to large number of different species that can be found on earth as well the diversity with in a particular species. Also, genetic diversity is affected by several on going natural issues that are related to mutation, sexual reproduction, migration, and the size of the population. The first issues that related are mutation. What is mutation? Mutation defined “an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration,” (www.thefreedictionary.com, 2008). The issue with mutation is that it permanently change the characteristics of the species involved in the mutation. This could lead to permanent loss of certain characteristics in a species. According to Concepts in Biology, “the Anopheles mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African countries,” (2008). The large number of people who fear that mutation can lead to disharmony in the environment. In addition, mutation is useful in determining evolutionary relationship. Second issue that related is sexual reproduction. What is sexual reproduction? According to Concepts in Biology, “the propagation of organisms involving the union of gametes from two parents," (2008). In human form the males carry sperm which are small and motile. The female carry eggs which provide food for embryo. In addition, male his sex organs main purposes are to produce the sperm and...
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...Discuss the issues related to genetic diversity: mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size What is genetic diversity? Genetic diversity refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. “High genetic diversity indicates many different kinds of alleles for each characteristic, and low genetic diversity indicates that nearly all the individuals in the population have the same alleles”. There are certain issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. Mutations are stable changes in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations can be caused by many different things. They can be caused by radiation. They can also be induced by the organism itself. Mutations happen naturally when genes have dysfunctions. Modifications in DNA caused by mutations can cause errors in protein sequence, creating partially or completely non-functional proteins. “Many mutations are harmful, but very rarely one will occur that is valuable to the organism”. Sexual reproduction is the formation of a new individual following the union of two gametes. These gametes have specific needs. A gamete has to meet and unite together. They also must have food to nourish the developing embryo. “The new member may have a unique combination of characteristics so superior to those of the other members of the population that the new member will be much more successful in producing offspring”. “Migration...
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...Kaylee Thelen Genetic Diversity Generally speaking, there are numerous issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. Genetic diversity, or the level of biodiversity, refers to the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. To begin, a mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations can be caused by many different things. They can be caused by radiation and can also be induced by the organism itself. This process is called hyper mutation. Mutations are changes in an organism's DNA that potentially affect the correct functioning of genes. Mutations happen naturally when genes have dysfunctions. Changes in DNA caused by mutation can cause errors mutations have damaging effects, and the remainder end up being either neutral or weakly beneficial. This happens sometimes when natural radiation was not able to be avoided. However, the mutation rate is increased by radiation, including ultraviolet light, and exposure to certain toxic chemicals. Mutations can be grouped in two types. One is Spontaneous mutations and the other is Induced Mutations. Then you have sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is the formation of a new individual following the union of two gametes. These gametes have specific needs. A gamete has to meet and unite together...
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...ISSUES RELATED TO GENRTIC DIVERSITY The field of genetics and especially genetic engineering has become important in our daily lives, not just for its ability to clone both organisms and plants, but for its uses in fighting disease. Genetic diversity is important for the survival and adaptability of any species. A species with high genetic diversity is more likely to survive environmental changes as well as diseases. Only recently have scientists found an allele in type two diabetes to which prevents the pancreas from producing beta cells which, in turn, produce insulin to reduce blood sugar. The modification of allele, named FOX03A, can decrease insulin resistance, and thereby reduce the complications of diabetes, including cardiovascular and renal disease and therefore prolong the human life span. This is just one example of how genetics will be more influential in the future. Genetic diversity is maintained in four different ways; mutation, sexual reproduction, migration and population size. Mutation is the origin of all new genetic diversity. Most mutations are harmful to the organism, and are not compatible to life. Some however, produce offspring who are better adapted to their environment than their predecessors, and in turn strengthen the genetic pool and improve the chance for longer survival. Some mutations limit the growth of populations. Those mutations are usually transferred from one generation to another via homozygous...
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...Genetic Diversity Issues Genetic diversity can be seen everywhere we look. These differences give us variety whether we are talking about humans, animals, insects, or plants. These same differences can cause issues over time, however. When we discuss genetic diversity it involves mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. All four of these factors add to the variety we see every day and are deeply intertwined and can be problematic. Mutations occur when new genetic information is introduced to a population within a species and modify the alleles that currently exist. Some mutations can be harmful to one species and not affect the other. For example, if an insect is a carrier of a disease causing allele, the insect can transmit this disease to a human if stung. Initially, it may just be a few insects that are troublesome. Over time, mutations can occur that enable a significant number of insects to be carriers. This would now be considered a major issue for humans. Sexual reproduction is responsible for passing these alleles along through generations. It does not create new alleles but it does form different sets of genetic combinations due to varying partners. Looking at the insect mentioned earlier, sexual reproduction allowed for continuous breeding of the few insects that carried the disease trait. The mutated genes became stronger than the...
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...Issues Related to Genetic Diversity Genetic diversity is related to many different characteristics. “Genetic diversity refers to the number of different species as well as the diversity within the species.” (www.biology-online.org) The genetic diversities provide a way for the world to comply with the changing surroundings. As the world changes, the more creatures will adapt to their proper environments. The creatures offspring will have a higher survival rate. Genetic diversity is important because it serves as a path for population to change. Without genetic diversity, everything would look the same generation after generation. Ultimately, over time the species would become extinct. Mutation is changing the structure of a gene resulting in a different form in future generations. DNA is constantly subject to mutation or changes in the code. Mutations can be a good or bad thing. Most are actually good for us. “The good mutations that keep the world healthy are called silent mutations.” (www.geneticstheteach.org) But the mutations we hear about the most are the ones caused by sickness. Mutations caused by a single gene are some of the most well known diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. Most inherited genetic diseases are recessive, meaning a person must have two copies of the mutated gene to inherit the disease. Diseases caused by only one defective gene are extremely rare. Natural selection tends to change over time because the carriers are...
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...Date of Submission: 15/11/2013 Issues In Relation to Genetic Diversity Nature unveils in all its superiority and success but is oblivious of the dangers of biological evolution which either enhance it or make it inferior and extinct. The study of Genetic Diversity gives us a broad understanding of the process of evolution and somehow prepares us for expecting changes in biological evolution. Genetic diversity which also known as genetic variation is an inconsistency of phenotypes within a population of the same species. In relation to genetic diversity is high diversity and low diversity. High genetic diversity occurs when there are a numerous variety of genes within a population; on the other hand low diversity is when the entire population of the same species inherits similar alleles. In a research study by G.Vida (1994) she wrote, “Genetic diversity within species is highly significant during their adaptation to environmental changes and, consequently, for their long-term survival. The genetic variability of species is also the basis for the evolution of higher levels of biodiversity, the evolution of species, and it might be an indispensable prerequisite for the functioning of our biosphere.” ( G. Vida 1994). There are several factors which can influence genetic diversity in a population such as migration , sexual reproduction,mutation and population size which can either enhance or jeopardize biodiversity...
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...A Discussion of the Issues relative to Genetic Diversity an essay by Timothy D. Roxbury A Discussion of the Issues relative to Genetic Diversity Introduction When we discuss genetic diversity, we describe the genetic differences of certain members of a population, whether they are mammal (humanoid or animal), plant or any other type of living organism. Upon first discovery of genetic differences, we notice that the alleles for each diverse characteristic may be placed under one of two categories: high genetic diversity or low genetic diversity. In the case of high genetic diversity, we will find a variety of differing alleles for each characteristic. Conversely, nearly all of the members of a population will have the same alleles when the case of low genetic diversity is considered. The following discussion will take into consideration the concept of genetic diversity, how it is introduced into a population and what, if any, are the resulting factors. The four means of introduction are: • Migration • Mutation • Population Size • Sexual Reproduction In the following synopsis, each means of introduction will be considered separately followed by a conclusion of the assignment. Migration as it relates to Genetic Diversity Migration is defined as the movement of a living organism from one place to another. During the process of migration, the living organism is subject to spread its alleles among other like living beings. This,...
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...Genetic Diversity: Mutations, Sexual Reproduction, Migration & Population Size Genetic diversity is scientific term that is used to describe genetic differences. Genetic differences can be caused by a number of things. Mutations, Sexual reproduction, Migration and Population size all affect how diverse genetics can be. Mutation causes many variations in any known species; they introduce new genetic information into a population by modifying the alleles that are already present or ones that have been absent. All different alleles of a trait came from some kind of mutation in the past. Most people when thinking of a mutation expect some obvious type of deformity or cancer; however mutations can be either neutral or harmful. Mutations can have no effect at all as with neutral ones, or stop the gene from functioning completely hence causing a harmful one. Sexual reproduction creates new genetic combinations as each parent passes on 13 chromosomes to the child during fertilization. It’s the process of recombination of cells from both parents. Migration of individuals is an important factor in passing on or subtracting alleles from one local population to another. Whenever one human being leaves one population and enters another, it subtracts its genetic information from its own and joins the one it has entered. As persons continue to add to and leave the population the gene pool will continue to change. Population size is affected by all of the above. Simply put the smaller...
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...ASSIGNMENT 04 SC160 Basic Biology Farah Shirmohammadi AC1110896 09/18/2012 Discuss the issues related to genetic diversity; mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. Generally speaking, there are numerous issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. To begin with, mutations (any change in the DNA sequence of an organism) introduce new genetic information into a population by altering alleles (a form of a gene usually arising through mutation) that are already present. Occasionally, a mutation introduces a new allele into the gene pool of species. On the other hand, a mutation may introduce an allele that was deficient in a local population. Meanwhile, it is present in other populations of species. All the different alleles for a trait originated as a result of mutations sometime in the past and have been maintained within the gene pool of the species as they have been passed from generation to generation during reproduction. Many mutations are harmful, but very rarely one will occur that is valuable to the organism. If a mutation produces harmful allele, the allele will then remain uncommon in the population. For example, the “Anopheles” mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African counties. At some point in the past, mutations occurred in the DNA of these mosquitoes that made some individuals tolerant to the insecticide Pyrethrin, even before...
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...Biodiversity a.Biodiversity- is the degree of variation of life. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future. b. bioinformatics-is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to study and process biological data. c. endangered species-is a species which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as likely to become extinct. "Endangered" is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN's schema after Critically Endangered (CR). d. threatened species- are any species (including animals, plants...
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...Indian J. Genet., 69(4) (Spl. issue): 352-360 (2009) Analysis of diversity among cytoplasmic male sterile sources and their utilization in developing F1 hybrids in Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (R.) Br] C. Tara Satyavathi*, Sakkira Begum, B. B. Singh, K. V. Unnikrishnan and C. Bharadwaj Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012 Abstract The present study aims at analysis of diversity among parental lines of different cytoplasmic sources and their utilization in developing F1 hybrids. Seven male sterile cytoplasmic lines belonging to A1 – 3; A4 – 2 and A5 – 2 were crossed with three elite restorers. The cluster analysis done with molecular data obtained from genomic DNA using SSR markers grouped the parental lines belonging to A1 cytoplasm into one cluster, A4 into one and A5 into the other. The assessment of the performance of the F1 hybrids was done through standard heterosis, heterobeltiosis and economic heterosis. The study clearly indicated that all the seven cytoplasmic male sterile lines coming from different cytoplasmic sources are capable of producing new superior hybrids. Physiological characters like chlorophyll, relative carotenoids and root length density have also been studied to assess the performance of parents and F1 hybrids. Higher economic heterosis was observed for yield in A 1 cytoplasm compared to A4 and A5 cytoplasms. Desirable effects of earliness and maturity can be obtained using A4 cytoplasm while desirable...
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...TABLE OF CONTENT MICROBIAL DETERIORATION OF WOOD AND ITS CONTROL 2 Background 3 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1.1Chemistry of wood 5 1.1.2Extractives 5 1.2Environmental Factors Affecting wood decay 6 2.0 The Role of microorganisms in wood decay 7 3.0 Microbiological degradation of wood 9 3.1 Wood decaying fungi 10 3.1.1 Soft rot 10 3.1.2White rot 13 3.1.3 Bacteria 13 3.2 Mechanism of wood deterioration 14 3.2.1 Degradation of hemicelluloses 15 3.2.2 Degradation of lignin 16 3.2.3 Cellulose degradation 16 4.0CASE STUDY 19 5.0 Control of wood deterioration 21 5.1 CONCLUSION 24 REFERENCE 25 MICROBIAL DETERIORATION OF WOOD AND ITS CONTROL BY AGWULONU JOSEPH SU11311020 DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES SALEM UNIVERSITY LOKOJA, KOGI STATE. Background Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by them. It also mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the...
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...Generally speaking, there are numerous issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size. To begin with, mutations (any change in the DNA sequence of an organism) introduce new genetic information into a population by altering alleles (a form of a gene usually arising through mutation) that are already present. Occasionally, a mutation introduces a new allele into the gene pool of species. On the other hand, a mutation may introduce an allele that was deficient in a local population. Meanwhile, it is present in other populations of species. All the different alleles for a trait originated as a result of mutations sometime in the past and have been maintained within the gene pool of the species as they have been passed from generation to generation during reproduction. Many mutations are harmful, but very rarely one will occur that is valuable to the organism. If a mutation produces harmful allele, the allele will then remain uncommon in the population. For example, the “Anopheles” mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria in many African counties. At some point in the past, mutations occurred in the DNA of these mosquitoes that made some individuals tolerant to the insecticide Pyrethrin, even before the chemical had been used. These alleles remained very rare in these insect populations until Pyrethrin was used. Then these alleles became very valuable to the mosquitoes that carried them. The mosquitoes...
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...Chapter 12: Managing Diversity in the Workplace The Chancellor's Committee on Diversity defines Diversity as: "The variety of experiences and perspective which arise from differences in race, culture, religion, mental or physical abilities, heritage,age, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and other characteristics." So why is it when many people think of diversity, they think first of ethnicity and race, and then gender? Diversity is much broader. Diversity is otherness or those human qualities that are different from our own and outside the groups to which we belong, yet present in other individuals and groups. It's important to understand how these dimensions affect performance, motivation, success, and interactions with others. Institutional structures and practices that have presented barriers to some dimensions of diversity should be examined, challenged, and removed. A good starting-point for thinking about diversity is to become familiar with UC’s systemwide Non-Discrimination Statement: “It is the policy of the University not to engage in discrimination against or harassment of any person employed or seeking employment with the University of California on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, pregnancy, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran. This policy applies to all employment...
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