...ARNAUD NDIZIHIWE Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Soldiers, Communities, Societies From War Participation MARCH 2012 TABLE OF CONTENT PROLOGUE PART I POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Part II: IMPACT ON THE INDIVIDUAL Part III: IMPACT ON FAMILY Part IV: IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITY PART V: OVERCOMING POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PART VI: DISCUSSION BIBLIOGRAPHY Post-Traumatic stress Disorders on Soldiers, Communities, Societies from War Participation Prologue A few years back when I was in Rwanda, it was no longer surprising to a attend a memorial ceremony and each time, all of a sudden, some women would start screaming:"They are coming for me!" as if they were being chased to death or men losing control and start shouting at another group of people:"You murderers!". We were used to this phenomenon but a newcomer would certainly creep out. For me, their reaction is perfectly understandable and tough I view it from my country's perspective and experience, post traumatic stress disorder is a global sociological and psychological issue that needs to be addressed. Conflicts inciting violence are still going on, some have ended but a large number of war survivors and victims are still haunted by the memories, they have experienced the worst situations humanly possible and if the issue is not addressed properly, trauma can be perpetual...
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...The Contributing Factors of the Rwandan Genocide In the novel Left to Tell: Discovering God Amidst the Rwandan Holocaust by Immaculèe Ilibagiza, she describes the horrifying experience she encountered in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Rwanda was made up of three different groups: A Hutu majority; a Tutsi minority; and a very small amount of Twa, a pygmy-like group of forest dwellers. Ilibagiza was a student a college during the genocide, in which about 800,000 died in 100 days including Ilibagiza’s mother, father, and two brothers. Ilibagiza’s story is an extraordinary experience to the power that gave her the strength during that horrific time. Some of you might wonder: What factors might contribute to a victim being able to survive a genocide? A person must preserve strong faith with the ability of accepting forgiveness while the violence continues. Preserving faith during a difficult time can be challenging because of the constant violence happening all around. “I entered my special place through prayer; once inside, I prayed nonstop, using my rosary as an anchor to focus my thoughts and energies on God” (95). Ilibagiza managed to conserve strong faith by searching within herself, constantly praying and also meditating every day; for the moment she was in hiding, in the priest’s bathroom she focused on her faith and building her relationship with God, meanwhile Ilibagiza prayed for many hours each day and also experienced religious visions. While in hiding Ilibagiza and the...
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...Essay Genocide Genocide was the term that came out after the Nazi’s Holocaust of World War Two, but it was not the first incident of Genocide, or the last. During the Genocide Convention that followed World War Two it was agreed amongst the world leaders that genocide would “never again” occur in the world. Time has shown that this might have been an empty promise however, and this essay will review the laws being implemented by the United Nations to help prevent genocide, arguments about why humans kill, incidents of genocide and how genocide is defined and, of course, the victims of the violent crime known as genocide. Genocide is now defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as “[t]he deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic or national group”. The United Nations created a much broader and in depth definition in the Genocide Convention of 1948. They state that genocide is “…any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnical or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or part; imposing measures to prevent births within the group; forcibly transferring children of the group to another group”. Despite some flaws and loopholes in this definition, it covers the atrocities that occur during genocide quite well. Genocide has occurred...
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...foreign affairs. But the United States has the power to solve issues anywhere on Earth, and so it should get involved to prevent crimes against humanity everywhere because we are all people and deserve basic rights. Additionally, our country should stop attacking when the result only benefits the United States. One crisis in our world’s history was the Rwandan genocide. This was the massacre of 800,000 Rwandan people from April to June in 1994 following...
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...Learning about all three genocides has taught me that when belief systems of societies come into conflict it can easily escalate into tense situations. That can often lead to chaos if the conflict is not resolved. One example of this is the Rwandan Genocide. In this genocide the Tutsis were minority and were ruling over the majority, Hutus. This started a conflict among the Tutsis and Hutus because they could not come into agreement of equal ruling power. The Hutus then started killing a lot of the Tutsis and other Hutus that would not join them. This shows that even people with similar ethnicity kill each other if there is a difference in opinion. The Hutus would also kill their neighbors and friends that were Tutsis. If there was no disagreement...
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...The war in Darfur, a region in Sudan, is a grave, yet, rarely discussed topic, despite this topic being a very important part of our world today and the world of tomorrow. The bloodshed in Darfur began in February of 2003, when two groups of Sudanese rebels began to accuse their government of willful heedlessness, causing an insurrection against the unjust Sudanese government. As stated in "Genocide : Modern Crimes Against Humanity", The central discernment for the war is the ownership of Southern Sudanese oil, as seen in the previous quote; however, there is also a deep, complex history that needs to be taken in to account as some of the reasoning behind the conflict in Darfur (January 111). This complex history includes many thoroughly embedded...
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...be effectual, must be embedded in the thick of life.”(Goodman, 2010) Discussing the different areas in which Goodman talks about in his article the first is Genocide, Famine, and Germ Warfare. “All living beings make claims to life.” (Goodman, 2010) Goodman tries to compare murder and warfare in this article. I can agree with him on the fact that murder is wrong, but at the same time there must be some type of line drawn to determine whether this act is committed on behalf of wants, needs, or desire. There are many different facets of murder, all having the same end state of death. Some commit this act of violence on the cause of jealousy or envy which speaks on that individual’s character. Sometimes murder may be committed in acts of self-defense, in these cases I would say that this violent act would possibly be excusable due to the constraints of the situation (either he dies or I die). In this term it is a matter of survival going to the mere basics of humanity. Within the confines of murder comes genocide. Genocide unlike murder is purposely geared toward a specific type of human, whether it is based on sex, race, religion, or whatever the acting party is aiming for. In my opinion this is a far worse act than murder, because it targets the whole of the group in the specifics to wipe them out. “Genocide targets individuals as members of a group, seeking to destroy a race, a culture, a linguistic or ethnic identity,...
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...Dakota Cody 2331381 SS-325 Prof. Grubb Nov 15, 2015 Causes and Effects of the Bosnian War Bosnia witnessed many atrocities within the early 1990’s. Genocide and other war crimes devastated the region on such a scale that was not seen since World War II. However, Genocide was the largest of the atrocities committed between the time of 1992 and 1995. There are both macro and micro level factors that had caused such a bloody conflict but mostly macro level. The macro level factors include a crisis, a social cleavage, and powerful bystanders. These three factors lead to the Bosnian civil between three different ethnic groups that are the Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), Serbs, and Croats. If not for these factors Bosnia would not have had this war and one hundred thousand plus people would not have been killed and close to two million people displaced during the war. The war had caused both economic and even more social problems. One of the major causes of the war was the breakup of Yugoslavia. With already years of tension built up from the differences in ethnicities, the breakup had caused a major crisis that was the final straw and tipped the balance and caused the war. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist and had dissolved into its constituent states. In an article written by the Office of the Historian for the U.S. Department of State, it talks about the breakup of Yugoslavia and says, “Yugoslavia will cease to function as a federal state within...
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...The Rwandan genocide seems to be the forgotten civil war that the world does not talk about. The conflict between the Tutsis and Hutus dates back centuries and has escalated until it reached a boiling point in 1994 when the hundred-day genocide was planned and executed by the Hutus onto the Tutsis. It was an utter disregard for human right by the world when no one responded to this atrocity and even abandon and proposals to assist. On December 10th, 1945 the United Nations (UN) approved the Universal Declaration of Human Right (UDHR) following the atrocities of World War II. The UDHR was to ensure that such atrocities would never happen again, and just a short forty-nine years later the UN pulls peacekeepers out of Rwanda because of the genocide that was in direct violation of...
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...Dante Powell 1st Paper January 27, 2014 History 231 - Genocide Dr. Thomas Porter “What is Genocide?” The term genocide has been one of the most used terms in many on-going debates since the early 20th century. The Holocaust, which took place during World War II, is one of the most common cases of acts of genocide and is a main reason why the term genocide exists. Other widely known cases of genocide are the Rwandan genocide and the Armenian genocide. The question, however, that many historians and those with interests in genocide ask, is exactly what is genocide? Since first being “coined” by Raphael Lemkin, there have been several different definitions of the term. It is these different versions of a description of genocide that have led people to try to figure out what the correct form of the definition should be and how we can use it to try and prevent it from happening. When considering genocide and what it is, one must define it containing three aspects. A definition of genocide must have a mode, an object, and an actor. Initially, I would describe genocide as the intended mass killing of a specific group of people by another party for a desired result. However, there are problems with this definition. This definition is vague as it does not specify a type of reason behind the action being performed. If someone is to commit genocide, there must be a particular reason why an act as violent as this should be committed. Also, the definition does not say why the...
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...“For me the Holocaust was not only a Jewish tragedy, but also a human tragedy,” said Simon Wiesenthal. “After the war, when I saw that the Jews were talking only about the tragedy of six million Jews, I sent letters to Jewish organizations asking them to talk also about the millions of others who were persecuted with us together – many of them only because they helped Jews.” Mr. Wiesenthal was just one of the survivors from the brutal Holocaust who will forever remember the worst time of his life. How he was torn away from his family and was used as a slave for the Nazis. Yet he was still able to have sympathy and think about others. The Holocaust had a significant impact on America by giving lessons about genocides and preventing other genocides, how they punished war criminals after the...
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...Popular opinion was to not go into a war again as many countries were still recovering from the severe repercussions of the First World War. Some British leaders even claimed to have admired Hitler and believed that he was a strong leader. Whilst the Jewish people were being exiled from their countries and their citizenships, countries such as the U.S., France and Britain, were letting innocent people suffer. It can be suggested that this partly stems back to deeply ingrained anti-Semitism. It wasn’t until Germany started to invade other countries that the Allies decided that they would attempt to stop Germany, however, even then they did not do much to save the Jewish...
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...We are presently living in a world full of turmoil, conflict, and confusion, continually engulfed in various power struggles and wars of all kinds. As a result of this never-ending, widespread violence and corruption, we are also living in a world of refugees. According to the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees: a refugee is a person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country (Refugee, 2008). The current crisis of refugees around the world is overlooked by average, first world citizens every day. The topic of refugees, besides bringing up obvious issues of human rights, also involves numerous other global issues and raises countless questions. In this paper, we will discuss issues revolving around the history of refugees, refugee warehousing and its alternatives, as well as three individual case studies of current refugee crises around the world and how they connect to other global issues. Refugees were first defined and acknowledged as a legal group in the aftermath of World War II, due to the vast number of people fleeing Eastern Europe (Refugee, 2008). While it is clearly impossible to account for all of the world’s refugees, when this estimate is combined with the...
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...Imagine you were a Jew in World War II. You are in hiding, hoping you be found. A friend takes you in and feeds you every day, but you leave without notice. This is what Max, from The Book Thief, experiences throughout the war. Max lived in a time where being a Jew was the only reason for death, and became the Holocaust. During this time, Max helps the little girl who protects him. Hans, also from The Book Thief, was the friend that took Max in. Hans not only helped Max, but he also looked after a foster daughter named Liesel, who he then shelters too. Both the Holocaust and what happened in Rwanda are called genocides. A genocide is the killing of large groups of people, sometimes related to ethnicity or race.In Rwanda, a large genocide occurred because of...
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...Rwanda Genocide Xenophobia, the hatred or fear of certain targeted ‘outsiders,’ is one of the most destructive group phenomena in human history. Various incidents in our collective past portray how xenophobia has negatively impacted the lives of so many people. One of the most outright and horrific displays of this destructive force was seen in the German treatment of the Jewish race before and during the Second World War. These events were part of the holocaust, associated with the Nazi notions of racial superiority especially in contrast with their notion of Jewish inferiority. Racial superiority has caused much violence and many deaths for those who have been labeled by the ‘superior’ as ‘inferior.’ This violence has been spawned mostly by an extreme hatred for those viewed as different or inferior. Furthermore, such feelings of hatred have been translated into outright acts of violence against those viewed as inferior, and this at times often prompted retaliation against their oppressors, such as the case in Rwanda. With these premises, the world has been witness to various acts of violence, including the massacre of a significant number of people, all in the name of racial superiority. The concerned countries of the world have often refused to act in time to stop these events even though ample signs of trouble were apparent. Racial superiority has traditionally been an issue for various countries at one point or another in their history, but none worse than that...
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