...By 1914, the stability of Russia was questionable to say the least. Historians continually argue about what factors mean that Russia was stable or unstable. Some evidence is clear for example the Tsar still being in control of his ministers and other evidence is arguable, for example the increase in population, this could be indicating a prosperous time in Russia and an increase in stability, or it could mean there was a lack of activities to be done, and the increased population meant there were more mouths to feed. There are many factors that contribute to how stable Russia was at this time. Economically, Russia seemed more unstable: eighty percent of the population were peasant farmers and the gap between the rich and poor was only increasing, making Russia even more unstable than it already was. Autocracy continued to repress the poor and the rich continued to hold most of the country’s finances. The poor struggled to become economically active, the rich fought to keep things the way they were during this time period. Stolypin tried to help the peasants by introducing land reforms – these meant that peasant’s owned the land and had more of an incentive to maintain and produce from it. However Stolypin was not supported in this and a lot of the peasants believed in the commune, they didn’t want privatisation for social and economic reasons. There was a massive pressure on the land and due to the fact that there was no unrest at this time indicates that the stability had...
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...Emotions Happiness, comfort, stability are words that describe a Utopian environment: A perfect world. However, disguised as a Utopia, Brave New World is a Dystopian environment which controls how society behaves, believes, and lives. As long as everything goes as planned, then the people can keep stability in society. Therefore, in order to maintain stability, Brave New World makes it so no relationships exist to prevent from having unstable emotions. In Huxley’s book, the citizens are conditioned to think that “…everyone belongs to everyone else” (56). For the citizens, it means that they are allowed to have anyone they want, to not be fixated on only one person. That is because if these couples were to break up, then it would cause instability in their life, which is what Brave New World is trying to prevent. In this society, they are always trying to enforce stability. Just to keep the society stable, the officials in the book make it so that the people are always happy. They make sure that no one is unhappy because when one person in that situation, then it can affect the rest of society. That is why, when the World Controller asked if anyone had, had a time where they could not have anything they wanted. “Horrible; precisely” (58). When the boy explained how he felt, the World Controller agrees saying that this feeling was not allowed, for it would not let society stable. When Lenina and Bernard visit the reservation, they meet Linda and John. Linda was a citizen of Brave...
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...physically”, Berkove examines how the text tells reveals this by quoting directly from Chopin,showing how Louise changes in her voice, from objective to imaginative. When Louise talks of her joy she cannot tell is if it is “monstrous” or not. Berkove explains what Chopin in doing, “ is depicting Louise in the early stages of the delusion that is perturbing her precariously unstable health by aggravating her pathological heart condition”. Ultimately Louise is the cause of her own death, she over loads her weak heart. That this obsession with self assertion is the fatal factor that pushes her over the breaking point. Berkove continues to note that the family knows and understands how weak Louise is, and its another clue of the mental instability of Louise. Berkove concludes how ironic it is when Mr. Mallard returns home only to find his wife dead. That Louise died of a monstrous “joy that kill”, how...
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...Wuanda S Green Introduction to Biology Dr. Russell Barnett Personalized Medicine Personalized medicine is a new field of healthcare that is based on an individual’s unique genetic, genomic, clinical and environmental information. The factors vary from one person to another just like the onset of diseases so the purpose of personalized medicine is to react to the individual’s symptoms in the way, with personalized treatment (Jain, 2007). Personalized medicine primary goal and target is to make a treatment as individualize as the person receiving the treatment. This method involves identifying genetic, genomic, and clinical information that will allow accurate predictions to be made about an individual’s susceptibility to a developing disease, the course of that disease and the response to treatment (Cohen, 2008). Modern genetic technology started with the genome project which leads to the benefits and development of personalized medicine (Cohen, 2008). The human genome is the blueprint for each person's body, influencing how we look, our genetic predispositions for certain medical conditions, how well our bodies fight disease or metabolize food, and which therapies our bodies do and do not respond to (Hart, 2005). The genome consists of an organism's total DNA, including its genes. DNA—the famous "double helix"—is composed of four chemicals, which are repeated many times in different sequences (Jain, 2007). (The names of the chemicals are abbreviated as A, T, C, and G. That's...
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...The Public Needs to Know Personalized medicine uses molecular analysis to obtain maximum medical benefits in the treatment and management of patient’s known diseases. It can also be used to predict the predisposition for inherited deceases such as cancer. Personalized medicine’s goal is to begin a whole new level and standard for healthcare. Personalized medicine is a rapidly growing field within the healthcare industry., and environmental disposition and or variables. Due to the fact that specifics are sometimes different from person to person, the type of the diseases, to include the start, the duration, and how the decease may respond to the forms of treatment available or other clinical solutions is totally individual to the person who has the disease. One key tenant of the Human Genome Project was stated as; to learn the sequences of the 3 billion units of DNA that makes up a human genome, the genes in the DNA including the individual elements that control the genes are currently being studied, identified and cataloged. The information obtained thus far has suggested that the human genome may contain in excess of 22,000 genes and may even possibly eclipse 23,000 genes. This information is crucial to how modern genetic technology could lead to personalized medicine. Be sure to include the citation as well. From which one of your sources did you find this information? Include the author’s last name and the publication year. If you cannot find the author, use the title...
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...Pharmacogenomics 1.Introduction: Genomics: The study of genes and their function. Genomics aims to understand the structure of the genome, including the mapping genes and sequencing the DNA. Genomics examines the molecular mechanisms and the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in disease. It is used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organisms and a fine scale genetic mapping. The field also includes study of intra genomic phenomena such as Hetrosis, Epistasis, Pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome. 2.History: The term genome was introduced by H. Winkler in 1920 to denote the complete set of chromosomal and extra chromosomal genes present in an organism, including a virus. This term is used in the same sense even today. The term genomics was coined by T.H. Roderick sometime in 1987 mean mapping and sequencing to analyze the structure and organization of genomes. But today genomics includes sequencing of genomes, determination of the complete set of proteins encoded by an organism, and the functioning of genes and metabolic pathways in an organism. Thus genomics not only deals with the determination of the genetic information present in an organism, but also with the understanding the mechanism by which this information is used by the organism. A major branch of genomics is still concerned with sequencing the...
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...The medical field has come a long way. In today’s era, we are learning more due to the technology that is available to us and making it possible for medicinal products to become personalized. In this paper I will be explaining how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine; discussing the benefits of personalized medicine; and discussing the drawbacks and limitations of personalized medicine. Explanation of how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine. In order to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine, we need to first understand what personalized medicine is. Personalized medicine is the ability to determine an individual’s unique molecular characteristics and to use those genetic distinctions to diagnose more finely individual’s disease, select treatments that increase the chances of a successful outcome and reduce possible adverse reactions. Personalized medicine is also the ability to predict an individual’s susceptibility to diseases and thus to try to shape steps that may help to avoid or reduce the extent to which an individual will experience a disease. With that being said, the advancement in technology has made it possible for doctors and geneticists use a person’s DNA to find out what kinds of diseases are in their future; thus making it possible for them to make a stepping stone to prevent them. “The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 opened the door for better understanding of...
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...Assignment 2.1: The Public Needs to Know – Draft Version Lewis G. Hymon Strayer University English 115 February 5, 2012 Professor Traci Wilmoth Personalized Medicine: Cancer and the Human Genome Personalized medicine uses molecular analysis to obtain maximum medical benefits in the treatment and management of patient’s known diseases. It can also be used to predict the predisposition for inherited deceases such as cancer. Personalized medicine’s goal is to begin a whole new level and standard for healthcare. Personalized medicine is a rapidly growing field within the healthcare industry. Personalized medicine is designed to fit into each person's unique medical profile including their genetic, genomic, and environmental disposition and or variables. Due to the fact that specifics are sometimes different from person to person, the type of the diseases, to include the start, the duration, and how the decease may respond to the forms of treatment available or other clinical solutions is totally individual to the person who has the disease. One key tenant of the Human Genome Project was stated as; to learn the sequences of the 3 billion units of DNA that makes up a human genome, to include the identification of all of the genes located within the enormous amounts of information obtained. Sometime in 2003, almost all of the pairs of chemical compounds that the units are comprised of had been put in their exact sequence. The genes in the DNA including...
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...According to the United States Census Bureau, approximately 3, 890,000 infants are born each year. Since the 1960s, each individual born in a hospital is screened soon after birth for medical conditions such as phenylketonuria and sickle cell anemia via obtaining a few drops of blood from the baby’s heel as part of standard hospital procedure, irrespective of parental consent. These tests commonly analyze hormone and protein content from the samples. Each state oversees their own screening program and currently there is little uniformity among the conditions studied. The costs of these tests vary from $15 to $60 and are often covered through state fees and by health insurance plans. The addition of mandatory postnatal genome sequencing would add a tremendous burden to the healthcare system. Whole genome sequencing tests can currently cost around $1000, creating a deficit of around 4 billion dollars a year. Parents would be required to meet with a genetic counselor to interpret the data and the functionality of many genes has yet to be discovered. There is room for tremendous ambiguity without prior research and a shortage of qualified individuals to interpret all the data. False positive test results for genetic tests occur, on average, more than 50 times per every true positive finding according to a study conducted by Kwon et al from JAMA Pediatrics. This could potentially lead to an increase of vulnerable child syndrome, a condition that affects the family of an infant or...
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...cancers and the unending list of severe side effects from vomiting, alopecia to infertility and immunocompromised state gives a sickening feeling about the cancer management we are following. 90% of the time the cause of death in cancer is metastases. We don’t have any weaponry to attack them except palliative pain treatment. Its not even in our priority list with only less than 0.5% of research projects on metastases. Not targeting the biggest monster i.e. metastases makes me feel wrong about our current cancer management. Running after genes: Currently scientific community views cancer as a genetic disease. According to the mutator hypothesis there is damage to care taker genes which repair damaged DNA. This results in genomic instability which in turn leads to increased frequency of mutations. Most of our researches are based on mice models of tumors created by knocking out cancer related genes and their shrinkage by administering various chemotherapeutic agents. Sun Tzu quotes in Art of War “If you don’t know your enemy, you will be imperiled in every single battle.” Researchers are busy running after every cancer gene and searching for drugs that target these mutations. However tumor shrinkage in mice models doesn’t translate to cure in humans. This is because of the ability of cancer cells to mutate and thereby numerous cells with variety of characteristics reside side by side as cousins. Chemotherapy kills chemosensitive cells leaving behind drug resistant...
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...investigation of forensically relevant body fluids (18). However, most of these methods have limitations such as low specificity, lack of sensitivity, sample destruction, instability of biomolecule assayed, or incompatibility with downstream STR analysis (19). In recent years, molecular approaches detecting specific messenger RNA (mRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) expressions and differential DNA methylation patterns have therefore been intensively investigated (17). Among these methods, DNA-methylation based assays, identifying differential DNA methylation profiles of different cells or tissue types, have been proposed for distinguishing different types of body fluids owing to their high specificity, DNA-based testing characteristics, fit with current forensic casework application, and applicability to old cases with only DNA extracts available. DNA methylation has only recently come into focus in the forensic field; however, its applicability is being highly estimated among an increasing number of forensic investigators. Just like epigenetics to genetics, DNA methylation analyses are now expected to add more informative layers to the forensic genetic analyses of the evidence materials. BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF DNA METHYLATION DNA methylation Methylation of nucleotides provides a molecular mean to reversibly mark genomic DNA (20). DNA methylation is involved in immune recognition in bacteria, but regulates the structure and expression of the genome in complex higher eukaryotes (21). In...
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...cells, mutation rates per mitosis, the number of mutational events on the path to detectable cancer, and selective processes, which occur at each, step in the evolution of tumors. Without knowing the specifics of the factor the exact number of crucial events cannot be understood. One of the means to find the number and nature of crucial events has been the cytogenetic examination of cancers. Chromosomal instability is visible by karyotype analysis and Peter Nowell and David Hungerford discovered the contrary in 1960. In chronic myelogenous leukemia they found the same cytogenetic change and named chromosome 22, the Philadelphia chromosome and Janet Rowley later proved that it was a result of reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. The demonstration of in vitro transformation by DNA paved the way to an understanding of why translocation can lead to cancer. In the ‘one-hit’ phase, CML is extremely different from multihit carcinomas. Many cancers acquire other chromosomal aberrations as they progress and the group as a whole teaches us that a genomic instability might occur after the cancer has resulted from what seems to be a specific translocation, a single event. Retinoblastoma, a cancer which arises from fetal retinoblasts, occurs when differentiation fails and the cell continue to cycle through. Retinoblastoma proved as a basis for the development of the ‘two-hit hypothesis’, which hypothesizes that retinoblastoma, involves two mutations, one in the germ line...
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...CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING(Neocentromere) Introduction: Functional centromere formation on ectopic loci in the absence of original centromere to maintain genomic stability has been demonstrated in several organisms ranging from yeast to human. This newly formed centromere with comparable mitotic and/or meiotic stability to the original centromere is known as neocentromere. First report of such de novo centromere formation came during 1993, when rearrangement of chromosome 10 to an acentric ring chromosome mardel-10 was identified from cytogenetic screening of clinical samples from patients with developmental abnormality. Stable inheritance of the acentric ring lacking alpha satellite repeat was completely unprecedented, challenging the then popular dogma of DNA sequence based genetic identity of centromere (1). Since then, more than hundreds of neocentromeres have been reported in the human...
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...Cancer is a genetic disease characterised by deoxyribonucleic acid damage which causes irregular cell growth and changes in the genome (Hanahan and Weinberg 2000). Once cells become infected, the mechanisms that control cellular growth and division stop working and the cells become malignant. This process occurs in somatic cells (Hartl and Jones 2006). Malignant cells have two primary features: firstly, they are not capable of dividing and differentiating and secondly, they attack tissues and move around the body (Atlas of Pathophysiology). There are over one hundred different variations of cancer and within that there are two main subtypes of tumours which can be located in numerous organs (Hanahan and Weinberg 2000). The first subtype is oncogenes, which activates cell division and influences embryonic development whereas the second subtype is tumour suppressor genes, which stop cell division (Atlas of Pathophysiology). A healthy body can normally defend against cancer cells and its spread but once the immune system and other defence mechanisms fail, the cancerous tumours become threatening. A primary cancer is a tumour that exists within an organism during the point when a normal cell converts to a tumour cell (Oppenheiner 2006). The infected tumour then grows and mutates which results in a constant pressure on near-by tissues. Due to the increase in pressure on the tissues, it then becomes the host to the tumour and thus the cancer. Recent research has identified that the...
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...percent people have Bachelor’s degree or higher. In addition, Michigan has an average salary of jobs of $58,000. (Census.gov) Where these numbers came from? It is Statistics. “People cannot make research without statistics and analysis.”(Zeleke) Statistics is important and critical, it can solve for society problem. Nowadays, we have a lot of technological advancement, mobile technology and data in our daily life. The world becomes more and more complex. We need people to be proficient to understand all information out there. How do we process? What is important? How do we analyze the information and make the right decision? Now, there are lots of problem that we are facing: human, race, climate change, economics hardships, and political instability etc. For solving these problems, we need statistics and modeling. Statistics become more and more important; it is not only for statistician but also for everyone. Statistics not only help us organize the complicate data, but also help society. In other words, Statistics is also one of the strongest evidence; it can help people decide more things. Such as the research "Single statistic can strengthen public support for traffic safety laws." which given out four laws of the traffic, and given out the statistics of how the laws reduce risk to respondents. And as a result, if...
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