...World Cities Millionaire Cities, Megacities and World Cities Millionaire city: 1 million+ pop Megacity: 10 million+ pop, 2,000 persons/km², one or two places merged World City: Major area which doesn’t just serve area, but world, normally multinational These are all interlinked in a pattern, usually by train. Also they started mainly in MEDC’s, but have slowly appeared more in LEDC’s. Contemporary Urbanisation Processes Urbanisation: the movement and growth of proportion of people living in urban areas. Characteristics: Since the 1950’s, urbanisation has started rapidly to increase in LEDC’s. the main two reasons for this are population growth and migration. Push factors ← Poor infrastructure ← Unemployment ← Poverty/Famine ← Natural Disasters ← Civil War ← Desertification Pull factors ← Better Jobs ← Better Education ← City life ‘Bright Life’ ← Better Social life ← Higher pay ← Financial Aid ← Better Healthcare - Urbanisation in the UK: Started with the Industrial Revolution in the 1800’s | |Economic |Social |- |- | |Push Factor |1. Unemployment from mechanisation |1. Poorer education |- |- | | |2. Little pay |2. Poorer social life | | | | | ...
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...Year 10 Geography Coursework at Newhaven and Seaford, East Sussex. “Sediment is transported along the coast in large amounts and this has consequences for humans.” “Sediment is transported along the coast in large amounts and this has consequences for humans.” Introduction “Sediment is transported along the coast in large amounts and this has consequences for humans.” For our GCSE field work we were given this hypothesis (stated above) to examine. The most appropriate places we visited to investigate this hypothesis was Newhaven and Seaford on the South East coast. They are suitable places to visit as they are relatively close to us in Crawley, West Sussex. These places are most at risk from coastal erosion and flooding as they are along the South East coast. A process which transports sediment along the coast is called long shore drift. It is the process by which sand and pebbles are moved along a beach by the movement of waves. As water rushes up the beach it forms the swash and as it returns down the beach, the backwash. The most common direction in which the waves move is determined by the direction from which the wind blows most often (prevailing wind). There is evidence that long shore drift is operating and we are going to prove it. At Seaford long shore drift is constantly occurring moving sediment from West to East. Seaford regularly has beach replenishment operations where material is moved from one side of the beach to the other. Diagram of long shore drift...
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...Explain how people can manage the environmental and social costs of globalisation for a better world (15marks) Suggest why the various groups shown hold differing views about this global trade. (10marks) The first view of UK customers being generally happy but some businesses and workers are less pleased, this is because customers are getting what they want easily and relatively cheaply in local shops and supermarkets. In contrast, businesses e.g. Trans-national corporations are having the adverse effect of losing customers as products are sold cheaper and are more accessible elsewhere. In result of this, many workers are losing their jobs and becoming unemployed which is devastating to many families. Next, millions of Chinese people and their government support this venture, this is because it brings money and investment into the area which can be used to develop and improve infrastructure, facilities and attractions. Furthermore, more jobs will be made so it is beneficial to the people living near the factories that manufacture the goods etc. Thirdly, Maersk shipping lines has offices in 150 countries, and 500 large container ships is a positive view as it will create millions of jobs making the financial state for many families and the overall economy stronger. Also, due to the connection between different countries and the vast size of the company suggests there would be profit which could be used for development and growth of the area, increased wages of employees and...
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...When calculating the value of a deferred annuity, the deferment refers to the number of periods that: Payments are put off into the future It is fast and easy to make an algebraic calculation of the yield for a bond. False Which of the following statements is true regarding deferred annuities-all of these All of theses A bond that is purchased at a premium Was sold for more than its face value The formula: PVDA = R a m|i (1 + i)-n Refers to the present value of a deferred annuity with payment R being made for m months with a deferral period of n months The equation: PV = R/i Calculates the present value of a perpetuity The reason that a perpetuity goes on generating the same payment over time is that its corpus remains intact and it's only the interest income that is distributed. True Callable bonds: Can be recalled at the election of the bond issuer Capitalized cost is the "cost of capital" that a business incurs when it is making an investment in an asset.-f How are salvage values handled when calculating the capitalized cost? Salvage value is subtracted from the purchase price in the replacement cost perpetuity When calculating the capitalized cost of a technology asset like a computer, the present value of the maintenance or operating cost perpetuity may be many times larger than either the purchase price or the replacement cost perpetuity, depending on the assumptions that are used. True The expression [(1 + r)-L - 1] Converts the annual interest rate to...
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...Analyse the factors that cause differences in the hazards posed by volcanoes around the world (40mks) There are many volcanoes around the world, some of which are active and others are dormant. The factors which cause them to be active are varied and can cause a threat to the surrounding area, including the environment and economy as well as the social impacts on people. A volcanic hazard however can pose a bigger threat to these socio-economic factors as a result of the eruption. Firstly, the type of volcano will also depend on the type of eruption and where abouts it lies within the plate boundaries. A hot spot however does not lie on a plate boundary but causes a volcano due to the high pressures of heat flow. An example of this is in Hawaii, southwest of the United States. Kilauea is a shield volcano on the southern part of the island which erupts runny, non-viscous lava and tends to be large in size with a low profile. These eruptions are not very explosive but occur very regularly and due to it being located in Hawaii, it is a very developed country and therefore caused various hazards to the area. Another type of volcano is a stratovolcano, this is different to a shield volcano because it is tall with a steep profile and causes more explosive eruptions. For example the Pinatubo volcano is located in the Philippines between the Eurasian and Philippine Plate on a destructive plate boundary. The last biggest eruption of Pinatubo was in 1991 however it was in a less economically...
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...In primary School, we would define the atmosphere as a“ blanket covering the Earth” but in general it is defined as a layer of gases that surrounds the earth , I like to define it as the source of life ,that is to say there would not be life without the atmosphere . The atmosphere insulates the Earth from extreme temperatures; it keeps heat inside the atmosphere and it also blocks the Earth from much of the Sun's incoming ultraviolet radiation (NASA 1999). The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into four different layers , namely , the Troposphere , Stratosphere , Mesosphere and the Thermosphere, In this essay , I am going to explain , with the aid of a diagram the layered structure of the atmosphere, the different temperatures that occur and also the different processes that take place in all the layers. layered structure of atmosphere As you can see in this picture above, this is how the layers are positioned in the atmosphere, it starts with the Troposphere which is the bottom layer and the one closest to the Earth ,it is the most important layer because all life takes place here, the important gases which are essential for living are found only here , it has a height of 12km, almost all weather occurs in this layer, the air is warmer at bottom of the troposphere and as you go up it gets cooler until eventually it reaches a point of dryness because altitude varies with latitude All the different layers have boundaries that separate them, in the troposphere it is called...
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...Geog 2RC3- Physiographic regions- Jan 10/14 Interior Plains- p.38-39 20 % of Canada’s land mass Sedimentary rocks Low relief Elevation increases from east to west Hudson Bay Lowlands- p- 39-41 3.5 % of landmass Low lying, poorly drained landscape (muskeg) Underlain by sedimentary rocks Arctic Lands- 41-42 Archipelago 10 % of Canada’s landmass Pre-Cambrian crystalline (igneous) rock overlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rock Ellesmere Island Appalachian Uplands- p.42 2% of Canada’s land mass Very old, heavily eroded mountains (Taconic mountains) Geologically complex (sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, as a result of 2 periods of orogenesis (440 million years ago to 350 million years ago) Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands- p 42-44 Less than 2% of landmass (1.8%) Smallest- 110 000 sq km 60% of all Canadians live here Underlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks Summary Given Canada’s enormous size- considerable variation in physical environment All of Canadian landscape influenced by glaciation Links between physical and human geographies Next- the Niagara Escarpment The Niagara Escarpment Dominant physiographic landform feature in Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands Designated as a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve in 1990 (12 total in Canada) 1st large scale environmental land use plan in Canada (The Niagara Escarpment Plan) Formation in 2 stages 1. Deposition of sediments by eperic (seas during Ordovician (435-400...
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...Assessment 1 04. The highest levels of insolation are found in the areas where there is a lower amount of cloud cover because if there is a lower amount of cloud then less insolation is reflected back into space. The highest rate of insolation is over Egypt. Over oceans the level of insolation decreases with increasing latitude both north and south of the equator. This is because of the decreasing angle of incidence of the sun, and so lower amounts of insolation occur. Over land it’s a lot different. Areas on the equator have lower amounts of insolation than areas both north and south, despite the higher angle of incidence. This is due to higher levels of cloud cover in these areas which reflect higher amounts back into space. The rate of insolation given decreases more rapidly in the southern hemisphere compared to the northern hemisphere. This is because there is a much larger cloud cover in the southern hemisphere due to there being more sea on the surface that provides an increase in water vapour for clouds. 05. Thermosphere – temperatures rise rapidly with height, perhaps to reach 1500°C. This is due to an increasing proportion of atomic oxygen in the atmosphere. Which like ozone, absorbs incoming ultra-violet radiation. Mesosphere – temperatures fall rapidly as there is no water vapour, cloud, dust, or ozone to absorb incoming radiation. This layer experiences the atmospheres lowest temperatures (-90°C) and strongest winds (nearly 300km/hour). The mesopause, like...
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...Describe the landforms produced by rejuvenation. Rejuvenation is the renewal of a rivers energy in response to a relative fall in base level. Base level is the same as current sea level and so a drop in base level can be caused by either eustatic sea level fall, isostatic rebound or tectonic activity. There are three types of rejuvenation that I have learned about. One of them being incised meanders. Incised meanders are meanders which are particularly well developed and occur when a river’s base level has fallen giving the river a large amount of vertical erosion power, allowing it to downcut. There are two types of incised meanders, entrenched meanders and ingrown meanders. entrenched meanders are symmetrical and form when the river downcuts particularly quickly. Due to the speed which the river downcuts, there is little opportunity for lateral erosion to occur giving them their symmetrical shape. Ingrown meanders are asymmetrical. They form when the river downcuts at a less rapid pace, giving the river opportunity to erode laterally as well as vertically. Another type of rejuvenation is river terraces. This is caused by a river eroding vertically into the former floodplain. If vertical erosion is rapid then paired terraces are formed either side of the channel. If vertical erosion is slower though, unpaired terraces form as the river is given opportunity to meander. River terraces are particularly useful for settlements as they provide flat areas above the present...
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...Ebola and the impact of development Ebola is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolavirus. Symptoms start two days to three weeks after contracting the virus, with a fever, sore throat, muscle pain and headaches. Typically vomiting, diarrhoea and rash follow along with decreased function of the liver and kidney. Around this time, affected people may begin to bleed both internally and externally. The virus may be acquired upon contact with blood and other bodily fluids of an affected human or other animal. Spreading through the air has not been documented in the natural environment. Fruit bars are believed to be a carrier and may spread the virus without being affected. Once human infection occurs, the disease may spread between people. There are more than 1,300 people with Ebola in West Africa and is having a devastating impact on the economies of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The impact has spread thousands of miles to African countries that have never recorded an Ebola death. Facts about Sierra Leone and the impact of Ebola: * The economy has deflated by 30% because of Ebola in Sierra Leone. * The agricultural sector is most impacted in terms of Ebola because the majority of people of Sierra Leone (66%) are farmers. * 12 out of 13 districts in Sierra Leone are now affected with Ebola. * Road blocks manned by police and military are preventing the movement of farmers and labourers as well as the supply of goods. * The president believes...
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...Chapter 18 – Energy Production Biomass and fossil fuels Biomass is plant matter used as fuel to produce energy Fossil Fuels once living plant matter used as energy. eg. Oil, Coal, Natural Gas Nuclear, tidal and geothermal power Nuclear: Process of cosmic evolution preceding the origins of the solar system Tidal Power: The forces of lunar motion Geothermal Power: Energy from the Earths core Cogeneration The generation of electricity and heat jointly by using wasted energy (Hot water) from conventional electricity. This hot water can be used for heating Renewable energy Forms of energy that can naturally regenerate or are continues Hydropower Mechanical Power of moving water to turn turbines to produce energy, Wind energy Generation of wind-derived electricity, using wind gush to turn turbines Solar power (361) Generating electricity from the suns energy. Passive solar energy Designing buildings that optimize suns light and heat Thermal electric generation Solar Radiation that is tracked by mirrors that concentrate the suns rays in order to heat liquid inside the pipes Photovoltaic energy PV power is produced when individual light particles “photons” are absorbed in a semiconductor such as silicon to create an electric current Processed and unprocessed Biomass Plant matter used as fuel Processed: (Charcoal, methane from biogas plants) Unprocessed: (wood, dung, veg matter and agriculture wastes) Tidal power Energy from the ocean found...
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...Lee Ho Ting 3035049110 Essay 1: Compare and contrast the main characteristics of the urbanization process in the First and Third Worlds Introduction As a necessary step towards development, both the First world and Third world countries have been undertaking the process urbanization. Urbanization is referred to the process of the increase in the total population living in the urban areas through immigration to the areas and net increase in the urban population (Pacione, 2009). Although the processes of urbanization are similar among countries, there are still differences as the First world is defined as capitalist industrial market economies where the Third world is referred to states that failed to develop economically after independence (Pacione, 2009). The differences in the social and economic situations in the First and Third world as well as the different global environment have led to distinct characteristics in the urbanization process of countries. Understanding these characteristics is essential to the understanding the challenges faced by states in the process. Therefore this essay is going to discuss the similarities and differences between the urbanization processes starting from the eighteenth century up till now from the social and economic aspects in respect of the global environment. Similarities – Economic based urbanization The major similarity between the urbanization of the two different worlds is that economic development played a significant...
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...consequences of separatism may be either peaceful or non-peaceful: The establishment/maintenance of own societies and norms- separate cultural identities within a country The protection of a language through the media and education The growth of separate political parties and devolved power Civil disobedience Terrorist violence Civil war International conflict or disturbances The establishment and maintenance of societies and norms with clear separate cultural identities within a country (e.g. the Bretons in France) • The protection of a language through the media and education (e.g. Welsh, Catalan) • The growth of separate political parties and devolved power (e.g. the Scottish and Welsh Nationalists) • Civil disobedience (the Friends of Owen Glendauer) • Terrorist violence (e.g. the Basques, Chechnya) • Civil war (e.g. East Timor, Tamil Tigers) consequences of separatism may be either peaceful or non-peaceful: The establishment/maintenance of own societies and norms- separate cultural identities within a country The protection of a language through the media and education The growth of separate political parties and devolved power Civil disobedience Terrorist violence Civil war International conflict or disturbances The establishment and maintenance of societies and norms with clear separate cultural identities within a country (e.g. the Bretons in France) • The protection of a language through the media...
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...PSYB4 Past Paper Questions Listed below are all of the available past paper questions for the Debates section of your PSYB4 examination. The specimen paper below is representative of what your actual paper will look like (2 x 4 mark questions and 1 x 12 mark essay question. Older papers (June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature;...
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...GEOG 102 – TUTORIAL 1 By "othering", we mean any activity by which an individual or gathering gets to be rationally grouped in somebody’s mind as "not one of us" which practices inclusion and exclusion this is shown In age when the attention is on the twin extremes of the age range such as younger and older and unintentionally normalizes those in the middle years. This is also shown in disability also known as othering people with disabilities which involves both components of attraction and repulsion where there is positive which represents disabled heroes and negative which represents impairments that are seen unusual, and unappealing human beings. And last but not least in sexuality where there is heterosexing of work and different spaces...
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