...Discussion The results of the experiment show that PAV/PAV genotypes have the largest density of fungiform papillae, supertasters with PAV/PAV will be more likely to taste the bitterness of the PTC test strip, and the PAV/PAV genotype subjects are most likely to find grapefruit juice not palatable. Analyzing the results of the the first phenotypic experiment, the PTC test strip experiment showed that all of the subjects with AVI/AVI could not taste the PTC, so they all assigned the value 1 to the bitterness of the strip. The PAV/AVI and the PAV/PAV groups did not have such uniform results due to differing rankings within their genotype group. The PAV/AVI group ranked an average of 2.13 and the PAV/PAV group ranked an average of 2.33 (Fig. 2). Not only are these values similar to each other but due to the variation of rankings within the respective groups, their error bars on Figure 2 overlapped, revealing there was not a significant statistical difference between between the abilities of the PAV/AVI and PAV/PAV groups to taste PTC. Thus, the PTC test only partially supports our first hypothesis that supertasters would taste the highest degree of bitterness, followed by tasters, then nontasters because the there is a statistically significant increase in degree of bitterness tasted from the nontasters to the tasters and supertasters but not from the tasters to the supertasters. The second phenotypic experiment rejects the second hypothesis that supertasters would have the highest...
Words: 1018 - Pages: 5
...Anny Bravo PTC “To the bitter end” assignment Genetics Lab-U06 Part II – Mendelian Genetics Questions 1) Using the chart it is apparent that the ability to taste PTC is a dominant trait. When neither parent can taste the bitterness, the children cannot taste. So, when one or both of the parents can taste then their children can also taste the PTC, this is evidence that the ability to taste PTC is inherited. 2) It is important for Snyder to verify that males and females had similar proportions of tasters and nontasters so that we can distinguish that gender is not a factor in determining a taster or nontaster. If gender did affect the sensitivity to PTC then the numbers would have to represent accordingly to avoid any errors in numbers. 3) Either the parents were heterozygous dominant for this trait and there is a percentage of the children who inherited the homozygous recessive trait and are unable to taste the PTC. Couples who can taste PTC have children who cannot taste PTC because the parent’s posses alleles which are both heterozygous dominant. 4) If a person can’t taste PTC that means that that they are homozygous recessive for the trait and by making a Punnet square I can conclude that 100 percent of offspring are going to be non-testers because they inherit the recessive trait from both parents. The significance of couples who cannot taste PTC will never have children that can. In conclusion, PTC sensitivity is a dominant trait that must be carried by at least...
Words: 408 - Pages: 2
...It’s one of nature’s most amazing byproducts of fermentation, next to Kimchi of course. It compliments delicious meals, it’s a great companion after a hard day of work, and it can be healthy for the heart. I can’t think of any other beverage that fills my stomach and heart with the joy beer does. But when it comes time to choose a beer, I always prefer craft beers over the mass produced common domestic beers, because the flavor, alcohol content, and variety of craft beers, blows regular beer clear out of the water; kind of like what happened to the original Jaws. The first reason I love craft beer is because it has a stupendous amount of flavor. A truly delicious craft beer will fire up the taste buds like a packet of pop rocks on the tongue. The hops, barley, malts, and spices are all infused together to create a magnificent creation I like to believe as what ambrosia was to the Roman Gods. When I find a truly delightfully crafted beer, I can only be lost in the trance the excellent selection of ingredients puts me in. Common domestic beers, on the other hand, tastes like what I imagine cat piss would taste like if it was bottled and distributed. The tastes of these domestic beers are a slap in the face, nobody wants to drink a bottle of cat piss, or at least I don’t think anyone does. Second, craft beer has high alcohol content. If anyone can tell me they drink beer just for the taste and not at all for a “buzz,” I would have to call them a big, fat liar. Because craft...
Words: 436 - Pages: 2
...Eye – sight The only vision organ in our body is eye. The eye is connected to the brain through the optic nerve and the point of this connection is called the "blind spot" because it is highly sensitive to light. Furthermore experiments have shown that the back of the brain maps the visual input from the eyes. An eye has a dynamic structure consisting of a transparent lens that focuses light on the retina. The retina is covered with two basic types of light-sensitive cells-rods and cones. The light is focused by the cone cells which are sensitive to color and they are located in the part of the retina. The rod cells are not sensitive to color, but it have got a greater sensitivity to light than the cone cells. The brain combines the input of our two eyes into a single three-dimensional image. Additionally even though the image on the retina is upside-down because of the focusing action of the lens, the brain converts and provides the right-side-up perception. The iris actually is a pigmented muscle that controls the size of the pupil, which dilates to allow more light into the eye or contracts to allow less light into the eye. The iris and pupil are covered by the cornea. The range of perception of the eye is phenomenal. In the dark, the eye perception would be a substance produced by the rod cells which increases the sensitivity of the eye so that it is possible to detect very dim light. Strong light, the iris contracts reducing the size of the lens that admits light into...
Words: 948 - Pages: 4
...She smiled at his derriere problem and wiped the blood off her nails, before signaling displeasure at the eau de rotten eggs. What a pig! But she liked the way he hit the turns and floored the gas on the straightaways. He ran at her speed and wasn’t anyone’s replica of somebody else. Relaxing on fabric upholstery deluged with sticky, warm holy water, she contemplated dead-ends, open roads and which he might heed. Soon he’d have to wager more chips on the relationship or fold; his call, she had already decided. What sweet smells. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jimmy’s afternoon plan crumbled amid the post-coital serenity. He wasn’t hungry anymore. An intermittent array of passing cars ignored the semi-nude man sitting on a curb, except for two girls in a green Honda Civic who ridiculed the boxers. He waved them on while contemplating the million and one things that might ruin the afternoon. Negativity had been sprouting gray shoots, lately. An obscene snicker escaped him after he caught her scrutinizing his shorts. "Why don't you give it a rest, huh? What do ya think I am─a wind-up toy? Jeeeezzzz”. He grasped an asphalt nugget and launched it through an unboarded window into the firehouse. The piece of blacktop bounced among the shadows disturbing nothing. He remembered his Uncle Devin breaking down the history of the place. In its heyday, Ladder Company 18 supported public safety amidst broken homes, garbage-infested lots, and...
Words: 1584 - Pages: 7
...ice cold thirst quenching drink. Along with Sprite’s refreshing crisp lemony taste came a hint of mint. Ultimately I believe that the ad was ok. It definitely would catch the attention of someone seeing the advertisement. I believe that its effectiveness is good because it shows a woman who looks frozen and excited at the same time, making the consumer believe that drinking this product would be cool and cold, yet exciting to the taste buds. The humor in the advertisement is good. I laughed as soon as I saw it. Here you have a woman, frozen and sticking her blue tongue out. Amusing , to say the least. I think they used more of a shock appeal along with amusement. The shock is the way the woman looks and the amusing part is that she’s frozen and sticking her tongue out. I think this technique would work great or all of those new gums that they have out. All of these ice gums that freeze your tongue off when you take a drink of water while having the gum in your mouth. That alone makes you look like the woman in the picture for the Sprite advertisement. I definitely think it would be effective, because who wouldn’t want to have a cool, refreshing...
Words: 284 - Pages: 2
...feel joyous that Philippines can preserve some of our ancestors’ inheritance. Second, we make sure to visit the famous Kamay ni Hesus Shrine, a religious place noted for its stations of the cross on a hill climbing 300 steps. After struggling to reach the top, the overlooking view of the town relieves my exhaustion. Being so close to the sky is just a superb feeling. Third is their delicious specialties we never skip to eat. Their very own longganisa fits my taste. It is less sweet and have a garlicly taste. Their Pancit Habhab is also included in the list. It’s taste is lasting to my mouth. Without the spoon nor the fork, we eat it by “habhab”. Lifting the banana leaf, a substitute of a plate, it is eaten close to the mouth sliding the tongue through the delicious saucy pancit. Moreover, we don’t eat and visit place only. We’ve got to witness the town’s effort of organizing these events. One is the Pahiyas Festival. My heart seems to celebrate with the feast of St. Isidore, their patron saint. With those ancient houses decorated, no words can...
Words: 413 - Pages: 2
...My first piece of candy is orange nerds. The sound is like maracas in a mariachi band and it is pretty loud for it’s size. The smell is like one of those orange smelly stickers you get for a good grade on a test. The touch is like on of those bumpy rocks with smooth edges that is tiny. Sight it is a tiny, orange, and that it is shaped kinda like a ball in the center and then with the bumps on the outside. It tastes like a sour patch kids and orange juice were combined My second piece of candy was a butterscotch dum-dum. The sound isn’t really much except for the wrapper crinkles that is really low. It looks like a quarter sized ball that has really smooth edges and a pole going up the bottom of it. It feels like a regular smooth ball with...
Words: 261 - Pages: 2
...Components and structures of the oropharyngeal phases change as adults age. Within the oral phase, normal aging often results in reduced tongue movement due to an increase in connective tissue and fatty deposits in the tongue (Groher, 2010). Consequently, it is more difficult to strip the oral cavity, and residue is more often left behind following a swallow (Cichero, 2006). In addition, weakening of the muscles of mastication, (See Appendix A) and loss of dentition are commonly seen. In older adults, the bolus is typically situated more posteriorly compared to younger individuals. The overall changes during the oral phase of swallowing cause an increase in oral preparatory and oral transit times (Corbin-Lewis, Liss, & Sciortino, 2005). Also,...
Words: 335 - Pages: 2
...Running Head: Breaking a Bad Habit Breaking a Bad Habit Abstract There are many bad habits that different people have. This essay will show you some steps to help get rid of one. Breaking a Bad Habit Are you trying to break a bad habit? Do you need some help or advice on some ways to break it? Best believe that after reading this essay, you will be able to break that bad habit in no time. There are many habits that are considered to be bad. There are those like: rolling your hair with your fingers; picking skin off your lip; or smacking when you eat. How about we go with the most famous bad habit that so many people do, and that is biting their fingernails. Many people engage in nail-biting, but there are several steps that a person can use to overcome this bad habit. The first step to breaking the bad habit of nail biting is to set a goal. Most people who set goals for their bad habits have something to look forward to when they finally stop. It is one of the best ways to help gain that little push that is needed. Some people feel that if there is nothing...
Words: 749 - Pages: 3
...Everyday actions that humans are involved in can only be completed with the collaboration of different body systems. The nervous system sends the impulse to muscles and triggers senses to occur. The skeletal system provides support of the body and the muscular system enables movements to take place. The task of eating a hamburger in response to its smell involves the nervous system, skeletal system, and muscular system. The smell of the hamburger triggers impulses of the nervous system. The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system, which involves sensory triggers as well as the central nervous system, are both activated. The chemical smell of the hamburger enters the nasal cavity. The chemical dissolves in the olfactory mucosa which stimulates the olfactory receptor cells. The olfactory receptor cells then transmit the impulse and enter the olfactory tract which is the pathway to the olfactory nerve. Once this chemical has entered the central nervous system, it is input into the mammillary body of the brain which acts as a memory bank. The sense of smell of the hamburger then triggers the urge to eat the hamburger. This simple action actually involves numerous body structures from the nervous system, skeletal system, and muscular system. To be able to reach for the burger, structures of the skeletal system are necessary. The scapula must support the arm and hand movement. The humerus, radius, and ulna must also support the arm in movement and allowing...
Words: 921 - Pages: 4
...Anatomy of the soft palate: The soft palate is innervated by the lesser palatine nerves, which travel through the lesser palatine foramen, along with vessels to supply nutrients to the area. The soft palate contains salivary glands, which secrete mucous and help keep the oral cavity and buccal mucosa “moist”. The area along which the hard and soft palate meet forms a “double curving line, with the posterior nasal spine of the palatine bone being the primary landmark at the midline.”23 A majority of the posterior component of the soft palate is “part of the oral pharynx”, it stretches from the end of the hard palate towards the uvula. It rises from left to right forming an “arch”. Role of the soft palate: During speech, voice conduction/sound, and swallowing the soft palate rises to close off the opening between the oropharynx and nasopharynx.23 Actions of the various muscles of the soft palate in swallowing: The levator veli palatini muscle contracts during soft palate function, it rises “up and back” so the soft palate may contact the “posterior throat (pharyngeal) wall.”23 The hard and soft palate are formed when the left and right maxillary processes fuse together during the 7th-11th week of embryonic development. The fusion takes place initially in the anterior maxilla and then in the posterior, “like a zipper being zipped from front to back”.23 If the cleft palate occurs early during the fusion process, the entirety of the hard and soft palate will be open and unfused;...
Words: 426 - Pages: 2
...way into the hearts of my family, but upon laying eyes on it in my meatloaf I was suddenly overwhelmed with reluctance and suspicion. I tried my best to pick out the onion who had taken the shape of tiny diced chunks; however my efforts were to no avail. I soon became tired, hunger getting the best of me and gave in. I took my first bite and began to chew at first the crispiness was a welcome partner to my loaf of God knows what; I chewed and chewed and then finally, as I began to let my guard down, that is when he decided to strike! I could feel the burn start to take over, mild in the beginning then slowly growing in strength. One by one the tiny onions were assaulting me, throwing what I can only describe as little vials of acid at my tongue and my cheeks were taking damage from the splash effect. I very quickly became distraught, tears welling up in my eyes as my innocence was stolen from me....
Words: 555 - Pages: 3
...lifestyle for these generations is usually easy-going and fun-filled. With an ad like this, the targeted social class would more than likely vary. I feel like it would target both the middle and lower classes. I don’t see the upper class people paying much attention to an ad of this nature. The persuasive technique being used in the ad is humor as well as shock appeal. When I first saw the ad, I actually laughed out loud. This ad shows a female that is frozen solid and sticking her blue tongue out. The shock appeal is the way that the female looks, and the humorous part is that she is frozen and is sticking out her tongue (Sprite Ice Blue, 2011). I feel that this technique would work well for other products in the beverage category. There are other beverages that are unique like this one, and combining humor with shock appeal would gain the attention of the consumers. I also feel that this technique would be good for certain chewing gums as well. Some of these gums make your tongue feel almost...
Words: 408 - Pages: 2
...nasal cavity. They then communicate the message to the olfactory bulb where the sense of smell is registered. Olfactory neurons are the only neurons that directly connect the brain and the outside world. With the gustation system which is our sense of taste, the special receptors are located in the mouth. What stimulates our sensation of taste can be anything that we physically eat or drink or place in our mouths. When we dissolve the food or liquids with saliva the chemicals in the foods activate the taste buds. Unlike the olfactory system where the receptors are only found at the top of the nasal cavity, with gustation the receptor cells can be found in our taste buds. Taste buds can be found all along the surface of the tongue, on the inside of our cheeks, on the roof of our mouths and in our throat. The olfactory takes the molecules to the olfactory bulb which is part of the olfactory cortex in the brain in order to produce an odor. With gustation the information provided by the receptor cells in our taste buds goes to the thalamus which processes and distributes motor and sensory information going to and from the cerebral cortex. So this information is sent to several regions of the cerebral cortex. With olfaction we can experience sensory adaption meaning that if we are near a certain smell for a period of time after about a minute or so we can continue to smell the Oder but aren't as sensitive to it if it bothers us. Gustation uses more of our...
Words: 329 - Pages: 2
