Key words !!!
Key words !!!

Alien species- An alien species is a species introduced outside its normal distribution. Invasive alien species are alien species whose establishment and spread modify ecosystems, habitats, or species.
Anaerobic- Living or occurring in the absence of free oxygen: anaerobic bacteria.
Aquaculture- The rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.
Biodiversity- The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable.
Biodiversity hotspot- A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. The term biodiversity hotspot specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 percent of their original habitat.
Biomass- The total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area or volume.
Biome- A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra.
Buy-back- The buying back of goods by the original seller. A form of borrowing in which shares or bonds are sold with an agreement to repurchase them at a later date.
Carbon sequestration- A natural or artificial process by which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and held in solid or liquid form.
Conservation- The protection, preservation, management, or restoration of wildlife and natural resources such as forests and water.
Coral bleaching - Coral bleaching is the loss of intracellular endosymbiosis through either expulsion or loss of algal pigmentation.
Cultural services- The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience, including, e.g. knowledge systems, social relations, and aesthetic values.
Eco-region- An area defined in terms of its natural features and environment.
Ecosystem diversity- A large stand of forest or a small pond can each be described as an ecosystem. Refers to the variety of ecosystems in a given place. Within any broader landscape there is a mosaic of interconnected ecosystems. To conserve biodiversity, conservation at the landscape level is critical.
Endemic- (of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.
Endemism- Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
Eutrophication- Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life.
Genetic diversity- Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary.
Gersmehls nutrient cycle-

Inter-tidal areas- The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide
Leaching- Drain away from soil, ash, or similar material by the action of percolating liquid, especially rainwater.
Lenticels- One of many raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allows gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues.
Mangrove- A tropical tree that has roots which grow from its branches and that grows in swamps or shallow salt water
Net primary productivity- Net primary productivity (NPP) is defined as the net flux of carbon from the atmosphere into green plants per unit time. NPP refers to a rate process, i.e., the amount of vegetable matter produced (net primary production) per day, week, or year.
Organic productivity- Rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem. It is usually expressed in units of mass per unit surface (or volume) per unit time, for instance grams per square metre per day. The mass unit may relate to dry matter or to the mass of carbon generated.
Permafrost- A thick subsurface layer of soil that remains below freezing point throughout the year, occurring chiefly in Polar Regions.
Photosynthesis- The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.
Pneumatophores- An aerial root specialized for gaseous exchange.
Prop roots- An aerial root that arises from a stem or trunk, penetrates the soil, and helps support the plant, as in mangroves. Also called stilt root.
Provisioning services- Provisioning Services are ecosystem services that describe the material or energy outputs from ecosystems. They include food, water and other resources. Food: Ecosystems provide the conditions for growing food.
Ramsar sites- The Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. Number of Contracting Parties: 169.
Regulating services- Regulating services are defined as the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes such as climate regulation, natural hazard regulation, water purification and waste management, pollination or pest control.
Species diversity- Is the number of different species that are represented in a given community
Supporting services- Something that the biosphere does which isn’t its primary function for example, the production of aspirin from tree barks.
Sustainable use- Being able to maintain the amount of resources we use so it can be used for the future.
Sustainable yield- The sustainable yield of natural capital is the ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, i.e. the surplus required to maintain ecosystem services at the same or increasing level over time.
Trophic- Relating to maintenance or regulation of a bodily organ or function, especially by a hormone.
Zonation- The distribution of plants or animals into specific zones according to such parameters as altitude or depth, each characterized by its dominant species.