...Catastrophism is the theory that the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.[1] The dominant paradigm of modern geology is uniformitarianism (sometimes described as gradualism), in which slow incremental changes, such as erosion, create the Earth's appearance. This view holds that the present is the key to the past, and that all things continue as they were from the beginning of the world. Recently a more inclusive and integrated view of geologic events has developed, changing the scientific consensus to accept some catastrophic events in the geologic past. This held that there have been violent and sudden natural catastrophes such as great floods and the rapid formation of major mountain chains. Plants and animals living in those parts of the world where such events occurred were often killed off, according to the 19th-century French scientist Georges Cuvier. Then new life forms moved in from other areas. As a result, the fossil record for a region shows abrupt changes in species. Cuvier's explanation relied solely on scientific evidence rather than biblical interpretation. Immanuel Velikovsky's In the 1950s, Immanuel Velikovsky propounded catastrophism in several popular books. He speculated that the planet Venus is a former "comet" which was ejected from Jupiterand subsequently 3,500 years ago made two catastrophic close passes by Earth, 52 years apart, and later interacted with Mars, which then had a series...
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...28th October 2011 Reflective journal Section M I start reading the with something unknown to me but as i move further in book,i become so glad to have solution of my main problems in my hand and start reading with more interest. I realised that indeed I’ve many paradigms and the first of all the paradigm I’m having is that somehow I believe that I’m not a good cricketer. I’ve been playing cricket since I was 9 years old. I’ve played for my school, academy and numerous clubs, but the fact that I’ve never been able to score a century and that some of my fellows are playing today at a higher level than me is something that annoys me. Moreover I also think that I’m a slow or maybe poor learner. It takes me hours to understand few pages of my course pack and consequently I’m always unable to score good in exams because mostly I’m not able to complete my syllabus on time. Similarly I think that I’m not an intelligent student Principles are foundation of any great personalities in the world because they show you to world what you are.principle of loyalty is which i am following because loyalty to any cuase , task ,person takes you nearer to that and inreturn you will get loyalty of that.Principle of respect is also an important factor that's what i m following baecuase great personalities...
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...My motivation, Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb., I am Ekky Reno Priyambodo, motivated student in Geological Engineering at Universitas Gadjah Mada, expected to join The Society of Economic Geologist Universitas Gadjah Mada Student Chapter (SEG UGM-SC). I appreciate this opportunity to open my way to becoming professional geologist and to apply for participating in geological society especially in Economic Geologist career. With my experience in organisation and my enthusiastic about economic geologist, I strongly believe that I am an appropriate candidate for this Student Chapter. Since my high school days, I have developed strong interest for learning earth science, especially mining geologist. That why I enrolled myself to Geological Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada. At this moment, I become student in first semester. To support me enhanced my experience regarding earth science, I would like to apply for being member at Society of Economic Geologist Universitas Gadjah Mada Student Chapter (SEG UGM-SC). I personally believe that every person applying for join this student chapter should be as much as experienced both in organisation or academic accomplishment, as me. I have been became activist in some organisation at Senior High School, like Student Council, Class Consultative Assembly, and Scout, where I gained precious experience in leadership development and social skill. This experience also enabled me to be observant with social issues. As a student in this famous...
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...Introduction * What is the definition of Earth Science? All sciences that seek to understand Earth and it’s surrounding space. * What are the sub-disciplines of earth science (geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy)? Know the definition of each of these. Geology is the study of Earth divided into two broad areas –Physical and historical. Physical Geology examines the materials comprising earth, Historical Geology is to understand the origin of earth. Meteorolgy is the study of the Atomosphere and the processes that produce weather and climates. Oceanography integrates chemistry, physics, geology, and biology. It includes the study of composition and movements of seawater, as well as coastal processes, seafloor topography, and marine life. Astronomy is the study of the universe. * Be able to name and define each of the earth’s “spheres” (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere).The Geosphere (Solid-Earth) lies beneath the atomosphere and the ocean. It extends from the surface to the center of the planet 6400 Kilometers of depth. The largest of all Spheres. The Hydrosphere is a dynamic mass of water that is continually moving, evaporating from the oceans to the atomosphere, reaching land and flowing back to the ocean. Blankets 71% of the earth’s surface. Depth of 3800 meters. The Atomosphere is the life giving gaseous envelope. It is a very shallow layer. The energy exchanges between the atomosphere and space produces weather and climate. Biosphere...
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...Uttarakhand Landslides and Flood: a Man Made Crisis The Himalayan State of India, Uttarakhand on 16 June 2013 faced one of the toughest situations of the century in form of a natural disaster with landslides and flash floods. Landslides are one of the major forms of natural disaster in the Himalayan ecosystem as it lies in Seismic Zone 5 (the area that is most prone to Earthquake in India). This landslide and flashflood in the state have been termed as a manmade disaster by several environmentalists and the region behind the blame is speed of mining activity and construction of roads and hydropower projects in the area, which is not supported by the kind of biodiversity of the region. The recent natural calamity in Uttarakhand took lives of thousands as per official and recorded data, but as per the survivors of the crisis, the story is completely different with more than ten thousands dead. Rescue operations (Operation Surya Hope) is in process to save the survivors of the disaster. The Indian Air Force, Army, ITBP personnel are engaged day and night to help the people struck in the Himalayan state. Whereas, when seen from the perspective of geologists, if stricter regulations would have existed then the losses from the destructions would have been lesser. Every section of the society is having a different story to say following their scientific knowledge, belief in God and nature and many more things. Few are blaming the central and the state government for turning their...
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...Individual Week 1 Review Questions GLG/220 10/02/2013 Critical and Creative Thinking Questions Chapter 1 3. How do you think the principle of uniformitarianism accounts for occasional catastrophic events such as meteorite impacts, huge volcanic eruptions, or great earthquakes? The principle of uniformitarianism states the processes occurring on Earth today are very similar in manner as those throughout much of geologic times. In other words “the present is the key to the past.”(Murck, B. W., Skinner, B. J., & Mackenzie, D. (2010)). When looking at past geological events and occurrences that happened in the past with additions of new testing and technology they can predict when and if volcanic eruptions may occur, meteorite impacts and their damages, and if plate shifts will occur resulting in earthquakes. Scientists rate the earthquakes on a scale based on how damaging they are. 5. In what ways do geologic processes affect your daily life? Daily activities including the water we drink or the tress we plant to help prevent and control soil erosion are a part of geologic processes. Earth materials and processes affect our lives through our dependence on Earth resources; through geologic hazards such as volcanic eruptions, floods and earthquakes; and through the physical properties of the natural environment (Murck, B. W., Skinner, B. J., & Mackenzie, D. (2010)). Understanding Earth’s materials is important because we depend on its resources for building...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Home Page » Social Issues Uttarakhand Landslides and Flood Man Made Crisis.Docx Uploaded Successfully In: Social Issues Uttarakhand Landslides and Flood Man Made Crisis.Docx Uploaded Successfully Uttarakhand Landslides and Flood: a Man Made Crisis The Himalayan State of India, Uttarakhand on 16 June 2013 faced one of the toughest situations of the century in form of a natural disaster with landslides and flash floods. Landslides are one of the major forms of natural disaster in the Himalayan ecosystem as it lies in Seismic Zone 5 (the area that is most prone to Earthquake in India). This landslide and flashflood in the state have been termed as a manmade disaster by several environmentalists and the region behind the blame is speed of mining activity and construction of roads and hydropower projects in the area, which is not supported by the kind of biodiversity of the region. The recent natural calamity in Uttarakhand took lives of thousands as per official and recorded data, but as per the survivors of the crisis, the story is completely different with more than ten thousands dead. Rescue operations (Operation Surya Hope) is in process to save the survivors of the disaster. The Indian Air Force, Army, ITBP personnel are engaged day and night to help the people struck in the Himalayan state. Whereas...
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...The word pyrite is derived from a Greek word pyrites lithos meaning “the stone which strikes fire,” also portrays the ability of the mineral to spark fire if stroked against iron. (Pyrite). It also has a common name which depicts the ability of this mineral to fool inexperienced people by looking like gold on the river bed hence the nickname of this mineral is ”fools gold.” .”(Mineral Information.) The chemical formula for pyrite is FeS2 (Iron Sulfide.) (Plummer.) It contains 46.6% Fe (iron) and 53.4% S (sulfur.) (Pyrite Mineral Data). It is often crystalized in cubic crystalline structure but also can be found in pyritohedrons (dodecahedron with pentagonal faces) or octahedrons structures as well as in a combination of both. (Minerals-n-more) The Color of pyrite is brassy yellow; the crystals of this mineral are opaque thus let through no light; the streak of this stone is greenish black and cleavage is indistinct, the luster is metallic and hardness is between the range of 6 and 6.5 on the Moh’s scale.( Pyrite Mineral | Uses and Properties) The pyrite mineral can be formed in almost every kind of environment; it could be found in all three types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. The website minerals and more claims that the samples of this mineral have been found all over the world. . Perfect crystals come from Elba, Italy. Many samples today are coming from Peru. Localities such as Germany, Russia, Spain, and South Africa along with many others...
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...------------------------------------------------- University of Phoenix Material Earth and Earth Materials I Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Complete the WileyPLUS® GeoDiscoveries Earth Drag and Drop from Chapter 1. Label and describe each letter in the space below. A B C D E F G H A. Ocean | B. Continental crust | C. Oceanic crust | D. Solid inner core | E. Liquid outer core | F. Mesosphere | G. Anthenosphere | H. Lithosphere | Part 2 Resources: Minerals Drag and Drop (Chapter 2) Virtual Rock Lab (Chapter 2) * * Complete the following WileyPLUS® GeoDiscoveries and answer the following questions: What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? A mineral is a naturally going on the non-living compound with a unique chemical structure and the physical properties. An the rock is a solid, rocky mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic complex. 1. 2. What types of tests are used to identify minerals? The type of test that are used to identify a mineral is I think depending on the colour,luster, and the hardness and as well the gravity. Also by the event test the chemical of the mineral they can see what type it is. 3. Part 3 1. Label the part and mineral resource that compose each part of this lightbulb. Refer...
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...ESCI 1040 Test 2 Due March 29, 2011 Directions: Answer the following questions in your own words using your text (ch 7-10 and 12). Several of the questions refer to multiple chapters. Please keep in mind that because this is a take-home, open book test, your answers should demonstrate that you understand the material. Your answers should be well thought out, complete yet succinct, well written, with references cited. This is not a group effort; please make sure your work is your own. Please be careful with the use of images, if you do not explain your images you will receive no credit for them. Please e-mail me the test completed, including the multiple choice questions that follow the essay/shot answer questions, as a doc, docx or pdf file. Good Luck! 1. Differentiate between relative and absolute dating. List, define and discuss the principles used to define relative age. Discuss isotopic dating: what atomic particles are involved, what are some common isotopes that are used, and what are some uses of isotopic dating? Be sure to explain the calculation of the age of a rock. Relative dating is telling us the age of something compared to that of the substances around it, more plainly stated the sequence of events. Absolute dating tells how old something is, an amount of time can be associated with an object unlike in relative dating. There are four stratigraphy principles used to determine geologic history of a locality or a region: 1) original horizontally...
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...Introduction: Every aspect of our surroundings, everything we witnessed at the two sites that we visited and everything geologically related can be tied together with a few simple concepts. A central component of those simple concepts is known as the Wilson Cycle. The Wilson Cycle has a massive impact on not only the two sites that we visited, but literally everywhere around the world. By understanding the principles of the Wilson Cycle, we are able to unearth details about a location such as what geologic era it belongs to, what type of plate boundary it is, as well as what type of tectonic activity that was required to allow it to form. In essence, everything relates back to the Wilson Cycle, as evidenced in the following pages. Geologic Background: PALEOZOIC: The Paleozoic era was is the earliest of the three geologic eras and spans from about 542 to 251 million years ago. Numerous events that significantly impacted the overall structure of the earth took place during this time period. The Paleozoic Era is divided into six different subcategories which include: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. Early in the Paleozoic the continents were far apart but moving tectonic plates caused continents to move together into one large continent called Pangaea. Some of the significant geologic events that occurred during the Paleozoic era includes the evolution of a large number of animals, some of which are distant ancestors to modern organisms...
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...What is the differnce between earth science and biology? earth science is rocks minerals and the study of the earthen sphere and all that make it. biology is about organic compounds and anything living (bio) that has home on it. Why is it important to study Earth Science? Because we find out about the earth and its environment from the books. How the environment affected the people on earth and what precautions should we adopt so we can get along with it. It also is important because you get to know more about your earth. The simple answer is, because it's awesome. Otherwise, Earth Science is very important in understanding how our world works. It has many different applications, from oil and mining, to waterways and seas, to understanding Earth History, and to engineering and building, as well as many others. Because you want to know about the Earth? Or because you think that the qualification will help you to get the type of job that you want. SO we can make good predictions an be prepared what can happen in the future. One example of a bad prediction is 2012. 1st. the myians never predicted that. 2nd. My dad talked to a scientist about it and he said everyone that's saying different ways that other people said the world is going to end is fake. so we will know that earth science is literacy of critical importance to our nature. SO we can make good predictions an be prepared what can happen in the future. One example of a bad prediction is 2012. 1st. the...
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...Before I could start an outline I had to take the R.I.A.S.E.C interest assessment to see what career would be perfect for me based on my skills that I have. i am well-skilled in investagating problems and analyze them to slove these problems; it's often good for students who are good in math and science. I am even good with influencing and persuading others, such as an idea in science. A skill that I didn't realized that I had is being organized when being well-detailed and like to work with data. This skill includes being able to follow directions, and also like working in creative situations, meaning to work in groups that brings in good ideas to the grouop, such as a peer group for a science debate. Once I figuired out what these skills met that I scored high on the assessement; I realized a science career would be right for me. I then thought since I loved collecting rocks, and studying the earth when I was young. I decided Geoscience would be a perfect career for me. Geoscience is a career that I am interested in, but it has a con that I would have to bare in order to be a. geologist. The con for this career is traveling a lot, because in this career I have to do field work. Since I want to be a volcanologist I would have to travel to places that had conditions of a volcano. It can be dangerious doing this type of work that is the other con for being a geologist. In order for me to bare these two cons I would have to get used being in the line of danger when being a geologist...
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...Journal Article Review of Dr. Terry Mortenson Article “The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century” Introduction: This paper is a review of Dr. Terry Mortenson’s 2003 article entitled “The Origin of Old Earth Geology and its Ramifications for life in the 21st Century”. This review is designed to give readers an overview of what Dr. Mortenson’s article is about, the article’s strong points, and the areas in which the author could have strengthened his position. In addition to these points, I will be sharing my own personal view points on the authors’ article including the subject matter being discussed. II. Overview and Main Points: The article we will be looking at was written to give readers an idea of the varying opinions held by society regarding the age of the earth. The author Dr. Terry Mortenson will review several geological scholars and other experts in the field as well as analyzing their various opinions. The author will build a case that scientific deduction regarding the age of the earth starting in the 18th century has been very subjective and was influenced by the scientists’ training and religious world views. The author builds a case that most every opinion on the earth’s age goes against the grain of traditional biblical teaching on the earth’s age. The main point of Dr. Mortenson’s article is the idea that scientific opinions about the earth’s age have changed significantly starting in the 18th century until modern...
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...Review of article “The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century” by Dr. Terry Mortenson The following is a journal review over the article “The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century” by Dr. Terry Mortenson. Overview In Dr. Terry Mortenson’s article, “The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century”, the subject of Earth’s creation and age is briefly discussed. Several contributors to the theories behind the history of earth are introduced, along with their respective backgrounds. Dr. Mortenson explains the geological findings and resulting theories of each contributor regarding: the age of the earth, evolution, catastrophic events and their relationship of science to Christianity. (Mortenson, 2003) Strengths The importance of the history of science, especially relating to Christianity, is expressed early in the reading. Readers are also cautioned regarding views on evolution and creation and the consequences of those views (social, moral, spiritual) (Mortenson, 2003). Dr. Mortenson expresses the Christian mindset towards the creation of earth and mankind in a series of six 24 hour days, along with a detrimental flood accompanying Noah around 1600 years later. The author further presents that in the late 1700’s the non-Biblical history of earth began to theorized and become popular. The developing field of geology in early 19th century is introduced, along...
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