...The business literature is overflowing with concepts. Some of these, usually only a few, manage to stay ‘in the spotlight’ for longer; Chandler’s (1962; 1990) ‘managerial enterprise’ is among them. His theory links strategic decisions, internal structures and corporate performance and despite its criticism, it is still used to explain corporate success (and failure) of the late19th, 20th and even the 21st century (Gospel, 1988:105). In contrast to the contingency approach, Chandler (1990) advocates the American way of organisation as the ‘one best way’ for all countries [1] . Yet, can one size fit all? We shall refer to different country examples, industries and time periods to find out. Chandler argued that large managerial enterprises have managed to prosper through the years due to a basic economic logic, which he named ‘three-pronged strategy’ [2] (Chandler, 1995). According to this concept, firms should invest heavily in both their production and distribution functions in order to fully exploit economies of scale and scope at a national and international level (Chandler, 1990; 1995). This can only happen when the firm relies on the accurate judgment of skilful professional management. The aim was to create organisational capabilities and benefit from first-mover advantages via ‘related diversification’ (Chandler, 1995; Whittington et al., 1999). The implemented structure can best be described, using the author’s own words, as ‘centralised and functionally-departmentalised’...
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...Louis, Missouri. • His father, Cornelius Williams, was a travelling salesman and grew increasingly abusive as Tennessee and his siblings grew older. His father also favoured Tennessee’s brother over him. His mother, Edwina Williams, was a typical ‘Southern Belle’ who tended to be ‘snobby’ towards those who, she felt, were below her. Her behaviour was known to be neurotic and hysterical which could be the reason for the type of characters included in Tennessee’s writing. She was a descendant of a genteel southern family which resulted in her ‘snobbish’ attitudes. • By the mid 30’s his father’s alcoholism and abusive temper led to the separation of his father and mother, although they never divorced. In 1939 the man then known as Thomas Lanier Williams III, changed his name to Tennessee Williams, whether it be a nickname or from an extract from Williams, no one seems to know. His education: • Between 1929 and 1931, he attended the University of Missouri, in Columbia, where studied to become a journalist. However he found these classes tedious and boring. Tennessee was also distracted by his unrequited love for a girl. • During his time at university he joined the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, but he did not fit in well with his fraternity brothers as he was said to have been “shy and socially backward”. • Due to Tennessee failing a military course, his father pulled him out of school and sent him to work at the International Shoe Company factory. After working 5...
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...19th Century Art Education, Industrial Art or Fine Art? Varick Taylor East Carolina University MAED Art 6800 History and Philosophy of Art Education Abstract As an art educator in the today’s public school system, I feel that it is my responsibility to introduce and allow my students to explore the arts from the past and the present. I want them to learn a variety of art making techniques and art history. I also want to prepare them for future by giving them exposure to possible career choices that utilizes the arts. Therefore I feel it is important that my art classes allow students to be exposed to both the fine arts and design fields of the 21st century. 21st century technology like 19th century industrialization has influenced art education methods. The use of technology in classes is increasing each year. We are using design software to create both designs and fine art assignments on computers. In the 19th century, industrialization was one of the most important reasons why art became a part of public school education. Government leaders and the industry wanted America to able to compete with the superior European imports. As a result they felt that requiring drawing as a subject in public schools would help the U.S. in competing with Europe and balance trade. Knowing how much they wanted America to produce better products, I was puzzled when the Massacusetts did not model its art education after the France, whom was considered the best in producing superior product...
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...Irvin Whiteman ““A man always has two reasons for doing anything: a good reason and the real reason.” – J.P. Morgan J.. Morgan Attention To The Detail Contents Origin 1 EARLY YEARS AND FAMILY 2 Forcasting 2 political parties 3 buying property 4 Cash Consolidation 5 Origin JP Morgan is one of the most powerful bankers of his time. J.P. (John Pierpont) Morgan, who died in 1913. He financed railroads and helped organize U.S. Steel, General Electric and other major corporations during his time. He did alot and hadrto go threw a lot as well. The Connecticut native followed his wealthy father into the banking business in the late 1850s, and in 1871 formed a partnership with Philadelphia banker Anthony Drexel. His family was already established. He just added his way of doing thing when his time came along. In 1895, the firm was reorganized as J.P. Morgan & Company. Morgan used his powerful influence to help level out American financial markets during several economic crises. However, he faced criticism that he had too much power and was accused of manipulating the nation’s financial system for his own gain. I am not sure what he had to gain from doing so. He was already established and famous. Morgan spent a large portion of his wealth amassing a vast art collection. I see it as having a hobby that can generate a great profit the older it gets. EARLY YEARS AND FAMILY John Pierpont Morgan was born into a well known family from New England on April...
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...In the 1930’s, a wave of Jewish refugees fled to Shanghai to escape the horrors of an impending Holocaust. Although at first comfortably ensconced in the city the Japanese army soon forced the Jewish community to live in a ghetto. In an effort to transplant and sustain their culture in Shanghai, the Jewish population, mostly from Central Europe, established their own businesses in the area. This area eventually became “Little Vienna” because it appeared to be an Austrian-style street in the Jewish ghetto. After World War II, most of the Jews emigrated from Shanghai and soon after “Little Vienna” ceased to exist. In recent years, the opening of the Shanghai Jewish Refugee Museum and the influx of immigrants into the city have led to a rebirth...
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...injury? Steroids will fix it. Need to bulk up before the big game? Guess what? Steroids will be there for you. The controversy involving these supplements has been that talk of physicians, athletic coaches, body builders, and parents. Effects resulting from the abuse of steroids can be brutal and not much is being done to stop it. Androgenic anabolic steroids were first created in the late 1930’s by the Germans, and were tested on dogs and later on soldiers. The Germans used them to keep prisoners alive who were dying due to malnutrition and to make their soldiers more aggressive during battle. After the war, doctors in Europe and the U.S. used steroids to treat anemia, malnutrition, and to help patients recover faster from surgery. Two decades later, Dr. Zeigler found that testosterone was the key ingredient in these steroids and soon they were out on the market and readily available. In the well-documented case of the 1976 Olympics, the East German women’s swim team set records and swept the competition. It was later discovered that the team’s doctor and the head of the East German sports federation had given them anabolic steroids which lead to their many unfair victories. Steroids are commonly used in medical practice, curing such things as allergic reaction and arthritis, but also more serous illnesses like some types of cancer. Steroids are also obvious quick fixes for hormone deficiencies or abnormal production, and to imitate stimulation of muscle building androgens...
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...Lenin walks around the world. Frontiers cannot bar him. Neither barracks nor barricades impede. Nor does barbed wire scar him. Lenin walks around the world. Black, brown, and white receive him. Language is no barrier. The strangest tongues believe him. Lenin walks around the world. The sun sets like a scar. Between the darkness and the dawn. There rises a red star. – Langston Hughes In the early 1900’s there were very few political parties focused on the plight of African Americans and their quest for civil rights. Communism had inherent within its philosophy the idea that all men and women are equal and focused on an economic model that purported to promote that equality. Karl Marx believed that capitalism thrived on exploitation and he had very concrete notions on slavery. He stated: Direct slavery is just as much the pivot of bourgeois industry as machinery, credits, etc. Without slavery you have no cotton; without cotton you have no modern industry. It is slavery that has given the colonies their value; it is the colonies that have created world trade, and it is world trade that is the pre-condition of large-scale industry. Thus slavery is an economic category of the greatest importance (Marx, 1975). Without slavery Marx believed that it would have been impossible for America to thrive. They needed that free labor to be able to build a profitable industry and forge the nation. Thus the enslavement of an entire race of people was necessary for a capitalist country...
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...of dollars lost for stockholders. The event occurred when the Federal Reserved decided to raise discount rate to 6 percent in order to increase steady flow of credit into the stock market, which other central banks decided to follow such as the Bank of England. Other advisors such as Roger Babson warned about the upcoming crisis but tensions were unbroken. However, during the last week of October when 13 millions of shares were traded by banks and investment houses, trouble began to sprout out and panic arises in the public. By mid-November, stock prices had reduced to about one-half of the original value in August. Two months of the original collapse in October, stockholders had lost more than $40 billion dollars. Although the stock market began to regain its losses by 1930, it was not enough and American entered into a trauma that is called the Great Depression. People withheld purchasing durable goods, which was “depended on consumer confidence” because of their uncertainties about the economy in the future (Rockoff 423). The crash which fuelled a decline in the economy because spending dropped...
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...come about? Well, in 1849 Arnold Berthold, a German scientist conducted the first formal experiment pertaining to hormones. He noticed that chickens that were castrated during development grew up to be passive (lacking fighting and mating behaviors) compared to normal roosters. Arnold Berthold decided to implant testes into the abdomens of castrated chickens. The chickens with implanted testes grew up to behave like normal roosters. Thus, Berthold concluded that the testes much secret some sort of substance since they were not connected to nerves. He said, “ The testes act upon the blood, and the blood acts upon the whole organism.” (Berthold, 1849). In 1889 Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, a Harvard professor, decided to inject himself with substance containing extracts from guinea pig and dog testicles; he called this concoction a “rejuvenating elixir” (Brown-Séquard, 1889). Brown-Séquard published in The Lancet that his energy, vigor, and overall health were restored, but the effects did not last long; Brown-Séquard attributed this to placebo effect. Because of these findings, Brown-Séquard was mocked by his colleagues, forcing him to give up on his research. In 1927 Fred C. Koch, a professor at the University of Chicago, realized the potential behind Brown-Séquard’s work. Koch realized he had tons of potential right in his own back yard; the Chicago stockyard. Koch recruited his students to help him extract isolates from over 40 pounds of bull testes. Koch, along with help...
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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Educational System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Famous Historical Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Landshut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Geography Located in north Central Europe, Germany is one of the continent’s largest and most populated nations. Germany border is made up of 9 neighboring European countries and also includes northern sea borders contained by...
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...History 5 Government 10 Economy 12 Industry 15 Educational System 20 Famous Historical Germans 23 Culture 25 Landshut 29 References...
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...Frederick Taylor was a mechanical engineer that believe that there was a better way to get the minimax among out work out the employees in factories. Frederick was focused on how he could improve industrial efficiency and productivity. Frederick conducted research that would change the way factories worked by combining science and business management. During the 1800’s and 1900’s, the need for products was becoming more and more, but the level of work output remained the same. Frederick observed as workers took the time to minimize the among of work they do by taking breaks and other measures. Frederick identifies this as pure laziness and nothing more as he relates employees on the job to baseball. He...
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...Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ]; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer ("leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. He was effectively dictator of Nazi Germany, and was a central figure of World War II in Europe and the Holocaust. Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I. He joined the precursor of the NSDAP, the German Workers' Party, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he dictated his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy. Hitler's Nazi Party became the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, leading to his appointment as chancellor in 1933. Following fresh elections won by his coalition, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany, a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a...
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...Vitamin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A bottle of high potency B-complex vitamin supplement pills. A vitamin (US /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/ and UK /ˈvɪtəmɪn/) is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts.[1] An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms. Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems, but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people.[2] By convention, the term vitamin includes neither other essential nutrients, such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids (which are needed in amounts greater than are vitamins) nor the great number of other nutrients that promote health, and are required less often to maintain the health of the organism.[3] Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each "vitamin" refers to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor"...
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...mIntroducing the History of Marketing Theory and Practice 1.1 Introduction The global popularity of marketing as a subject for study might suggest that those studying and teaching the subject know what it is that they are studying and how this study should be undertaken. But as we shall see in this chapter and others in this book, this has often not been the case. Marketing as a subject has proved almost impossible to pin down, and there is little consensus about what it means to study marketing. Most organisations now employ marketers. Marketing roles were traditionally found in commercial firms, but increasingly all kinds of organisations feel the need to employ marketers or to commission services from marketing consultants. The popularity and pervasiveness of marketing is, however, a relatively recent phenomenon. Academics have only studied marketing as a discipline in its own right for just over a century, and during its short history the study of marketing has been influenced by many different academic movements, fads and priorities. This variability can be viewed as a positive state of affairs, because it means that the subject is always open to new ideas and new trends. On the other hand, it has the potential to undermine the value of marketing knowledge because there is no general consensus on what the study of marketing should be for, how these studies should be conducted, or what the outcomes should be. Before we can begin to study marketing, we need to understand...
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