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German Market Analysis (Spanish)

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5. Análisis – Selección de mercados
5.1 Mercado 1: Alemania – Análisis del entorno
5.1.1 Características físicas y geográficas
La República Federal de Alemania está situada en Europa Central. Tiene una extensión de 357.050 km², el 55% de los cuales son superficie agraria y el 28% forestal. El territorio alemán perteneciente a la Europa media está constituido por un conjunto de pequeños macizos cubiertos de bosques y separados por depresiones. El norte del país está surcado por ríos y canales.
El clima es intermedio entre marítimo y continental con precipitaciones frecuentes. Aumenta el carácter continental según se avanza hacia el Este. Con la altura se incrementan el frío y las precipitaciones; en Frankfurt, (98 m de altitud) las temperaturas medias fluctúan en enero de -3º a 1º C y en julio 15-20º C, mientras que las precipitaciones anuales medias oscilan en torno a los 655 mm.
5.1.2 Características poblacionales
Actualmente, Alemania tiene una poblacón de 82 millnes de habitantes, de los cuales 7,5 millones son extranjeros. Su densidad, (230 habitantes/km²), es la tercera más alta de Europa, después de Bélgica y Paises Bajos. La densidad de población es mucho menor en la recién incorporada Alemania del Este que en la Occidental. En esa región vive únicamente un quinto de la población total de Alemania (16 millones) en aproximadamente el 30% de la superficie.
Por edades, la población se distribuye de la siguiente manera:
 16% de menores de 15 años;
 15% de más de 65 años
 69% de entre 15 y 65 años.
Se estima que hacia el año 2030 uno de cada tres alemanes tendrá 60 o más años, con los consiguientes efectos sobre la actividad económica y las finanzas públicas. La composición étnica originaria consta de distintos grupos germánicos: francos, sajones, suavos y bávaros, aunque la vida moderna ha difuminado las fronteras de los diversos grupos de población.
En mayo de 2010 hubo 3,24 millones de parados, de los cuales un 32% aproximadamente son de larga duración, para una tasa de paro del 7,7%.
5.1.3 Condiciones económicas
Alemania presenta la estructura económica propia de un país altamente desarrollado, donde la agricultura tiene un escaso peso en el PIB. El sector industrial es comparativamente más importante, que en otros países, pero también está perdiendo importancia frente al sector servicios, tanto en ocupación, como en generación de valor añadido.
Alemania es el cuarto PIB más grande del mundo, el primer exportador mundial en los últimos cinco años – aunque en 2009 ha cedido dicha posición a China - y equivale a aproximadamente el 20% del PIB total de la Unión Europea. La crisis mundial ha repercutido con fuerza en la economía alemana, tanto en la vertiente financiera, debido a diversas quiebras bancarias, como en la real, debido a la caída de las exportaciones, todo lo cual se ha traducido en una caída del PIB del 5% en 2009, la peor crisis económica desde 1929. Sin embargo la coyuntura ha mejorado notablemente a principios de 2010, debido sobre todo a la recuperación del comercio exterior.

El sector primario alemán (agricultura, ganadería y pesca) ocupa a unas 860.000 personas, aproximadamente un 2% de la población ocupada y genera alrededor del 1% del PIB. La Superficie Agrícola Útil (SAU) se ha mantenido estable durante los últimos 15 años y es de unas 17 millones de hectáreas. La producción nacional sirve para cubrir aproximadamente el 80% de las necesidades de consumo doméstico, siendo cubierto el resto con importaciones. El grado de cobertura exterior es solamente del 30%, i.e., las exportaciones agrícolas valen algo menos que un tercio de las importaciones.
Según COFACE, Alemania tiene un country rating de A2 y un business climate ranking de A1. Los principales debilidades y fortalezas de Alemania son:
Fortalezas Debilidades
Alta competitividad de productos y costes Descenso demográfico
Posición fuerte en emerging markets Tasa de empleo entre mujeres es baja
Papel central of PYMES Elevada dependencia a mercados mundiales
Investigación y Desarrollo Preponderancia de producción y exportación de automóviles
Empresas financialmente fuertes El Este de Alemania todavía menos desarrollado

Balanza comercial
China ha superado a Alemania como primer exportador mundial de mercancías, puesto que venía liderando desde 2003.
El 52% de las exportaciones y el 48% de las importaciones corresponden al comercio con la UE-15. El grado de apertura – bienes y servicios - de Alemania en el año 2007 fue del 77%. La balanza comercial alemana alcanzó en 2009 un saldo positivo de 136.100 millones de Euros, alrededor de un 5,7% del PIB.
En 2008 la crisis económica impactó negativamente en las exportaciones y en la balanza comercial alemana, con un crecimiento en las exportaciones de sólo 2,8% y del 5,8% en las importaciones. La repercusión de la crisis fue todavía más intensa en 2009, año en que las cifras se vuelven negativas, con una caída drástica del 18,4% en las exportaciones y del 17,2% en las importaciones.
El total de las exportaciones alemanas para en 2009 ha sido de 803.200 millones de euros, mientras que el total de importaciones asciende a 667.100 millones de euros. El saldo de la balanza comercial para dicho periodo es de 136.100 millones de euros, un 24% inferior al saldo de 2008.

http://www.oficinascomerciales.es/icex/cma/contentTypes/common/records/viewDocument/0,,,00.bin?doc=4335398 http://www.cofaceiberica.com/CofacePortal/SP/es_ES/pages/home/risks_home/country_risks/country_file//Germany?nodeUid=572116 5.1.4 El sector lácteo de Alemania
Alemania concentra el 20 por ciento de la cuota láctea europea. Le sigue a muy poca distancia Francia, con un 17 por ciento del pastel lácteo europeo. El tercer puesto del ranking lo ocupa el Reino Unido, con un 10 por ciento de cuota, le siguen los Países Bajos, con un ocho por ciento.
Importaciones de productos lácteos
Los países exportadores más importantes para Alemaina son lo Países Bajos, Francia, Austria y Suiza. Los importaciones de queso alcanzan el 50 por ciento de las importaciones totales de Alemania. Además de queso, los productos más importados son mantequilla, yogurt y suero.
Exportaciones de productos lácteos
Alemania es exportador neto de productos lácteos. Es decir, que exporta más que importa, con la excepción de mantequilla.
En el mercado lácteo Alemania es el productor más grande de Europea. La producción de leche en Alemania durante 2010 respecto al 2009 aumentó el 1,5%. Lasexportaciónes de los productos lácteos de Alemania alcanzan casi 45% de la producción total de leche. El país de destino de las exportaciones más importante para Alemania es Italia, y después Rusia.
Consumo-venta de productos lácteos
Aparentemente, en Alemania se ofrece más productos lácteos que se consume. Por eso, Alemania es un gran exportador en el mercado lácteo global.
Previsión de ventas de leche
La demanda de leche en Alemania es constante, pero sensible a aumentos en el precio. En el año 2007, los precios subieron sustancialmente a causa de una demanda elevada internacional, y los consumidores alemanes respondieron con una demanda reducida. Cambios en los precios afectan el consumo de los productos lácteos.
Tendencias de consumo, hábitos sociales, gustos y preferencias locales
De los productos lácteos, los consumidores alemanes consumen más leche y suero de manteca. Por término medio, cada ciudadano consume 66,8 kilogramos de leche al año. Además, los alemanes consumen 6,4 kg de mantequilla y 22,3 kg queso anualmente. En los últimos años, la demanda de queso subió sustancialmente, mientras que la demanda de leche fue constante. Se nota una aumenta en la demanda de leche UHT.

5.4 Comparativa – Selección de mercados

5.5 Potencial de ventas del sector y potencial de ventas de la empresa en el país seleccionado
Pero el año 2009 estaba difícil para la industria lechera alemán. Estaba un desequilibrio entre oferta y demanda. Los precios para productos lácteos fueron muy bajos. En este año el precio para un kilo de leche fue entre 24, 2 y 24,5 céntimos. Desde el año 1970, los precios de leche no estaban tan bajos. Pero los precios se recuperó. Desde verano 2010 la lechería paga sus fabricantes de la leche , precios para la leche, que son bastante bien, son redondo 30 céntimos. Se espera que los precios suben de largo duración.
Dentro la Unión Europea hay precios muy diferente. La demanda de los productos lácteo ha desarrollado estable hasta positivo. Ahora la producción es más económico, después del año catastrófico 2009.
Pero la entrega de la leche consigue nuevas marcas. En 2009 la entrega de la leche subió hasta aproximadamente 28,5 millones toneladas. También la producción del queso consigue nuevas marcas en 2009. En este ano Alemania produjo 2,18 millones toneladas de queso. La exportación del queso subió en cuanto la importación bajó.
Al final, a despecho de la subida de los precios para la leche la situación crispada. Pero se cree, que los precios van a subir más. La demanda para la leche y los productos lácteos sube a escala mundial.

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