...Gustav Streismann, elected chancellor of Germany in 1923, had several problems facing him. Due to their defeat in the First World War, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles, which was very unpopular. This resulted in problems as Germany was unable to keep to some of the treaty. Germany’s economic problems in 1923 stemmed from the treaty of Versailles: one of the points of the treaty was that Germany had to pay reparations to France, Belgium and the United Kingdom as a payment for the allies’ loss in the war. However, the huge sum of 132000 million marks was practically impossible for Germany to pay, especially after the devastation of the First World War, when a lot of the country’s money had been spent on industry, making war materials. France and Belgium saw this as a refusal to keep to the terms of the treaty; they therefore invaded the Ruhr (the part of Germany where its industries were) to take the money by force. The Germans could not resist this invasion physically as their arms had been dramatically reduced by the treaty of Versailles. Instead, they fought back by passive resistance and refused to work for their occupiers. But, as they weren’t working, they didn’t get paid – so the Weimar government began to print millions of marks to keep up their payment. Consequently, the German economy spiralled into massive hyperinflation – in November 1928, one egg cost 80000 million German marks. Workers’ wages simply could not keep up with the rate of inflation...
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...MERVE DENİZ 13735009 How the Renaissance, Reformation and Nation-States Contributed to the Concept of European Identity? 1. Introduction I would like to study the connection between the material culture that sprang to life after the Reformation in Europe and the urbanization that came with the Industrial Revolution in order to see if or if not it had any effects on constituting the European Identity. Starting first with analyzing the material culture of which the Italian Renaissance movement and then the Reformation planted its seeds, I want to follow the dynamics of social changes that slowly transformed the life in Europe from peasantry with only the Christian identity to nation-state citizenship with a European notion. In order to understand how the Industrial Revolution that started in the 19th century and spreaded across the continent affected Europe, it is first required to analyze the changes in the mentality of people that lived in Europe and the transformation the societies went through as a result of the Protestant Reformation that took place in the 16th century. Although the Industrial Revolution had basically been a drastic economic upheaval, it cannot be considered without its social causes and social results. How the humanist mindset that came up with the Renaissance had affected the daily lives of people and how this effect helped people to search for improvements in working and production have been widely discussed...
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...History WW1 Questions 1) What were the war plans? In the First World War Germany and France had both made plans for attack. Germany had the ‘Schlieffen Plan’ and the French had ‘Plan 17’. The ‘Schlieffen Plan’ was simple, yet risky. The plan was to send German soldiers through Belgium and into France very quickly. The Germans were supposed to swoop around France and take the French army by surprise. This as time tells did not work out for the Germans. The French also had a plan called ‘Plan 17’. This was to launch a direct attack upon Germany through Alsace-Lorraine. On the 20th of August the German forces defending the frontier cut the attacking French troops to shreds using their artillery. The French lost 200,000 men within only 12 days and decided to abort ‘Plan 17’. 2) Explain the flaws in the initial plans There were many flaws in both the ‘Schlieffen Plan’ and ‘Plan 17’. The ‘Schlieffen Plan’ was a very flawed plan mainly because it was revised multiple times making it weaker and weaker. The ‘Schlieffen Plan’ was continuously revised and the wing to go through Belgium was considerably reduced in size so it can then protect Germany. This then meant that if Belgium gave any resilience then their numbers could then be further reduced. Unfortunately for the Germans luck was not on their side and Belgium held them back long enough for England to arrive and help them. This then made Germans army massively reduced and their plan was starting to crumble. They did...
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...The Weimar Republic was Germany's new democratic government. Many German people were unhappy with the new system, and preferred to be united under one strong leader. During World War I, the German government had a lot of bills to pay, and little money to do it with. So they printed more banknotes, which at first seems like an ideal solution. But this means the prices will rise, which leads to a demand for more wages, so production costs of items increase, so prices rise, more wages, and so on. This is called inflation, and a particularly bad case of it hit Germany called hyperinflation. After the war, the Weimar Republic ran up a lot more costs, so more banknotes were printed, which lead to hyperinflation, when the money was worth less than the paper it was printed on. Hyperinflation affected Germany and the citizens in a massive way. Prices of food and basic supplies rose by the hour. People sitting in a restaurant found that their second drink could cost twice as much as their first. Workers were paid up to three times a day. The wages would be collected in a wheelbarrow and taken down to the shops to be spent as quickly as possible, before prices rose any further. German money became worthless paper money had no value. The people who had been saving for years were affected quite badly, their savings became absolutely worthless. People on fixed incomes, such as pensions found that they became worth nothing. However the losses many Germans gained from the hyperinflation...
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...economic and social growth to the European markets. The European Union considers Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as one of the key solutions to promoting development, economic and social growth to the European Markets. It is within the scope of framework that the EU follows a pro-development approach of long-term investments that will generate stable employment and growth for the European marketplace. The European banking industry has been slow in converting into a modern means of investment opportunities and lacks standardization of banking rules and regulations such as Germany. The German banking system slows the economy by poor management decisions regulated by adverse government policies and a unwillingness to modernize the way it promotes business within its borders. Having a standardized banking system in Europe would promote growth and strengthen the market and the image of Germany. This could be accomplished by clarifying the regulatory framework and ensure that the home states fully retain their right to regulate, by Page 3 of...
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...Renaissance and Reformation Effects The Renaissance began in the 1300s in Florence, Italy and reached to the 15th Century where it spread to the whole Western Europe. Renaissance means “rebirth” because of its changes from the primitive medieval times to the modern Renaissance. Both, the Renaissance and the Reformation had many effect on the European society and some of their impacts were combined. They believed that the human spirit had to be reawakened as it was in the classical times of Greece and the Roman Empire. Many new inventions, techniques and ideas helped to change the human society and caused a spiritual and religious crisis that shatters the Christian unity known as the Reformation. Many elements affected the social economic in the Renaissance. Everything began with the humanist as they revived an interest in ancient Greece and Rome to increase their understanding of their own times. During the process of this time period the society shifts from agriculture to urban in which trade is inter-regional and growing fast. The growth of trade helped the merchants to become powerful money leaders and developed a new middle class. In one hand the Renaissance effected individual scholars, writers, artists, wealth merchants and ruler could patronize the arts. But in the other hand the peasants still had their old simple life’s in which they had to work hard and fight for staying alive. But not only had the economy changed, there were also some changes in fine arts, where...
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...GEOGRAPHIC Germany is one of the major industrial and economic powers in Europe. Population: 81 million people Geographic size: 138,000 square miles Capital: Berlin Major cities and population: Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Bremen, Hanover, Frankfurt, Nuremburg, Stuttgart and Dusseldorf. At the southern end of Germany are the Alps, the highest mountain range in Europe. In central Germany are the Harz Mountains. Germany also has many rolling plains which make good farm land. The Rhine River, in the western part of Germany, is a main waterway for transporting goods from northern ports. Germany has many small towns that still maintain their traditional culture and architecture. Many of these towns, and their buildings, date back hundreds of years. Germany is well known for its precision workmanship. This is demonstrated in many ways, from its local architecture to the products and crafts available in local shops. Germany is a major industrial center in Europe. It is well known for its automobile manufacturing including the luxury Mercedes, the sporty Porsche and BMW, and Volkswagen. Germany also manufactures other machinery, electronics equipment, transportation equipment and chemicals. Germany also has considerable farming including grain crops and grapes, along with pig and cattle ranching. Germany is well known for its wine production. Almost 80% of the German people live in cities or towns. The most heavily populated areas are in the west and central Germany, particularly along the...
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...Germany Demographics Profile 2013 Home > Factbook > Countries > Germany Population 81,305,856 (July 2012 est.) Age structure 0-14 years: 13.2% (male 5,499,555/female 5,216,066) 15-24 years: 10.9% (male 4,539,977/female 4,339,221) 25-54 years: 42.2% (male 17,397,266/female 16,893,585) 55-64 years: 13% (male 5,236,617/female 5,354,262) 65 years and over: 20.7% (male 7,273,915/female 9,555,392) (2012 est.) Median age total: 45.3 years male: 44.2 years female: 46.3 years (2012 est.) Population growth rate -0.2% (2012 est.) Birth rate 8.33 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) Death rate 11.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) Net migration rate 0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) Urbanization urban population: 74% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 0% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) Major cities - population BERLIN (capital) 3.438 million; Hamburg 1.786 million; Munich 1.349 million; Cologne 1.001 million (2009) Sex ratio at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2011 est.) Infant mortality rate total: 3.51 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.81 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) Life expectancy at birth total population: 80.19 years male: 77.93 years female: 82.58 years (2012 est.) Total fertility rate 1.41 children born/woman...
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...Abstract Cultural challenges will occur when taking an American base company to doing business in Germany. Risks will need to be evaluated and overcome relating to the startup of a business in Germany. To identify these risks major differences and incompatibilities between U.S. and Germany need to be identified to guarantee the successful start of a business. Identify and evaluated opposing customs and protocols, cultural differences in business environment and research any trade barriers. Examine Germany’s meeting and greeting etiquette their beliefs and feelings of personal time and how they coincide with business. Understanding Germans culture, manners, economy and business practices will give a clearer vision on what to do and how to present oneself during a business presentation. These will all be discussed in the following pages to give a better picture on the customs and cultures on business etiquette in Germany. Introduction: The largest challenge in starting a business in Germany is to understand the way they do business and what the workforce is like. Being able to adapt to the cultural aspects of doing business in Germany requires understanding who they are and how they work. Germany is around the size of Montana with a population of 81 million people (export.gov, 2012). According to Robert Lee by a 2010 Central Intelligence Agency, Germany is the fifth largest economy in the world and the largest in Europe and the fifth largest trading...
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...Participating in any foreign study program will enhance my educational career but taking part in the College of Architecture’s 2011 Italy Program will definitely be advantageous to my architectural career. Italy is home to centuries of architectural history. There are architecture from prehistoric and roman architecture, early Christian and byzantine architecture, Romanesque and gothic architecture, renaissance and baroque architecture, and now many modern architectural wonders. Studying in Italy will give me first hand experience of all this historic architecture that I studied. I will also be exposed to the language and culture of Italy making me a more diverse architecture student. Studying aboard will enhance the value of my Bachelors of Architecture degree. While aboard, I may gain a new academic interest and perspective on architecture. I will be able to take courses in a multicultural educational environment that are not available in the United States. This program will also add more value to my degree and therefore enhances my future employment opportunities. The world is becoming more globalized and employers are also looking for employees with diverse and international experience. Many large firms, such as HOK and USR, have offices internationally, especially in Italy, and studying abroad will improve my portfolio. However, if I decide to attend graduate school instead, studying aboard will also increase my chances of admission into the program. No matter...
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...Euro off four-month high by Alice Ross The euro remained close to a four-month high but pared some gains as risk-related currencies pulled back ahead of uncertainty over monetary easing plans in the US in the week ahead. The euro traded below $1.28 for much of the day, having earlier hit a session high of $1.2812 following a global risk rally sparked by the European Central Bank’s plans to buy government bonds to help address the eurozone debt crisis outlined last Thursday. Currency analysts said that expectations the US Federal Reserve could announce monetary easing this week, following weak jobs figures highlighting the fragile US economy on Friday, would be the main driver of the forex market in the coming sessions. A decision by the German constitutional court on whether to ratify the European Stability Mechanism, the eurozone’s new bailout fund, on Wednesday was also seen as crucial for risk appetite. “If the ESM laws are upheld, the event will pass with only modest additional benefit for the euro and risk sentiment,” said analysts at Credit Suisse. “However, a ruling against the legislation would likely represent a major risk aversion and systemic stress event.” The euro pared recent gains against the Swiss franc, after hitting its strongest level all year on Friday as pressure on the Swiss haven lessened following the ECB’s action, which was widely seen as boosting confidence in the eurozone. On Monday the euro was lower against the franc, slipping 0.2 per cent...
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...Coercive Diplomacy: Otto von Bismarck and the Unification of Germany by Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth R. Kassner United States Marine Corps United States Army War College Class of 2012 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT: A Approved for Public Release Distribution is Unlimited This manuscript is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree. The views expressed in this student academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Army War College is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, (215) 662-5606. The Commission on Higher Education is an institutional accrediting agency recognized by the U.S. Secretary of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information...
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...Qirui Zhong, Acct 2250 (01) Professor Miller, Oct, 19th, 2013 SAP Introduction SAP was founded in 1972 and today they are recognized as the world's largest inter-enterprise software company. Five former IBM employees start a company they call SAP Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung ("System Analysis and Program Development). Its products vision is Standard application software for real-time data processing is developed. Taking the initial form of a private partnership under the German Civil Code, the company establishes its headquarters in Weinheim, Germany, and opens an office in nearby Mannheim. However, SAP's five founders spend most of their time in the data centers of their first customers, which include the German branch of Imperial Chemical Industries in Östringen.(1). Their products cater to various sectors of industry and every dynamic market. Their various software systems have put them as the third largest independent software supplier and their continuing excellence makes them an excellent software company. The great technological advances they have achieved in software have allowed SAP to maintain a high regard of respect from other major corporations in their industry. By implementing user-friendly software programs they have crafted a service and development resource that has made those major corporations to create an efficient and effective supply chain and developed customer relations in their respective fields of business. To date SAP currently...
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...HOMEGUARD- The Home Guard were volunteers who defended the five thousand miles of Britain coastline in the event of an invasion by Germany. They were originally called the Local Defence Volunteers. Why was the Home Guard formed? On Friday 10 May 1940, the Germans had started their attack on Belgium and the Netherlands using soldiers dropped by parachutes. British troops in mainland Europe were pushed back to the Channel ports. Many people feared that the Germans would soon invade Britain. To protect Britain, a new part time force was to be set up, the Local Defence Volunteers (LDV). Radio appeal On the evening of Tuesday 14 May 1940, the Government made an urgent appeal on the radio to all men aged between 17 and 65. The wanted all men not already serving in the armed forces to become part-time soldiers. Within 24 hours of the radio broadcast a quarter of a million men had volunteered. By the end of July this number had risen to over a million. Who joined the Home Guard (Local Defence Volunteers)? Many of the men who joined the Home Guard were those who could not join the regular army because their day time jobs were necessary to keep the country running. They included farm workers, bakers, teachers, grocers, bank staff and railway workers. Other men who joined were either to young or too old to join the regular army. Training and equipment The men were given military style training and, at first, they had no uniforms and little equipment. The public...
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...Victorian Architecture from 123.com During the Victorian period, there was a revival of classical (Greek and Roman), Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture. Romantic architects replicated Greek and Roman buildings, which were revered as the ultimate examples of beauty (Sporre 487; Tansey 932). Increased nationalism in England also sparked a revival of Gothic architecture. After the Houses of Parliament burnt down in London (1834), the task of redesign the new building was assigned to Charles A. Barry and Augustus W. N. Pugin. Their Gothic design of the new Houses of Parliament make it a prime example of Victorian architecture today (Tansey 955). It is important to recognize that Romantic architecture was not only a return to the past. Modern technologies and materials, as well as non-European influences, also played a role. (Sporre 495-98; Tansey 956). One example is the Crystal Palace designed by Sir Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition in London (1851). Made of iron and glass, it was designed to be rapidly put together and taken apart. Another noted architectural example of this period was John Nash’s Royal Pavilion in Brighton (1815-18). The design of this palace was greatly influenced by Islamic and Eastern architecture (Flynn; Sporre 495-98; Tansey 956, 1014). Victorian architecture was both a rediscovery of the past and the precursor of Modern architecture. Some buildings embodied both of these characteristics. The Houses of Parliament and the Crystal...
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