...Waterborne Desease Report Kan Ding 3027206 Giardiasis & Amebiasis Introduction Despite of the continuous advances in public health measures and biomedical science we have in this and the past century, the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases remain a big threat to human beings.[1] Due to the change of global environment, ecology and socio-economic, these diseases occur with trend of increasing incidence and geographical expansion, along with other existing infectious diseases, performing among the leading cause of death worldwide.[2] Human activities may show great influence on the trend of the growing of these diseases, some studies suggest, including agriculture practices and the activities having impacts on climate change.[3]...
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...SCI / 163 November 21, 2012 DR. Larry Bassman Food Borne Illnesses Alexa Glisson SCI/ 163 November 21, 2012 Giardia When generally thinking of parasites and food-borne illnesses, we tend to think about the poorest and dirtiest places on Earth. In reality, parasites can be found almost anywhere on this planet. One type of common food-borne illness is giardiasis or a giardia infection. This infection is in the intestine and caused by microscopic giardia parasites. The given the opportunity this vicious creature will infect anybody regardless of sex, age, living conditions, and body types. Surprisingly this is a zoonotic disease affecting not only humans but also domestic and wild mammals. There are several ways a person can contract this illness. The most common way to contract the illness is ingesting water that has been contaminated with animal feces. This is the reason we are constantly reminded never to drink water from a lake or stream that have not been purified. Given that many of undeveloped countries have little or no clean water, the majority of the cases of giardiasis affect children and adults in these third world countries. A person can also get infected by eating raw or undercooked contaminated food, touching something that has feces on it from a day care or nursing home environments, and unprotected anal intercourse. Once this parasite has found a home inside someone or something’s body it will take seven to 14 days for any symptoms...
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...“Beaver Fever” due to the potential possibility of beavers being the source of a parasite that causes Giardiasis, a disease that causes diarrhea. (Department of Health: Information for a Healthy New York, 2001) It is an infectious parasite transmitted most commonly through contaminated water that causes havoc in the gastrointestinal system, can be prevented through drinking clean water and keeping bathroom surfaces clean with disinfectants. This parasite falls into the protozoan category of pathogens which also contains tropical diseases such as malaria. Although the United States has these type of pathogens largely controlled, they are more rampant among non-industrialized countries. (Donatelle, 2011) According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, giardiasis is spread by: “Swallowing Giardia picked up from surfaces (such as bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys) that contain stool from an infected person or animal, drinking water or using ice made from water sources where Giardia may live (for example, untreated or improperly treated water from lakes, streams, or wells), swallowing water while swimming or playing in water where Giardia may live, especially in lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams, eating uncooked food that contains Giardiaorganisms, having contact with someone who is ill with giardiasis, and traveling to countries where giardiasis is common” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011) However the most common method...
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...Giardia Giardia is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Giardia is protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it tolerant to chlorine disinfection. (A parasite is an organism that feeds off of another to survive.) The parasite lives in the intestines and is passed in feces (poop). Once outside the body, Giardia can sometimes survive for weeks or months. Giardia can be picked up from surfaces (such as bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys) that contain stool from an infected person or animal. Drinking water or using ice made from water sources where Giardia may live (for example, untreated or improperly treated water from lakes, streams, or wells) Swallowing water while swimming or playing in water where Giardia may live, especially in lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams Eating uncooked food that contains Giardia organisms Having contact with someone who is ill with giardiasis Traveling to countries where giardiasis is common Giardia cannot be passed by coming in contact with blood. Giardiasis is a global disease. It infects nearly 2% of adults and 6% to 8% of children in developed countries worldwide. Nearly 33% of people in developing countries have had giardiasis. In the United States, Giardia infection is the most common intestinal parasitic disease affecting humans [1]. Giardia infection can cause a variety of intestinal symptoms...
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...different diseases such as giardia because of the sewer lines. It lives in the intestines of people and animals. A person can become infected with giardia from direct contact with a family member with giardiasis, drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food, or having unprotected anal sex. Travelers, campers, and hikers around the world can be at risk if they are not cautious about drinking untreated spring water or water from a stream. Giardia is very contagious and easily transmitted. The pathogen that causes giardia lives in food and water. Therefore, giardia can be transmitted through raw or undercooked food, or water that has been contaminated. The most common way to get infected with giardia is drinking contaminated water. Cooking food thoroughly kills giardia, so you are less likely to get infected from eating contaminated food than getting infected from drinking contaminated water. Swimming pools, fountains, and even jacuzzis can all be contaminated. Sometimes animals contaminate rivers, streams, or springs by carrying giardia in their feces. Babies can even accidentally contaminate swimming pools by having diarrhea. Many people drink water without knowing that the water is contaminated, simply because the water looks clean. In 2007, there was a community giardiasis outbreak in New Hampshire. Adherence to well placement regulations might have prevented this outbreak. Consuming tap water was the significant cause of the outbreak. Drinking water samples were...
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...“TOXOPLASMOSIS” (toxoplasma gondii) Definition: Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. The infection is most commonly acquired from contact with cats and their feces or with raw or undercooked meat. Causative Agent: Toxoplasma Gondii, protozoan Means of Transmission: Orally and congenitally Reservoirs: Cats (preferred reservoir), birds and mammals (intermediate host), Humans (intermediate host) Diagnosis: "Fecal exams [in cats] are essentially useless, since the eggs they shed are only present in the feces for the first 2-3 weeks" (1). "The current lab test only indicates exposure to toxoplasmosis not the presence of an active infection." (1). "The history, signs of illness, and the supportive laboratory tests" will lead to a diagnosis (2). "A presumptive diagnosis may be made by demonstration of a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titers" (2). The uses of ELISA, western blot and latex agglutination tests have reliable results (4). Mainly the only people that really need to be tested for this disease are AIDS patients, immunosuppressed, and infants at birth. Symptoms: "Respiratory involvement is common in cats with both primary and secondary forms of the disease" (1). Fever, malaise, weight loss, and lack of appetite are common symptoms of this form (1). You have these symptoms in addition to vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal lymph node enlargement (1). Signs of Disease: The disease can become latent. All...
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...Culture and Disease: Trichomonas University of Phoenix Culture and Disease: Trichomonas According to the Clinical Microbiology Reviews (2009), Trichomoniasis is a parasitic protozoan that is transmitted principally through having vaginal intercourse. Trichomoniasis is seen mostly in women but men can also contract it usually without having any symptoms of being infected. (Shafir, S. C., and F. J. Sorvillo, 2006). I will be discussing the factors, modes for disease transmission, methods used to control, and the treatment of Trichomoniasis. A protozoa is the smallest single-celled members of the animal kingdom Carson-DeWitt, R. M. & Frey, R. P. (2006). It infects millions of people worldwide and researchers have found that it can cause inflammation of the prostate by infection on men. When women come in contact with trichomoniasis, their symptoms consist of a foul smell, and a heavily frothy yellow discharge that comes from the vagina. The genital area also comes along with itching and pain when urinating or having sexual intercourse Carson-DeWitt, R. M. & Frey, R. P. (2006). Because men don’t usually have symptoms, they won’t realize they are infected, leaving the infection to settle in. In some states the test for trichomiasis vaginalis can be ordered from the internet free of charge to young girls and also to women of childbearing age and also to assist with finding out if they are infected and refer them to free clinics for follow up treatment...
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...1 ) Rabies Rabies is a viral disease causing inflammation of the brain ( encephalitis ). The virus is a member of the family Rhaboviridae. Worldwide, several variants of the virus have been identified, each associated with a single wild animal host that acts as a reservoir of infection for a particular geographic area. Although all warm -blooded vertebrates are susceptible, only mammals are important in the spread of rabies. In British Columbia, bats are the only reservoir of rabies. Records of bats submitted for rabies testing suggest that relatively few are infected, even among those submitted because they are behaving abnormally. Bats are valuable components of the natural ecosystem and many species are at risk in British Columbia. Other potential hosts of British Columbia include domestic dogs/cats, foxes, raccoons, skunks, wolves and coyotes. " Spill over " of rabies to terrestial mammals from bats has occurred in British Columbia, but rabies has never been maintained in wild populations of terrestrial mammals. Rabies should be suspected in any wild animal exhibiting any behavior considered " abnormal" including ; loss of fear or unusual friendliness, excitation or aggression, depression, incoordination, paralysis, convulsions or seizures, abnormal vocalizations, appearance of nocturnal creatures during the day, signs of choking or inability to drink or swallow food, drooling of saliva or frothing at the mouth. In Carnivores, evidence of having...
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...when processing and handling foods. The committee took into consideration that after the construction of the plan, they were going to need someone to enlighten the public. That would mean that funds would need to be allocated and distributed to the local health departments to find individuals to educate the communities and provide them with resources that would deem beneficial. Majority of food-borne illnesses affect our vulnerable populations the hardest. Vulnerable populations are composed of pregnant women, children, elderly, and those with weakened/suppressed immune systems. So our planning would also be reared around the educating and protection of that population. Common food-borne illnesses in Connecticut are Campylobacter, Giardiasis, Hepatitis A, Listeriosis, and Salmonellosis. ( CT.gov Home) 2. What is the sociodemographic distribution of the...
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...BIO 205- Final Exam: Study guide The Final Exam will include chapters covered in Topics 6, 7, and 8. There will be 40 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions. Here is an outline of the materials you will be tested on: Topic 6 Review Topic 6 quiz- study guide. Chapter 5 * Define pasteurization and explain the different methods with examples Chapter 20 * Explain any 2 mechanisms of acquiring resistance to antimicrobial drugs with one example for each. Topic 7 Chapter 21: streptococcal infections, Diphtheria, Common cold, Mycoplasmal pneumonia, Pertussis, TB, Influenza * Causative agent of strep throat * Toxin production in C. diphtheria * Vaccine for the common cold * Diseases of the lower respiratory tract * The characteristic virulence factor of S. pneumoniae * Mycoplasma * Mucociliary escalator * Treatment for diphtheria * Antigenic DRIFT vs. antigenic SHIFT * Explain why common cold is not treated with antibiotics. Chapter 22: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lyme, Varicella, Rubeola, Rubella, Mumps, warts, mycoses * The antimicrobial aspect(s) of the skin * Staphylococcal skin infection * MRSA * S. pyogenes- M protein * Lyme disease * Varicella * Shingles * MMR vaccine * Mycoses * Skin bacteria: humans living in the tropics vs in the desert * List and describe 3 microorganisms that are found in the normal microbiota of human skin...
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...Pulmonary / Respiratory Diseases Acute Respiratory Tract Infection J22 Acute Tonsillopharyngitis J06.8 Allergic Rhinitis J30.4 ARDS J80 Aspiration Pneumonia J69.0 Asthma Severe J46 Asthma in Acute Exacerbation J44.1 Asthma, Unspecified J45.9 Atelectasis J98.1 Atypical Pneumonia J15.7 Bronchitis J20.9 Bronchiolitis J21.9 Bronchopneumonia J18.0 Bronchoscopy Z41.8 (1-620) BPD P27.1 (Newborn) Croup J05.0 Empyema Thoracis J86.9 Hyperactive Airway Disease J68.3 Laryngitis J04.0 Laryngomalacia J38.7 Laryngoscopy Z41.8 Pharyngitis J02.9 Post Intubation Subglottic Stenosis J34.2 Pneumonectomy Z41.8 Pneumonia, nonspecific J18.9 Pneumopyothorax, unspec J39.9 Pneumothorax J93.8 Primary Respiratory Tuberculosis (PKI) A16.7 PTB A16.2 Rhinitis J00 Sinusitis J32.9 Thoracotomy Z41.8 Tracheostomy Z93.0 Malfunction J95.0 URTI J06.9 Viral Pneumonia J12.9 Metabolic/Nutrition/Endocrine Dehydration E86.9 / Mild E86.0 / Mod E86.1 / Severe E 86.3 DKA E14.1 DM, unspecified E14.9 type1 E10.9 type2 E11.9 G6PD with anemia D55.0 G6PD – E740 Hypocalcemia E83.5, Dietary E58 Hypokalemia E87.6 Hyponatremia E87.1 Hypothyroidism,unspecified E03.9 Kwashior E40 / Marasmus E42 Lactose Intolerance E73.9 Malnutrition E46 Marasmus E42 Severe Stunting E45 Severe Wasting E43 Vit A Def E50.9 Skin Hypersensitivity/Allergy Nonspecific T78.4 Atopic Dermatitis L20.9 Cellulitis >Unspecified L03.9 >Ear H60.1 >Head L03.8 >Neck L03.8 >Hip/Knee/Leg/Thigh/Hand...
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...Foodborne Illness – Hepatitis A 1. What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? The U.S. Government requires that sewage be treated to eliminate pathogens. This includes bath water, toilet water, and storm run-off. These fluids may carry pathogens for many water borne disease, including giardiasis and hepatitis A. This involves collection and sedimentation of sewage waters, separating solid matter (sludge) from the liquid (effluent) portion of sewage. The effluent is chlorinated to kill pathogens before it can be released in to lakes or rivers. The sludge is burned or dumped. Some advanced methods of treatment us a secondary treatment following the primary treatment. This is done by transferring the fluid in to tanks filled with a population of microorganisms that decompose more than 90 percent of the organic wastes and eliminate pathogens by competition. It is then chlorinated before being released in to rivers or lakes. Many sewage treatment plants use additional chemicals that also eliminate pathogens. 2. How is the infectious agent transmitted through food or water? Hepatitis A is the only common vaccine preventable food borne disease in the United States (Fiore 2004). It is one of five human hepatitis viruses that primarily infect the human liver and cause illness. This may result in liver failure and death. It is transferred through food or water that is contaminated with fecal matter that has the HAV virus. Other potential...
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...AIR POLLUTION Name Name of institution Describing the extent of PM2.5 in Indiana is problematic since the PM2.5 monitors are located in cities which make it rather problematic to know the concentration of PM2.5 in rural areas. Children are at grander risk from exposure to air pollution than grown-ups because their bodies are still growing. In relation to PM2.5 and air pollution in Indiana, children have elevated the level of absenteeism in school, asthma exacerbation and new on set asthma (Kunzli et al, 2003). My area of residence is Illinois, Chicago. The ambient airborne particulate matter concentration for Chicago is PM2.5 36 µg/m3. The Air Quality Index as of July 12, 2013 for Chicago was 58 and 42 on the thirteenth with the critical pollutant being the Ozone. The ambient air particulate Matter for Beijing china for PM10 is approximately 55µg m-3 and for PM2.5 is 152 µg m-3. The particulate matter between Chicago and Beijing has a huge significant difference. The PM2.5 of the city of Beijing is extremely higher than that of Chicago. The U.S. National ambient air quality standard for PM2.5 is 12.0µg m-3. The particulate matter level for the two cities is very high above the ambient air quality standard for US. The current air quality index of Beijing is at 152 while in Chicago is currently at 42. The air quality index of Beijing is very unhealthy in comparison to the standard air quality index figures. Also in comparison to Chicago, Beijing’s air quality index is on the extreme...
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...Did Columbus Kill Most of the Indians? The five-hundred-year anniversary of Columbus’s discovery was marked by unusual and strident controversy. Rising up to challenge the intrepid voyager’s courage and vision—as well as the establishment of European civilization in the New World—was a crescendo of damnation, which posited that the Genoese navigator was a mass murderer akin to Adolf Hitler. Even the establishment of European outposts was, according to the revisionist critique, a regrettable development. Although this division of interpretations no doubt confused and dampened many a Columbian festival in 1992, it also elicited a most intriguing historical debate: did the esteemed Admiral of the Ocean Sea kill almost all the Indians? A number of recent scholarly studies have dispelled or at least substantially modified many of the numbers generated by the anti-Columbus groups, although other new research has actually increased them. Why the sharp inconsistencies? One recent scholar, examining the major assessments of numbers, points to at least nine different measurement methods, including the time-worn favorite, guesstimates. 1. Pre-Columbian native population numbers are much smaller than critics have maintained. For example, one author claims “Approximately 56 million people died as a result of European exploration in the New World.” For that to have occurred, however, one must start with early estimates for the population of the Western Hemisphere at nearly 100 million....
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...1) Describe the types and effects of water pollutants 2) investigate water quality today 3)Explain water pollution control 4) Summarize water legislation Slide one • In the early days of the industrial revolution people gave little attention to the pollution of lakes , rivers , and the coastal oceans. • Water pollution • "The Silent Highwayman". Cartoon commenting on polluted condition of the Thames. Punch, 10 July 1858. Source: Wikimedia Commons • The growth of the major industrial cities also caused water pollution. All too often, rivers that pass through urban areas became a receptacle for human waste products, both domestic and industrial. Sewage, as in most cities, was washed out into the streets where it found its way to the rivers with disastrous consequences. • In the first half of the 18th century, both London and Paris, the largest cities in Europe with respectively 1 and 2.4 million inhabitants by 1850, experienced a series of recurring epidemics of cholera and typhoid. In 1832 over 20,000 Parisians died in a cholera outbreak; London experienced similar outbreaks. This was caused by increasing amounts of sewage dumped into the Seine and Thames rivers. • London was one of the first cities in the world to build a sewer system and improve the quality of its drinking water supply. The London Board of Health eliminated cesspools in the late 1840s, and a Metropolis Water Act of 1852 forced water companies to move their intakes upstream and regulate their...
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