...ACCOUNTING CHALLENGES: A Global Perspective Amber Welch May 17, 2014 BU481 Introduction Herbie Hancock once said, “Globalization means we have to re-examine some of our ideas, and look at ideas from other countries, from other cultures, and open ourselves to them. And that’s not comfortable for the average person”. Globalization pivots on the strength of the business behind it, the focused efforts by accounting and manageability of an industry of leadership, and standards that when faced with challenge, must meet the rising needs of the world. Born from the necessity of standardization, the hurdles of international business, and the wave pool that is the global economy, today, accounting at all levels faces challenges unlike any ever seen in history. To understand how to continue to move forward and face these challenges, it is important to first examine the standards in accounting, and to explore the differences in U.S. standards versus worldwide standards. To look at the development process and the governing bodies surrounding this change, and then examine what change will bring, and whether it is attainable. For continued growth, understanding the modern realm of international business and the changes being seen in accounting leadership as well as the growth of technology, and the mounting concern for ethics in the world environment is as vital as any other component. It is important to explore the economy of the United States versus the world, the impacts of...
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...and is given a lower-case Roman numeral page number (for example, i).” – from the guide on accounting writing methods on BB. The collapse of Enron in 2001 has alerted the financial standard-setters worldwide for the need to develop a single set of global high quality accounting standards in order to achieve greater transparency, clarity, consistency and comparability of the financial reports. This is important for achieving more efficient global financial markets while benefiting users of financial reports such as the investors, creditors, multi-national companies and auditors. In additions, it is evident that the financial standard setters are reconsidering the merits of group accounting and its criteria for control to a large extent. In particular, it is indicated that the application of reviewed group accounting standards such as the FIN46 could also be subjective and easily manipulated. This contrasts with the criteria of Australia’s basis for group consolidation, namely, “effective control” which is determined by control over the entity's board and the proportion of potential and current voting rights. The observations call for the principle-based accounting system instead of the insufficient and easily manipulated rules-based system. In sum, the abovementioned suggests that the financial reporting standard-setting process is largely uncertain and that the accounting standards may often be incomplete. More importantly, comparisons are made between the...
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...Harmonizing Accounting Standards for Global Equity Markets I am in agreement with IOSCO of which the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a member that the financial reporting across the globe should be standardized. The U.S. SEC has proposed that the U.S. GAAP be replaced by IFRS which would allow financial information to flow globally without having to be adjusted. My reasons for agreeing start with the fact that the world as we know it is becoming more global in nature. Businesses are expanding their boundaries into foreign countries to remain profitable. People are able to travel more, and even if you can’t physically get to the products you can get there via the internet. Companies have had to change with the times, the world has become global and competition is fierce. Take the automotive industry as an example. These companies have had to become more efficient and cut costs where they can. They have gone after one of their biggest cost - human labor with a vengeance. Labor costs are one of the biggest expenses for manufacturing companies, according to "Manufacturing Business Technology" online. In order to lower costs, a number of U.S. automakers outsource their labor. They also build plants in foreign countries to take advantage of lower costs and less stringent laws. Operating in these countries require that the companies abide by their laws and accounting standards in addition to the ones imposed by their own country. Let’s look at Ford Motor Company...
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...The financial statements of a global manufacturing firm differ from those in the service or merchandising industry primarily with transactions related to material, labor, and overhead. A manufacturing company has three basic inventory accounts: raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. (Goosen, pp. 31-46) Because the cost of goods manufactured is critical, a manufacturing company typically has a statement called cost of goods manufactured. The accounting for overhead in a manufacturing firm involves many complexities as does measuring and assigning values to the various components. In addition, a global manufacturer needs to adhere to the local reporting rules and regulations. Maintaining consistency across all manufacturing locations is one of the largest issues facing global manufacturers. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) With the trends of globalization, there is a growing acceptance of IFRS. The IFRS aims to harmonize financial reporting across borders. (The Economist, 2007) Over 110 countries already require or permit IFRS reporting. The underlying assumptions of the IFRS standards and framework are that assets should be valued at the price which it could be currently sold, rather than on a valuation technique. The effect of transactions and other events is recognized when they occur, not as cash is received or paid. Finally, the financial statements are prepared on the basis that an entity will continue in operation for the...
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...THE CHALLENGES OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN POST GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ERA IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NIGERIAN PROFESSIONAL BY BENNETT B. BENNETT UNIZIK/ACC/Ph.D./2011387014F DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTANCY, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA SEPTEMBER, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Certification Approval Declaration Acknowledgement List of Tables Abstract CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background to Study 1.1 Statement of Research Problem 1.2 Objective of Study 1.3 Research Question 1.4 Research Hypothesis 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Scope and Delimitation of Study 1.7 Limitations CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Historical Background 2.2 Conceptual Frame work 2.3 theoretical Frame work 2.4 Review of Current Literature CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Design of the Study 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Method of Data Analysis CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 5.1 Summary 5.2 Conclusion 5.3 Recommendations 5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies Bibliography Appendix CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research work was carried out by Bennett, B. Bennett of the Department of Accountancy Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. _______________________ Prof. B.C. Osisioma Date. APROVAL This paper titled “Exploring the Challenges of Strategic Management Accounting in Post Global Economic Crisis Era: Implications for...
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...com/locate/jaccpubpol On the global acceptance of IAS/IFRS accounting standards: The logic and implications of the principles-based system q Salvador Carmona *, Marco Trombetta IE Business School, Calle Pinar, 15-1B, 28006 Madrid, Spain a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t The widespread acceptance of International Accounting Standards (IAS)/International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) makes it timely to examine their technical determinants as well as their implications for the accounting profession and the process of accounting harmonization. In this respect, we suggest that the principles-based approach to the standards and its inner flexibility enables the application of IAS/IFRS to countries with diverse accounting traditions and varying institutional conditions. Furthermore, the principles-based approach involves major changes in the expertise held by accountants and, hence, in their educational background, training programs, and in the organizational and business models of accounting firms. Finally, we submit that the standards set by the IAS/IFRS constitute a step forward in the process of accounting harmonization, although there is still far to go in the comparability of accounting measures across countries and regions. Ó 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Globalization Accounting harmonization Convergence Principles-based standards Rules-based standards 1. Introduction The harmonization of accounting standards has made considerable...
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...Global Environments in Accounting University of Phoenix Principles of Accounting ACC/300 Global Environments in Accounting Yum! Brands, Inc. is a worldwide food service company with over 40,000 restaurants in 125 countries. According to Yum! Brands financial statements the company has been profitable over the last two years. They have been able to this by lower the costs of food production. According to the Yum! Brands website over 70% of their revenue comes from outside the United States. Most of this expansion has occurred in developing markets were they have over 14,000 restaurants, which is nearly double of the nearest competitor. Yum! Brands has been able to position themselves for growth and would be a wise investment due to their long term growth potential. When reviewing data from the financial statements specifically we can see potential in the current ratio and the debt to worth ratios over the last two quarters. Yum brands current ratio for first quarter 2014 stands at 0.84 showing that the companies relative liquidity can handle the majority of their liabilities immediately. When compared to the last quarter of 2013 which stood at 0.75 we can see that liquidity rose by nearly 10 percent. Solvency is also a concern when reviewing possible investments and Yum brands finished the fourth quarter of 2013 with a 74% debt to worth ratio fell to 73% exhibiting growth in shareholder equity. Yum! Brands Debt Security A debt security, also known as fixed income securities...
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...Total Quality Pioneers Paper xxxxxxxx Quality Management and Productivity MGT/449 xxxxxx xxx Introduction People are confronted with scenarios concerning quality nearly every day. The word or notion of quality can be defined a number of ways. Some think quality should be determined by individual standards and expectations, while others believe quality is an ever changing state. Goetsch and Davis systematically broke down the elements of quality and determined that “quality is a dynamic state associated with products, services, people, processes, and environments that meets or exceeds expectations and helps produce superior value (Goetsch and Davis, 2010 p.5).” Whatever ones interpretation of quality might be, the intent of this paper is to more clearly define quality and its elements as well as describe how the quality pioneer's use of the total quality elements made the pioneers successful. Furthermore, this paper will explain why the elements of quality are useful in today’s environment and offer some insight as to what the future of quality might look like. Quality and its Elements Quality is defined with a variety of distinct explanations. Nevertheless, understanding quality is the key. End use consumers that are businesses explain quality unmistakably through the use of standards, specifications, and other measurable features. For instance, an individual in search of a new automobile will make his or her final purchase decision based on the quality...
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...correct patients so that no other competitors steal valued material. This actually makes their products perform better than other competitors. Politically Under Armour needs to promote good and safe work habits. They do not want a negative view like Nike obtained after they were seen utilizing sweatshops to make a deeper profit in the Industry. Even if a few customers find out they are using bad practices, then it shatters the whole reputation and brand image. Socio-cultural and Global Under Armour and other competitors can and have been using a global image to win the customers over. It is very important that Under Armour utilizes the global image of their quality product, for instance, showing their products on a global scale such as providing gear to the NFL and MLB. People are likely to wear what the professionals wear because they want to be like them. It also utilizes product placement in movies, TV shows, and video games that places their product on a global scale. It can also reach a global scale by endorsements made with worldwide know people, such as people participating...
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...with products from manufacturing to cultural resources that promotes worldwide exchanges of ideas, economic impact and global interaction. The major factors which have contributed advances on an exponential scale include transportation in the air, sea, and ground, and the international infrastructure in telecommunications, from fiber optics, global thinking and the World Wide Web2. The processes in globalization has affected small business to large corporations, economics, social cultural resources, including politics from the migration of ideas with support and criticism from cultural differences intertwined with competition. The creativity and innovation from the diverse cultures has exploded into popularity that affect all civilization and lifestyles. Diverse knowledge and the ability to compete on a global scale has changed the way businesses and individuals interact. The advances in technology, with faster cell phone,smartphones, tablets integrated electronics, multi-CPU architect, faster bandwidth from fiber optic infrastructure will continue to integrate businesses and individuals in globalization for years in the future. The consumption of a product, either electronic gadgets, power tools, food or grains, and intellectual property from the east coast to west coast or United States to China or any other country will affect the supply or demand on a global scale instead of locally from state to state, or neighboring...
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...TM-Chapter 1 (Motivations, Means and Mentalities) In this chapter, a number of important questions that companies must resolve before taking the leap to operate outside their home environment. 1. What market opportunities, sourcing advantages, or strategic imperatives provide the motivation for their international expansion? 2. By what means will they expand their overseas presence-through modes such as exports, licensing, joint ventures, wholly-owned subsidiaries, or some other means? 3. How will the management mentalities – their embedded attitudes, assumptions, and beliefs- that they bring to their international ventures affect their chances of success? Operating in an international rather than a domestic arena presents managers with many new opportunities. Having worldwide operations not only gives a company access to new markets and low-cost resources, it also opens up new sources of information and knowledge and broadens the options for strategic moves that the company might make to compete with its domestic and international rivals. However, with all these new opportunities come the challenges of managing strategy, organization, and operations that are innately more complex, diverse, and uncertain. What is multinational enterprise? * Multinational enterprise has substantial direct investment in foreign countries (Not just the trading relationships of an import-export business), and actively manage and regard those operations as integral parts of the company...
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...Introduction One of the most important items about gaming is there are winners and losers (in a fun and entertaining way), which influences and entices players all over the world. All of the variables involved with the networks that provide gaming platforms are so dynamic and diverse. From games that are purely for fun or learning there will be a huge market for deploying bigger networks. This is one reason networks growth should grow exponentially. Below is what I have identified as a gaming or Local Exchange network. “Retrieved from, http://www.psu.com/a018031/” 12/17/2013 Posted January 17th, 2013 at 19:30 EDT by Timothy Nunes “Retrieved from, http://www.hcl-axon.com/Our_Products/gamedge/” 12/17/2013 “Retrieved from, http://compnetworking.about.com/od/homenetworking/ig/Home-Network-Diagrams/Hybrid-Network-Diagram.htm” 12/17/13 By Bradley Mitchell References • Home Wi-Fi Security Checklist Cited in the "Handbook of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics" and other titles! • Fixing Common Internet Connection Problems There's nothing more frustrating than a broken Internet connection. We have some tips that can help. Summary The development of a good gaming network has many components that work to enable the end user to have a full experience of entertainment and enjoyment. Some networks are much smaller which can be setup for home use. The ability to play a...
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...like a natural cycle. See updates below. – Anthony ================================================================ Guest essay by Bob Tisdale The recently published climate model-based paper Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling [Paywalled] by Yu Kosaka and Shang-Ping Xie has gained a lot of attention around the blogosphere. Like Meehl et al (2012) and Meehl et al (2013), Kosaka and Xie blame the warming stoppage on the recent domination of La Niña events. The last two sentences of Kosaka and Xie (2013) read: Our results show that the current hiatus is part of natural climate variability, tied specifically to a La-Niña-like decadal cooling. Although similar decadal hiatus events may occur in the future, the multi-decadal warming trend is very likely to continue with greenhouse gas increase. Anyone with a little common sense who’s reading the abstract and the hype around the blogosphere and the Meehl et al papers will logically now be asking: if La Niña events can stop global warming, then how much do El Niño events contribute? 50%? The climate science community is actually hurting itself when they fail to answer the obvious questions. And what about the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO)? What happens to global surface temperatures when the AMO also peaks and no longer contributes to the warming? The climate science community skirts the common-sense questions, so no one takes them seriously. UPDATE...
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...(Urama & Ozor, 2010). Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns affect agriculture, especially in tropical regions. Consequently, rain-fed agriculture is seriously threatened resulting in imminent global food insecurity Although the impacts of climate change is global, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is noted to be the region most vulnerable to many adverse effects of climate change because of her high dependence on rain-fed agriculture for food security, economic growth, coupled with low adaptive capacity (Kotir, 2011). In SSA, 93% of cultivated land is rain-fed (Sharma, 2011) and over 80% of the rural households derive their livelihoods from rain-fed agriculture (Gbetibouo & Mills, 2012) with about a third of the people in this region living in drought prone dry lands (Singh et al., 2009). Climate change has resulted in low crop productivity and crop...
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...Greenpeace and Global Warming Greenpeace is an international organization that works for better environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species, and they are striving to put an end to global warming by the human race. Global warming is a natural process; however because of the rate humans are pouring pollutants into the air, the warming is highly exhilarated. We, as a nation have the technology to supply our energy needs without the use of fossil fuels. According to Greenpeace ( 2010 ), “With current technology, renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and geothermal can provide 96% of our total heating demand – accounting for almost all of our primary energy demand.” (The Solutions, para. 1 2010). By putting these resources to work preservation of our planet for future generations is the most advantageous reason for making these changes. Changes would also create more jobs, and do away with our foreign oils dependence, thus increasing our national security. We hear about global warming on almost a daily basis, some believe in it but know little about it. Others do not believe it exists or that it is harmless. However, there is no doubt among the world’s scientists that global warming is happening and its cause is people burning fossil fuels. We are witnessing many changes in our world already, many people are dying from cancer and other illnesses brought about by pollution. We have more natural disasters than before due to the climate changes....
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