...Culture Essay Culture is pervasive in all marketing activities”, (Albaum et al, 2005) Hall distinguishes culture according to the degree of context in their communication systems (De Mooij, 2010). High context cultures (Japanese, Chinese) contrast greatly with low context cultures (USA), who require a more explicit conveyance of messages. As Hall (1984) says, “Many Americans don’t seem able to evaluate anything unless they can attach a number to it”. Introduction One of the early scholars of culture, Linton (1945), defines it as: ‘‘The configuration of learned behavior and results of learned behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society.’’ Other early scholars like Kluckhorn (1954) conceptualized that the cultural influences transcend in terms of the beliefs, norms, traditions, and values of society and this view still prevails among the scholars of culture. Why is culture important? Global Marketing in the simplest description attempts to understand customers in terms of what they buy, when they buy, why they buy, how much they buy, where they buy it, and with what they buy. Internationally, this means understanding culture. How marketing efforts interact with culture determines the success or failure of a product. "There are many examples of cultural differences that have affected marketing success or failure." (Buzzell) The relationship with culture comes into play with the realization that each of the consumer...
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...The Role of Cultures in Global Management Abstract What is culture and how other people deal with culture on a daily basis. Countries around the world work daily with different cultures in a business setting. There are many different ways that culture practices get done throughout the world. Middle East does things different than what the United States does. Global management and cultures bring many issues with it. Managers and staff need to find new ways to handle values, beliefs and social norms when working a business around the world. Most businesses have an assortment of different cultures and backgrounds because there are different people working within the group. This “Group of people" has the same religion, language, beliefs, and values share a culture no matter what. This, in turn, joined with all different types of people in the same cultural system. An examination made of the art of administering groups who are from different cultures, taking into account their different set of values, carry out, and ways of achieving different goals. A review presented of some of the problems that inherent in from one country to another because manager reject or is helpless of internalizing the local culture in which the displacement operates. Culture provides two functions that affect global management today. With the growth in global activities of both domestic and multinational companies, managers need a good perceptive of culture. People’s cultural...
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...Assess the view that the mass media are helping to create a single global popular culture (January 2013) Popular culture is a culture ordinary people can relate to and is enjoyed by mass audiences. It is also referred to as low or mass culture and it is a mass produced product and sometimes trivial in its content and has no artistic value. High culture is seen as set apart from everyday life and often highly valued and aimed at mainly upper class and middle class people. The mass media can be argued in creating a single global popular culture due to many different processes. Postmodernists would suggest that the difference between high and popular culture is weakening due to easier international transportations and expansions of media based industries. High and popular culture can be produced and exchanged more easily and the boundaries between them have become blurred. Strinati supports this and says that there is no real distinction between high and popular culture. Giddens also argues that forms of high culture are used to produce products for the mass popular culture market. One way in which the mass media has helped to create a single global popular culture in through convergence. This is a combination of the different ways of presenting a variety of the types of information such as video, text and music into a single delivery system. Compression has also contributed to this which is the way in which digital technologies can send many signals through the same sable...
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...NEGOTIATIONS Cross-Culture Work in a Global Economy Erin Meyer, affiliate professor at INSEAD and author of The Culture Map, on why memorizing a list of etiquette rules doesn’t work. For more, read the article, Navigating the Cultural Minefield. 14:47 SARAH GREEN: Welcome to the HBR IdeaCast from Harvard Business Review. I’m Sarah Green. I’m talking today with Erin Meyer, an Affiliate Professor of Organizational Management at INSEAD. She’s the author of the book, The Culture Map, and of the HBR article, “Navigating the Cultural Minefield.” Erin, thanks so much for talking with us today. ERIN MEYER: Thank you, Sarah. SARAH GREEN: So let’s just start by tell us what The Culture Map is. And tell us a little bit about why you developed it, what’s the problem you’re trying to solve. ERIN MEYER: I became very interested in researching how cultural differences were impacting business people, because I found that, although the world has changed quite dramatically over the last 15 years, the discourse around management hasn’t kept up with it. So just to give you an example of this, I was just in a bookstore yesterday. And I picked up a book about negotiations, a new book written by an American author. And as I’m looking through it, I can tell that the implicit assumption by the author is that the people who are negotiating, who are reading the book, are going to be negotiating with people who come from their own culture. But this isn’t the case anymore...
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...Culture is a defining feature of a person's identity, contributing to how they see themselves and the groups with which they identify. Culture may be broadly defined as the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings, which is transmitted from one generation to another. Every community, cultural group or ethnic group has its own values, beliefs and ways of living. Culture forms an important element of social life of a man. It is the culture that makes human animal to man. It regulates his conduct and prepares him for group life. It teaches him what type of food he should take and what manners, how he should cover himself and behave with the fellows, how he should speak and influence the people, how he should co-operative and compete with other. Man has acquired these qualities required to live and social behavior even for complicated situations. In here we are trying to discuss how culture can affect to the marketing process when it comes to the international marketing because culture is different in every country and also even in the same country there are different sub cultures too. In order to be successes in international marketing, marketers have to understand and these differences of cultures around the world. Culture Definition We define culture as the sum total of learned beliefs, values, and customs that serve to direct the consumer behavior of members of a particular society (Consumer Behavior, Shiffman and Kanuk) Components of culture ...
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...tendency to culture merger. People from all strata of life from different countries all over the world enjoy the same movies, television shows, food and fashion. The global village ushered in by Marshal McLuhan has not only become a contemporary reality but seems to have demolished all frontiers, not only between countries but also between cultures and so national cultures which give form to national identity have been absorbed in one global culture resulting in the loss of individual national identity. Various debates on whether globalisation improves cultural diversity or else makes this diversity uniform are very much on the agenda. Culture distinguishes one country from another. It links people to places in a number of ways. These links include religion, dress, food, or the media. The latter serves also as a means for advertising different cultures around the world. One may easily claim that, due to the increasing interpenetration happening in our world, national cultures are becoming diluted and homogenised into one huge global culture. The term ‘interpenetration’ refers to the “distant cultures... come[ing] face to face with each other at a local level...” (Cochrane & Pain, 2004, p.16). The globalisation of culture is just one way in which globalisation manifests itself. Globalisation can be summarised as the force that covers all areas of our lives: economically, politically and culturally. “It is the organisation and exercise of power on a global scale” (Cochrane...
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...Differences in World Culture Closely Related to Global Business Operation 梁宇轩 20130250016 Now the world is increasingly globalized and the world seems to become smaller since the vehicle become more and more advanced. It is very easy for a person to travel and do business all over the world. But the advanced vehicle could not speed up people to know others abroad because of the cultural difference. While doing business in a foreign country, sometimes it is very important for the businessman to realize the cultural of the country. Even nowadays there exist some countries have a institution that its politics are closely connect with its religions such as the Islamic areas. There exist a lot of taboos in Islamic countries and maybe something usual in our normal days is evil in those countries. That means if someone wants to do business in the Islamic areas and he needs to know the country’s religion and cultural otherwise he may lose his money or even break the law. For example, the financial industry is very different in Islamic areas. In the ancient time, Prophet Muhammad observed the usury behavior harmed his people as a witness. And he thought that these behavior will make the society injustice and intensify the contradiction. So he made the regulation that no one will be allowed to get interest from lending money to others. Even in the Quran charging interest is not allowed. There is no doubt that this regulation can not adjust the world’s convention. The interest...
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...WALMART SUCCESS IN MEXICO, CANADA AND CHINA: GLOBAL EXPANSION, STRATEGIES, ENTRY MODES, THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES Lee Yee Mun B1000922 Help College Of Arts and Technology Bachelor of Science in Collaboration with Southern New Hampshire University, USA lemon_0611@hotmail.com Rashad Yazdanifard Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia. rashadyazdanifard@yahoo.com 1 ABSTRACT Global expansion has been gaining a lot of attention. There are many important factors to be considered in the decision-making process such as business strategies, entry modes, and threats and opportunities in the markets. Appropriate strategies will minimize the risk of failure in international markets. The right business strategies and entry modes employed will increase the firm’s chances of success and influence the future of the retailer. Key words: global expansion, business strategies, entry modes, threats, opportunities, Walmart 1. Introduction The internalization of the retail industry has been researched widely, and majority of these studies have described the motivations and scales for international expansion by retailers (Akehurst & Alexander, 1995; Williams, 1992). Many models of internalization explains the sequence of foreign expansion, showing that companies who go international will do better in foreign markets that are similar to their domestic markets. This was why Walmart chose to enter the markets of Canada and Mexico (Johanson...
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...k An understanding of national cultures is important to the formulation of strategy management. Most of cultures are Centralism of the Self Culture. If a global corporation invests to a country, the country cannot reject the investment. But if the investment is contradictory of their rules and to protect domestic industry, the corporation won’t be welcomed in the nation. So corporation must be understanding national cultures before enter to start business in a nation. k An understanding of national cultures is important to the formulation of strategy management. Most of cultures are Centralism of the Self Culture. If a global corporation invests to a country, the country cannot reject the investment. But if the investment is contradictory of their rules and to protect domestic industry, the corporation won’t be welcomed in the nation. So corporation must be understanding national cultures before enter to start business in a nation. k An understanding of national cultures is important to the formulation of strategy management. Most of cultures are Centralism of the Self Culture. If a global corporation invests to a country, the country cannot reject the investment. But if the investment is contradictory of their rules and to protect domestic industry, the corporation won’t be welcomed in the nation. So corporation must be understanding national cultures before enter to start business in a nation. k An understanding of national cultures is important to the formulation of strategy...
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...Abstract This paper is a brief discussion of the importance of culture for marketing and managing in global markets. The major topics discussed are management styles; product development and management; advertising campaigns, and communication as they are affected by various elements of culture and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Management Styles Management styles practiced by domestically run companies will differ from management styles practiced in the countries of companies’ foreign operations. These differences are influenced by the elements of culture that make up the learned behaviors or way of life of a country’s or region’s people (Gaspar, 2013). Yuan (2010) describes reasons for conflict between American managers and Chinese employees in Fortune 500 companies, citing one instance in which a Chinese employee responded to an American manager with an estimated number rather than an accurate one. Because of differing values and attitudes among cultures described by Gaspar, the American manager interpreted the Chinese employee’s response as being deceptive. However, the Chinese employee was avoiding shame, which in Chinese culture results from not knowing the answer to a question. Upon understanding this, the trust grew between the American manager and his Chinese employees likely as the result of the manager changing the way he sought information from his employees. Also, in China it is expected that companies pay newspaper reporters for writing a favorable stories, which...
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...“Global Consumer Culture is a beguiling illusion that completely glosses over the hard realities of national, ethnic and religious differences. It is therefore a dangerous fiction for the marketing manager to engage with.” Discuss, with examples. Introduction Globalization has made a more variety of products available for all consumers. In this sense, globalization increases differences, rather than generate homogenization (Lee & Usunier, 2009). Moreover, global influences are adapted to local circumstances; therefore, globalization results in an increasingly cultural diversity. The existence of a global consumer culture does not imply the disappearance of differences; rather, the modern culture results in the sum of these differences (Arnett, 2002). Global consumer culture (GCC) is a new stratum of common culture that superimpose on national cultures (Lee and Usunier, 2009) in the same way in which these overlap local traditions and subcultures existing within national boundaries, given the fact that most countries are already multicultural (Smith, 1991). Notably, it has been argued that culture is the most influential factor on consumer behaviour (Cleveland and Laroche, 2007); consequently, it is important to define the extent to which a modern global culture determine purchasing decisions, and these insights should inform marketing strategies. Therefore, the question is whether a GCC does exist, in which sense it should be interpreted, and how it does affect national cultures...
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...Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rhrd20 Connection, value, and growth: how employees with different national identities experience a geocentric organizational culture of a global corporation Maria S. Plakhotnik, Tonette S. Rocco, Joshua C. Collins & Hilary Landorf To cite this article: Maria S. Plakhotnik, Tonette S. Rocco, Joshua C. Collins & Hilary Landorf (2015) Connection, value, and growth: how employees with different national identities experience a geocentric organizational culture of a global corporation, Human Resource Development International, 18:1, 39-57, DOI: 10.1080/13678868.2014.979009 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2014.979009 Published online: 11 Dec 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 288 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rhrd20 Download by: [University of Exeter] Date: 12 December 2015, At: 14:41 Human Resource Development International, 2015 Vol. 18, No. 1, 39–57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2014.979009 Connection, value, and growth: how employees with different national identities experience a geocentric organizational culture of a global corporation Maria S. Plakhotnika, Tonette S. Roccob*, Joshua C. Collinsb and Hilary Landorf c School of Social Sciences and the Humanities, National Research University “Higher...
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...The 15th and 16th century global cultures impacted the development of humanity in three ways. Exploration, religion, and politics which were major aspects of the culture during the 15th and 16th centuries. Through exploration, the Europeans began taking many more slaves and bringing them back to North America. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses paved the way for secularism during the renaissance. In terms of politics, governments were shifting towards more progressive systems which eventually led to civilians being represented in choices made by their government. This emboldened the citizen to accomplish higher achievements. The Age of Exploration began in the end of the 15th century and ended in the 18th century. The Age of Exploration brought together...
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...TM-Chapter 1 (Motivations, Means and Mentalities) In this chapter, a number of important questions that companies must resolve before taking the leap to operate outside their home environment. 1. What market opportunities, sourcing advantages, or strategic imperatives provide the motivation for their international expansion? 2. By what means will they expand their overseas presence-through modes such as exports, licensing, joint ventures, wholly-owned subsidiaries, or some other means? 3. How will the management mentalities – their embedded attitudes, assumptions, and beliefs- that they bring to their international ventures affect their chances of success? Operating in an international rather than a domestic arena presents managers with many new opportunities. Having worldwide operations not only gives a company access to new markets and low-cost resources, it also opens up new sources of information and knowledge and broadens the options for strategic moves that the company might make to compete with its domestic and international rivals. However, with all these new opportunities come the challenges of managing strategy, organization, and operations that are innately more complex, diverse, and uncertain. What is multinational enterprise? * Multinational enterprise has substantial direct investment in foreign countries (Not just the trading relationships of an import-export business), and actively manage and regard those operations as integral parts of the company...
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...Total Quality Pioneers Paper xxxxxxxx Quality Management and Productivity MGT/449 xxxxxx xxx Introduction People are confronted with scenarios concerning quality nearly every day. The word or notion of quality can be defined a number of ways. Some think quality should be determined by individual standards and expectations, while others believe quality is an ever changing state. Goetsch and Davis systematically broke down the elements of quality and determined that “quality is a dynamic state associated with products, services, people, processes, and environments that meets or exceeds expectations and helps produce superior value (Goetsch and Davis, 2010 p.5).” Whatever ones interpretation of quality might be, the intent of this paper is to more clearly define quality and its elements as well as describe how the quality pioneer's use of the total quality elements made the pioneers successful. Furthermore, this paper will explain why the elements of quality are useful in today’s environment and offer some insight as to what the future of quality might look like. Quality and its Elements Quality is defined with a variety of distinct explanations. Nevertheless, understanding quality is the key. End use consumers that are businesses explain quality unmistakably through the use of standards, specifications, and other measurable features. For instance, an individual in search of a new automobile will make his or her final purchase decision based on the quality...
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