...Tutorial 2: What do you understand by the term Global Economic Crisis of 2008? Identify and explain some of the causes. Global Economic Crisis of 2008 was known as the biggest financial crisis after the Great Depression of 1930s. In September 2008, one of the most venerable and biggest investment bank, Lehman Brothers was forced to declare itself bankrupt, and the world’s largest insurance company, AIG collapsed. The financial collapses of these companies triggered the global economic crisis, with Asian stocks slammed by; stocks fell off a cliff and became the largest single point drop in history. These tragedies crushed the world’s economy and result in global recession. It costs the world tens of trillions of dollars, rendered 30 million people unemployed and doubled the national debt of the United States (Inside Job 2010). The effect of the crisis is the bursting of United States housing bubble in 2004 and it caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to fall dramatically. The complex interplay of policies encourages home ownership, thus; people in the United States had easier access to mortgages loans. As the availability of credit is higher, more residents in the United States began to “own properties” by borrowing money from the banks. Due to the housing and credit booms, financial agreements- mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which gained their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly...
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...The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on the Arab World The Arab countries had experienced rapid changes in their economic fortunes in the year 2008. During the first half of 2008, oil, natural gas, and other commodity prices continued to rise rapidly, leading to huge gains. At the same time, they had to cope with rapidly rising food and raw material prices that threatened their economies and social stability. By July, the effects of the financial crisis and expectations of much lower global growth caused a collapse in oil prices. As a result, Arab oil exporters experienced a fall in hydrocarbon receipts, deterioration in their terms of trade, and declining surpluses on their balance of payments. Between July and December, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) basket price of oil fell by 70 percent from a peak of just over $130 per barrel to under $40 per barrel. In September 2008, with the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the turmoil on Wall Street, stock markets all over the world fell, including those in the Middle East. Arab banks were not overly exposed to the U.S. mortgage or derivatives markets, but sovereign wealth funds and other holders of equities suffered large losses. The stock markets in the region suffered along with others around the world. In the twelve-month period ending in February 2009, the Saudi stock market fell by 49 percent, Dubai's by 72 percent, and Egypt's by 61 percent. These losses have reduced consumption and discouraged...
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...Counteracting the global economic crisis: values, institutions, policies. When talking about the broad and complicated subject of economic crisis, it is important to mention ideas concerning neutralization of its consequences and prevention of future calamities. The current disturbance in the global economy requires not only to understand how it was initiated, but also how to counteract and draw conclusions from it. The Chinese proverb says: “may you live in interesting times.” These times are now- financial markets are in turmoil, China is rising as economic power, young people from Europe and America are protesting against, what they see as ineffective government and regulations. In next years the world will change even more- also thanks to changes, that will be made as an answer to the global economic crisis- in terms of values, necessary institutions and policies. The first step toward ending the crisis is to introduce new regulations, that would stabilize the market. Since 1980’s the American financial market has been experiencing a long period of deregulation. Although the obvious results of this move- the example can be the deregulation of savings and loans companies, that led to crisis in 1989, the process continued. Decade later, in 1990’s the new market instruments- derivatives, became increasingly popular. Although, their allies argued that they would stabilize the market, the opposite happened. Any attempt to regulate hedge funds was cut out by Commodity...
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..."The Role of Central Banking in the Global Economic and Financial Crisis" 1. Introduction It is fair to say that central banks around the world have learned the lessons from previous crises and they attempted to change financial regulations to keep pace with the changing global financial system. The policy response triggered by the recent financial crisis has been rapid and it appears that the global policy response has helped to mitigate the effects of the financial crisis. European Central Bank response to the latest crisis was an example of swift and effective reaction. It combined a mix of standard and non-standard monetary actions. 2. European Central Bank (ECB) – history and mission The ECB is the central bank for Europe's single currency (the euro) and its main task is to maintain the euro's purchasing power and thus price stability in the euro area. The ECB was created in 1998 to serve as the central bank representing the interests of the countries belonging to the European Union. In less than a decade, the ECB, headquarter in Frankfurt, Germany, has emerged as one of the world’s most important financial institutions. The Treaty of Nice (1967) established a three-stage plan to create a single currency and monetary policy for the euro area by creating the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). The ESCB consists of the ECB as well as the national central banks for each of the member nations. The ECB is successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). The...
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...STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN POST GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ERA IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NIGERIAN PROFESSIONAL BY BENNETT B. BENNETT UNIZIK/ACC/Ph.D./2011387014F DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTANCY, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA SEPTEMBER, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Certification Approval Declaration Acknowledgement List of Tables Abstract CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background to Study 1.1 Statement of Research Problem 1.2 Objective of Study 1.3 Research Question 1.4 Research Hypothesis 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Scope and Delimitation of Study 1.7 Limitations CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Historical Background 2.2 Conceptual Frame work 2.3 theoretical Frame work 2.4 Review of Current Literature CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Design of the Study 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Method of Data Analysis CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 5.1 Summary 5.2 Conclusion 5.3 Recommendations 5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies Bibliography Appendix CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research work was carried out by Bennett, B. Bennett of the Department of Accountancy Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. _______________________ Prof. B.C. Osisioma Date. APROVAL This paper titled “Exploring the Challenges of Strategic Management Accounting in Post Global Economic Crisis Era: Implications for the Nigerian Professional”...
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...R e se a rc h a n d Stat i s t i c s B r a n c h working paper 16/2009 Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis over the Automotive Industry in Developing Countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION RESEARCH AND STATISTICS BRANCH WORKING PAPER 16/2009 Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis over the Automotive Industry in Developing Countries Peter Wad Copenhagen Business School UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, 2010 This paper was prepared by Peter Wad, UNIDO consultant and backstopped by Nobuya Haraguchi, UNIDO staff member, Research and Statistics Branch, Programme Coordination and Field Operations Division. Iguaraya Saavedra provided administrative support. The designations employed, descriptions and classifications of countries, and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Secretariat of the UNIDO. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. Although great care has...
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...[pic] [pic] Assignment Course code: ECON 403 Course title: Monetary Theory and Policy Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Dr. Hasan Gungor Student: Murad Alakbarov Student number: 065028 Task for Assignment II: Compare and contrast 1929 – 39 Great Depression and current global economic crisis with respect to causes and responses and actions of monetary authorities to this crisis. Introduction “…In the old days, we used to suffer nearly periodic economic crises, the sudden onset of which was called a "panic", and the lingering trough period after the panic was called "depression". The most famous depression in modern times, of course, was the one that began in a typical financial panic in 1929 and lasted until the advent of World War II. After the disaster of 1929, economists and politicians resolved that this must never happen again. The easiest way of succeeding at this resolve was, simply to define "depressions" out of existence. From that point on, America was to suffer no further depressions. For when the next sharp depression came along, in 1937-38, the economists simply refused to use the dread name, and came up with a new, much softer-sounding word: "recession". From that point on, we have been through quite a few recessions, but not a single depression. But pretty soon the word "recession" also became too harsh for the delicate sensibilities of the American public. It now seems that we had our last recession in 1957-58. For since...
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...A period of economic difficulty that consumers and markets are experiencing world-widely is known as global financial crisis (BusinessDictionary, 2015). It occurs when there is an increase in asymmetric information coming from disruptions in financial system that is interrupting the funds from channelling efficiently between savers and households as well as preventing firms from having productive investment opportunities (Mishkin and Eakins, 2012, pp. 204). The recent global financial crisis began in the year of 2007 and the intensity increased in the subsequent year. Global financial crisis in 2007 happened as result of a number of factors such as government mandated subprime lending, imprudent mortgage lending, housing bubble, securitization and a few other more factors, which will be discussed. Causes The government mandated subprime lending has contributed to the financial crisis by promoting affordable housing under Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) as well as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Through affordable housing, banks were encouraged to participate in imprudent mortgage lending as mandated by the federal in order to help low-income borrowers, which imprudent mortgage lending is another cause that contributed to the global financial crisis (Jickling, 2009). As a result of mortgage lending, low-income families are able to purchase houses that they are not be able to afford to purchase without the policy. The loans require low or no down payments and limited documentation...
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...SESRIC REPORTS ON GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS – 9 SESRIC REPORTS ON THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS European Debt Crisis and Impacts on Developing Countries STATISTICAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES (SESRIC) 1 SESRIC REPORTS ON GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS – 9 2011‐2 Issue EUROPEAN DEBT CRISIS AND IMPACTS ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES July – December 2011 SESRIC Reports on Global Financial Crisis : The financial crisis which started in July 2007, when investors lost their confidence in the mortgage‐ and asset‐based securities in the United States, has deepened during 2008‐2009 with a global reach and affecting a wide range of financial and economic activities and institutions in both developed and developing countries around the world. As the crisis deepened, the governments of major developed and developing countries as well as international financial regulators attempted to take some mitigation actions and coordinate efforts to contain the crisis. Given this state of affairs, the SESRIC has been preparing short reports since May 2009 with the aim of monitoring the developments related to the current global financial crisis at the global, regional and national levels. In particular, these reports focus on the impact of the crisis on the economies ...
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...Why did China fare much better than the United States and the United Kingdom during the 2007-2009 financial crisis ? 1. Global financial crisis 2007 to 2009 1.1 Background The 2007-2009 financial crisis started as a sub-prime crisis in the United States (US). The Wall Street, driven for higher profits and low federal fund rate in home ownership began lending to sub-primes (Whalley et al, 2009). The mortgage loans were then re-packaged into financial instruments and sold to investors globally. When the housing prices declined in 2006, sub-primes defaulted on their mortgage loans as the values of their houses depreciated. These non-performing loans grew in sizes and led to the collapse of the mortgage loan market and collateralised debt obligations, leaving banks and financial institutions with lower net worth (Bianco, 2008). Due to the interconnected economies, the impact of the crisis spread beyond the US and resulted in a global financial crisis. | | | 1. | | | 2. | | | 3. | | | 4. | | | 5. | | | | | | | | | | 1. | | | | | | | 1. | | | 2. | | | 3. | | | | | | GDP: GDP growth (%): Considering that China’s GDP was only a third of the USA’s, its fiscal stimulus package size was significant in comparison to USA and UK, where the stimulus package were only 6% and 1.4% of their respective GDP (Fleet, 2010).. Hu Jintao committed at the G20...
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...Global Economic Crisis The global financial crisis (GFC) or global economic crisis is commonly believed to have begun in July 2007 with the credit crunch, when a loss of confidence by US investors in the value of sub-prime mortgages caused a liquidity crisis. This, in turn, resulted in the US Federal Bank injecting a large amount of capital into financial markets. By September 2008, the crisis had worsened as stock markets around the globe crashed and became highly volatile. Consumer confidence hit rock bottom as everyone tightened their belts in fear of what could lie ahead. The current financial crisis is the worst the world has seen since the Great Depression of the 1930s. For younger generations, accustomed to mild recessions of the new phase of globalization, the misery of the Great Depression is hitherto nothing more than a distant legend. However, the collapse of two Bear Stearns Hedge funds in summer of 2007 exposed what came to be known as the subprime mortgage crisis, reintroducing the world to an era of bank failures, a credit crunch, private defaults and massive layoffs. In the new, globalized world of closely interdependent economies, the crisis affected almost every part of the world, receiving extensive coverage in the international media. “In an Interconnected World, American Homeowner Woes Can Be Felt from Beijing to Rio de Janeiro,” observed the International Herald Tribune at the onset of the crisis. “Chinese Steelmakers Shiver, Indian Miners Catch Flu,” noted...
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...Can innovation solve the economic crisis? Loh Hu 2/18/2013 In this paper, I examine how the theory of technological innovation waves could contribute to solving the ongoing economic crisis. Primarily, my stance remains that innovation in itself is insufficient to solve the economic crisis unless there exists a matching techno-economic paradigm where national, supranational and global efforts are coordinated for a full deployment of technological revolution. Can innovation solve the economic crisis? Background There has been a wide international debate on the causes and possible solutions to the economic crisis that emerged in 2007 – 2008 (Ranga and Etzkowitz 2012). The economic crisis sweeps across the global financial system rapidly and furiously as markets are globally integrated (Gore 2010). Hence, the responses to the global economic crisis are not only enclosed within a nation’s or a coalition government’s approach. Rather, a global coordinated response is warranted as well. Economic stimulus packages addressing short-term and long-term problems have been adopted in most countries as well as the European Commission (Ranga and Etzkowitz 2012). Internationally, the United States of America and European Union have recently been discussing on a free-trade agreement to remove trading barriers between the two important economic powers and boost the economies (BBC News Business 2013). Globally, the G-20 group of major economies have considered proposals on international...
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...Summary Today’s society consists of a crises where there is a need for crisis management, however critics argue there is not enough being done to assist all nations from this organization. There is little attention from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for developing countries trying to work on their financial situation. The IMF is focusing their attention on developed countries with the expensive plans and rescue operations. There is speculation that short term crisis management has too many negatives including it is too costly, responses are not quick enough decisions that are made are often incorrect, and more. There will be much discussion on the debt crisis and the exchange rate. IMF The International Monetary Fund The is an association of 187 countries, employed to foster global monetary collaboration, secure financial stability, facilitate global trade, encourage high percentages of employment, reach for economic growth between many different nations, and reduce poverty around the world, without discriminating against different countries. Many critics believe this establishment to be positive for the many responsibilities they take care of. For example the International Monetary Fund will provide assistance in areas including giving training and technology to developing countries to help with their own economic structure so they can work on their own eventually. IMF works closely with many different nations and the members included and are involved in the media...
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...international economic crisis originating from the initial disaster in the United States has affected the vast majority of countries in one way or another. The amount of influence ranges from economic devastation of some nations at one end of the spectrum to national growth and prosperity at the other. In order to deal with the global crisis, countries have used an array of economic policies and programs in order to either revive their failing financial system or to maintain momentum of a successful market for the future. This includes attempts to either spark capital flow and revenue from increased bailouts and massive stimulus packages or to keep an economy’s health and maintain its fiscal impetus through increased export, trade, and international relations. Upon investigation of the various efforts used to deal with the crisis it is clear that realistic approaches of enhanced international cooperation and exports as well as responsible, conservative government policies are the most proficient way to properly fuel an economy. The worsening condition being experienced by the global economy has appeared to stem from the United States’ financial crisis and its ensuing economic ripple-effect across the world. Because of the U.S.’ large role as one of the main superpowers in the global community, the crisis has become widespread and is only worsening as some predict the oncoming of a double-dip recession. The interdependence of many nations’ trade and general economic stature on...
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...EC3010 - Economic Policy Assignment 1 The nature of the ongoing financial crisis merely confirms what Economists have known for some time, namely, that the interconnectedness of global economic activity renders macro-management by single governments redundant. Their function is now to regulate markets to ensure economically efficient solutions. Module Leader :Paul McKeown Student Name: Chen JiaHui Student number: G20555142 1.0 Introduction This report argues that the ongoing financial crisis merely confirms the global political consideration what economists have known for some time. Firstly, it briefly explains how the financial crisis spread around the world in such a short time by globalisation. This report points out that the global financial system is inherently flawed, showing how economies go from stability to instability. Subsequently, it focuses on the link between economic globalisation and macro-management by single government, considering whether Macro-management of a country’s economy is redundant, given the global interconnectedness economy’s activity and business. This report shows government policy has reduced the effectiveness of interconnected economies, such as fiscal policy and monetary policy. After that, it emphasizes that it is imperative for governments to regulate financial markets so as to ensure economically efficient solutions. Consequently, this report concludes that although macro-management by single government is less effective...
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