...otherwise would not be possible due to a lack of funding. The absence of banks would therefore limit the economic development and growth by preventing individuals from purchasing e.g. houses, cars and other consumer goods, and limiting the businesses’ access to start-up capital or financing of business development activities. Alternatively, a lack of reliable banks could lead individuals to agree to unfavorable loan conditions with extremely high interest rates from for instance loan sharks, possibly leaving them worse off than before and unable to pay the loan back. 2. Historically, how has political instability impacted bond markets? Historically, political instability has caused governments to sell bonds to citizens in order to finance e.g. wars. As the return you get on a bond is highly related to the riskiness of the investment, the price of bonds would typically go down during periods of political instability, due to the decreased credibility of the government and the unwillingness among citizens to invest in bonds, causing the returns to be higher. Furthermore, political instability has previously pressured the governments to increase the supply of printed money, which made the inflation spike. As bonds normally have a fixed interest rate, the bondholders are not compensated for the loss of value caused by high inflation, why inflation causes bond prices to fall. 3. What factors typically contribute to the formation of bubbles? Prior to the formation of a bubble...
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...Cash Management FIN/486 Cash Management Cash Management is a vital tool for the success of any company. In today’s worlds it is important that companies pay close attention to the cash they are spending and receiving. Effective cash management can offer businesses stability, and it could make them more competitive. Big companies use these techniques and have demonstrated that they can be successful. One company that good with cash management techniques is Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is one of the biggest retail companies in the world with more than 8,500 stores in 15 countries and sales of $258billion in 2009. In the following paragraphs the different cash management techniques of Wal-Mart will be analyzed and explained. Also with support of examples the effectiveness of the different techniques will be examine, which will help determine ways to improve the company. Techniques The significance of cash management consists of taking the essential procedures to keep up sufficient levels of cash to congregate operational and capital requirements and to gain the greatest yield on short-term investments of pooled, inactive cash. The most important goal of a superior cash management method is to maintain sufficient money to meet the daily cash necessities of the company at the same time as increasing the amount accessible for investment. Also it is helpful to receive the greatest earnings on invested funds while make sure their safety. One cash management technique that Wal-Mart...
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...ORGANIZATION & CULTURE FINANCE & ACCOUNTING MARKETING MANAGING TECHNOLOGY MARKETING STRATEGY & COMPETITION HUMAN RESOURCES MARKETING ORGANIZATION & CULTURE MANAGING TECHNOLOGY FINANCE & ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION & CULTURE MARKETING STRATEGY & COMPETITION HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGING TECHNOLOGY FINANCE & ACCOUNTING ORGANIZATION & CULTURE MARKETING STRATEGY & COMPETITION HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGING TECHNOLOGY MARKETING STRATEGY & Honing Your HUMAN RESOURCES ORGANIZATION & CULTURE FINANCE & ACCOUNTING HUMAN RESOURCES COMPETITIONCompetitive Edge Finance Function in a Global Corporation The H 108 Harvard Business Review | by Mihir A. Desai HISTORICALLY, the finance functions in large U.S. and European firms have focused on cost control, operating budgets, and internal auditing. But as corporations go global, a world of finance opens up within them, presenting new opportunities and challenges for CFOs. Rather than simply make aggregate capital-structure and dividend decisions, for example, they also have to wrestle with the capital structure and profit repatriation policies of their companies’ subsidiaries. Capital budgeting decisions and valuation must reflect not only divisional differences but also the complications introduced by currency, tax, and country risks. Incentive systems need to measure and reward managers operating in various economic and financial settings. The existence of what amounts to internal markets for capital gives global corporations a powerful mechanism...
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...by the Global CEO is giving companies a powerful mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets as capital markets open up within them. CFO has to balance the traditional question with new questions which arises due to the globalization. By exploiting their internal capital markets, CFO can create value in 3 functions: 1. Financing the internal capital market. 2. Managing Risk Globally, 3. Global Capital Budgeting. 1. Financing the internal capital market – A CFO can significantly reduce a groups overall tax bill by borrowing disproportionately in countries with high tax rates and lending the excess cash to operations in countries with lower rates. But the global CFO needs to be aware of downside of getting strategic about financing in these ways. Saddling the mangers of subsidiaries with debt can cloud their profit performance. 2. Managing Risk Globally – The existence of an internal capital market also broadens a firms Risk management options. Instead of managing all currency exposures through the financial market, global firm can offset natural currency exposures through their worldwide operations. Given this potential for minimizing risk, it might seem perverse that many multinationals let local subsidiaries and regions manage their risks separately. Doing so, however, can obscure the performance of local units, making it harder for headquarters to assess local managers and easier for financial managers to take purely speculative positions. 3. Global Capital...
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...Global Finance Environment Paper FIN/403 May 4, 2008 Globalization refers to the merging of national markets into one huge global marketplace. In today’s market, selling internationally is much easier due to falling barriers in cross-border trade. Now businesses don’t have to be industry giants to operate and succeed in global markets. Although it can be beneficial to offer a standard product that can be used worldwide, significant differences still exist between national markets such as cultural differences, consumer taste differences, product preferences and legal regulations. It is important to define and understand these differences when merging into national markets. Globalization is inevitable and it’s happening at an astonishing speed in nearly every market possible. The technology era that we are in has enabled businesses to join forces like never before and we are seeing significant changes in the global marketplace. There are main drivers in globalization and this paper will define three of them, as well as describe the risks associated with financial investing, and explain the importance of cultural sensitivity and ethics in global finance. Drivers of Globalization Market drivers Domestic markets are saturated and growth opportunities are often times limited. Expanding globally opens up many new opportunities allowing for real growth within a business. The following lists in detail the specific market drivers that play a key role...
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...Islamic Finance: A Therapy for Healing the Global Financial Crisis Miranti Kartika Dewi 1 *Researcher of Centre for Islamic Economics and Business ** Lecturer of Department of Accounting Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia Ilham Reza Ferdian * Student of Master of Science on Finance Programme Kuliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia ** Fellow of PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia ABSTRACT Global financial crisis which hit many too-big-too-fail countries and financial institution in the world was mainly made happen by debt securitization. Derivative instruments resulted from this process obviously were not backed by real asset. When any party came up with investment on these instruments, the investment would never support the development of real sector economy, instead, it just worsen the situation by creating bubble economic. This condition becomes more harmful when the securitized debts default. This practice is strictly forbidden according to Islamic finance principles. It has inherent risk management tools to prevent the crisis. This paper attempts to examine the root of the financial crisis and find the solution from Islamic finance principles. Keywords: Financial crisis, Derivative, MBS, CDO, CDS, Islamic finance 1 Corresponding author can be contacted by email: miranti_k_dewi@yahoo.com. “The credit and capital markets have grown too rapidly...
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...Title Page Introduction a. Global Health Issues b. Economic Impact Behavioral Finance a. Emotional Biases i. Risk Aversion ii. Regret Aversion Market Implications a. Every market in today’s economy was impacted either directly or indirectly by the SARS epidemic. i. Most saw measurable decreases in GDP b. Global cost of lost economic activity due to SARS was approximately $54 billion Conclusion a. Economic damage caused by SARS can be attributed to the behavioral finance emotional biases of loss aversion and regret aversion affecting investors globally. Global Health Issues, Behavioral Finance and the Markets: The Role of Behavioral Finance in how Global Health Issues Impact the Economy Jonathan Davis David A Kennedy Lee V Smith Tayler T Young Syed Zain T Zaidi November 10, 2015 University of Houston- Downtown Global Health Issues, Behavioral Finance and the Markets: The Role of Behavioral Finance in how Global Health Issues Impact the Economy With globalization on the rise, infectious diseases that appear in one country have the opportunity to spread rapidly to others. Recent examples include the 2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2014 outbreak of the Ebola virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 8,098 individuals became infected worldwide with SARS and 774 of those individuals ultimately died from the illness (CDC, 2005). While Ebola killed 5,160 out of the 14,098 people...
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...Global Finance, Inc. is an international organization with expansions in many states. In every state, the company has a number of sites and each site has several workers and customers. Offices are interconnected to each other and to the host organization. As an international organization, Global Finance, Inc. requires a robust network that can support its daily operations, a secure network system and efficient network management strategies. Normally, network choices rely on the company budget, network coverage, and internal and external regulations. Effective network security requires constant upgrades and close monitoring to ensure possible loopholes are sealed in time. Executive Summery Global Finance, Inc. network is constructed by sets of routers and switches. The network switches and routers are designed with unique typologies including different sizes of meshes. The network adopted packet switching and circuit technologies. Packet switches are effective transfer paths and sharing carriers. The network system allows sharing with clients and other management teams. There are also virtual circuits connected to the main path to serve various needs. Additionally, the network has circuit system, which facilitates data transfer only when needed. Global Finance, Inc. has employed Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), which only transfer data when initiated (Acharya, Lasse, Thomas & Matthew, 2011). Apart from Wide Area Network (WAN) and Local Area Network (LAN) connections...
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...Global Finance EnvironmentThis paper will analyze the drivers and consequences of globalization, describe the risks associated with global investing, and explain the importance of cultural sensitivity and ethics in global finance. However, there first must be an understanding of what globalization entails. Globalization is the expansion of companies and entities into the international market; working, manufacturing, and selling or buying from two or more countries. Companies that sell to other countries or buy from other countries are not a good example, but those that have investment, manufacturing, or other divisions of the company in another country is definitely globalization. Drivers of GlobalizationMany drivers of globalization affect an organization financially. Improvements in communication and transportation such as internet, emails, mobile phones, formation of trading blocs, depletion of trade restrictions and creating of new trade agreements among nations, comparative and competitive advantage being offered by certain nations and markets are all driving globalization and increasing trade among nations. Today, countries are increasingly becoming dependent on each other and companies are making a foray into global markets, either to increase their sales or to achieve comparative advantage in terms of production and thus satisfying the needs and wants of ever increasing demands of customers. These changes are increasing the resource requirements of global corporations...
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...IMF STAFF POSITION NOTE December 22, 2009 SPN/09/29 Global Imbalances: In Midstream? Olivier Blanchard and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti I N T E R N A T I O N A L M O N E T A R Y F U N D INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Research Department Global Imbalances: In Midstream? Prepared by Olivier Blanchard and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti1 Authorized for Distribution by Olivier Blanchard December 22, 2009 Disclaimer: The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the IMF, its Executive Board, or its management. Before the crisis, there were strong arguments for reducing global imbalances. As a result of the crisis, there have been significant changes in saving and investment patterns across the world and imbalances have narrowed considerably. Does this mean that imbalances are a problem of the past? Hardly. The paper argues that there is an urgent need to implement policy changes to address the remaining domestic and international distortions that are a key cause of imbalances. Failure to do so could result in the world economy being stuck in “midstream,” threatening the sustainability of the recovery. JEL Classification Numbers: E21, E22, F32, F33, F36, F41 Keywords: Current account deficits, saving, investment, portfolio choice. Authors’ E-mail Addresses: oblanchard@imf.org ; gmilesiferretti@imf.org 1 One of the series of “Seoul papers” on current macro and financial issues. We are grateful to Caroline Atkinson...
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...Learnings From Article Review – Finance Function In a Global Corporation Learnings from Article Review – Finance Function in a Global Corporation As companies globalize, they face new financial challenges. Here, the major challenge faced by the Global CEO is giving companies a powerful mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets as capital markets open up within them. CFO has to balance the traditional question with new questions which arises due to the globalization. By exploiting their internal capital markets, CFO can create value in 3 functions: 1. Financing the internal capital market. 2. Managing Risk Globally, 3. Global Capital Budgeting. 1. Financing the internal capital market – A CFO can significantly reduce a groups overall tax bill by borrowing disproportionately in countries with high tax rates and lending the excess cash to operations in countries with lower rates. But the global CFO needs to be aware of downside of getting strategic about financing in these ways. Saddling the mangers of subsidiaries with debt can cloud their profit performance. 2. Managing Risk Globally – The existence of an internal capital market also broadens a firms Risk management options. Instead of managing all currency exposures through the financial market, global firm can offset natural currency exposures through their worldwide operations. Given this potential for minimizing risk, it might seem perverse that many multinationals let local subsidiaries and regions...
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...Global Finance and Exchange Rate Roderick Duncan MGT 448 06/11/2013 Sue Caruthers Global Finance and Exchange Rate Global finance operations are financial processes, such as accounting, financial planning and analysis, investor relations, treasury, and strategic planning. Web Finance states, exchange rate is “Rate at which one currency may be converted into another. The exchange rate is used when simply converting one currency to another (such as for the purposes of travel to another country), or for engaging in speculation or trading in the foreign exchange market” (exchange rate, para.1). The purpose of this paper is to examine the exchange rate mechanism (Euro Currency Markets), explain how this mechanism is used in global financing operations, and to describe its significance in managing risks. The euro’s evolution began in 1946 when England’s Prime Minister Winston Churchill and other European leaders anticipated Europe to simulate the United States. This brought about the making of the 15- nation European Union that formed the euro. A&E (2013), states “On March 25, 1957, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg sign a treaty in Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the Common Market. The EEC, which came into operation in January 1958, was a major step in Europe's movement toward economic and political union” (common Market founded, para. 1). The European Monetary Unit (EMU) was formed in...
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...Learnings from Article Review – Finance Function in a Global Corporation As companies globalize, they face new financial challenges. Here, the major challenge faced by the Global CEO is giving companies a powerful mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets as capital markets open up within them. CFO has to balance the traditional question with new questions which arises due to the globalization. By exploiting their internal capital markets, CFO can create value in 3 functions: 1. Financing the internal capital market. 2. Managing Risk Globally, 3. Global Capital Budgeting. 1. Financing the internal capital market – A CFO can significantly reduce a groups overall tax bill by borrowing disproportionately in countries with high tax rates and lending the excess cash to operations in countries with lower rates. But the global CFO needs to be aware of downside of getting strategic about financing in these ways. Saddling the mangers of subsidiaries with debt can cloud their profit performance. 2. Managing Risk Globally – The existence of an internal capital market also broadens a firms Risk management options. Instead of managing all currency exposures through the financial market, global firm can offset natural currency exposures through their worldwide operations. Given this potential for minimizing risk, it might seem perverse that many multinationals let local subsidiaries and regions manage their risks separately. Doing so, however, can obscure the performance...
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...Chapter 1 Current Mutinational Challenges and the Global Economy The Global Financial Marketplace Assets(government debt securities), institutions(central banks, commercial/investment bank), linkages(interbanks) Eurocurrency markets serve two valuable purposes:Eurocurrency deposits are an efficient and convenient money market device for holding excess corporate liquidity, The Eurocurrency market is a major source of short-term bank loans to finance corporate working capital needs (including export and import financing) What Is Different About International Financial Management Market Imperfections: A Rationale for the Existence of the Multinational Firm MNE motives: Market seekers, Raw material seekers, Production efficiency seekers, Knowledge seekers, Political safety seekers Globalization process -Stage I: early domestic phase growing into the international trade phase, Stage II: A successful firm will continue to grow from simple international trade to the multinational phase characterized by production and investment both at home and abroad Twin agency: Chapter 2 Corporate Ownership, Goals, and Governance Who Owns the Business The Goal of Management two models: 1.shareholder wealth maximization(max return&min risk): market efficient&risk exsit, unsystematic risk can be diversified, systematic risk can be eliminated. Replace, take-over, vote/share 2.stakeholder capitalism model(labor...
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...Global Financial Markets and Investments FM702 Individual Assignment Learning Outcomes This assignment aims at ensuring that the following learning outcomes are achieved: * Understand the various global financial markets available to business operations; * Appreciate the nature of financial instruments; * Understand the fundamental concepts of financial markets; * Know about the institutional framework in which securities are traded; * Explain and evaluate the conditions of the capital market; * Locate and extract data from a variety of sources and evaluate the reliability and credibility of both sources and data; * Analyze complex, incomplete or contradictory information and communicate the outcome effectively; * Examine problems and issues from a number of perspectives, challenge viewpoints, ideas and concepts, and make well reasoned judgments. * Extract, process and present data for a given purpose, using both qualitative and quantitative analysis; * Use word processing and spreadsheet packages; locate and extract information from the internet; * Act independently in setting personal objectives and in planning and undertaking tasks using effective time management; manage and reflect on own learning and performance; seek and make use of feedback. Policy notes 1. All work must adhere to the University regulations on ‘Cheating, Collusion and Plagiarism’ which are provided as an Appendix in...
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