...Global Governance Governance is a process or all processes of governing. It is mainly undertaken by a market, hierarchy (government) and network. It is undertaken over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory. It needs laws, norms, power or language. Governance relates to “the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions. Although government may be involved in governance, it is possible to have ‘governance without government’. Global governance is a broad, dynamic and complex process of interactive decision-making at the global level. Global governance refers to the processes through which international affairs are coordinated. Global Governance or world governance is a movement towards political integration of transnational actors aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region. It tends to involve institutionalization. These institutions of global governance_the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc,._tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance. The modern question of world governance exists in the context of globalization and globalizing regimes of power: politically, economically and culturally. In response to the acceleration of interdependence on a worldwide scale, both between human societies and between humankind and...
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...Global governance is the political interaction of transnational actors aimed at solving problems that affect more than one state or region when there is no power of enforcing compliance. Global governance represents a complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms and processes between states, markets, citizens and organisations through which collective interests at a global level are articulated. Global governance developed because of globalization which is taking place in the world now and which has led to a restructing of the global order, meaning that events and decisions made outside sovereign states increasingly influence the outcome of political processes within sovereign states. This is the reason why nowadays a lot of issues are decided or determined at a transnational level, either by states acting collectively (such as G7 and G20) or as rules created by transnational regulatory authorities ( main examples are the WTO and the IPCC). As there is no global government, global governance typically involves a range of actors including states, as well as regional and international organizations. However, a single organization may nominally be given the lead role on an issue, for example the World Trade Organization in world trade affairs. Thus global governance is thought to be an international process of consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements that affect national governments and international corporations. Examples of such consensus would...
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...Master’s Programme in Public Policy 2007-2008 Governance, Institutions and the Global Political Economy Assessed Essay Question: Outline the types of institutions which comprise the emerging global civil society. What is their potential for contributing to ‘globalization with a human face’? Essay Number: 707004 Word Count: 3491 I. Introduction While globalization processes have propelled the world into an era of shrinking borders, rapid technological advances and intensifying connectedness, global civil society has risen at an equally rapid pace. Though global civil society is not a new phenomenon, the realm has become increasingly compelling in light of the explosion of civil society institutions that constitute a truly global sphere (Falk, 2000). By 2002, more than 30,000 international nongovernmental organizations existed alongside more than 20,000 global civil society networks, ninety percent of which had emerged during the previous three decades (Edwards, 2002). As numbers continue to increase, the true estimate of global civil society institutions is likely in the millions (Matthews, 2003). The growth of global civil society in the era of globalization leads naturally to questions regarding the institutions included in this sector and their contributions to the processes of globalization. Consequently, this essay will review the institutions that comprise the emerging global civil society and critically assess their potential...
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...Account for the growing importance of global civil society in global environmental politics. Is this phenomenon synonymous with global environmental governance? The globalization phenomenon has altered many facets of the contemporary world. Areas of governance such as states’ policy making, the way companies do business, and how information is shared have all been affected by the increasingly globalized world. With all of these changes occurring at a rapid pace, state sovereignty has been challenged by a plethora of other actors who now can claim some form of governance in the global system. In the modern world sources of authority such as international governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, social movements, and multinational corporations all have joined the state in establishing governance on a wide array of issues: “Activist groups, business associations and policy research institutes now provide research and policy advise, monitor the commitments of states, inform governments and the public about the actions of their own diplomats and those of negotiation partners, and give diplomats at international meetings direct feedback (Betsill 243). In particular, one such area of global governance where there is a question of governmental authority can be seen in global environmental politics. Over the last few decades, the role of non-state actors in global governance has increased as citizens have taken their own initiatives to instigate environmental...
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...The Problem of Global Governance To say that the issue of global governance presents a challenge would be a significant understatement. Faced with a multitude of issues such as social (and economic) freedom, equality and justice along with environmental sustainability as well as physical barriers, cultural differences, and wealth inequality, the issue of global governance encompasses a vast array of challenges that will not be easily overcome. In light of these considerations, it would be reasonable to conclude that the ideal of just and equitable global governance represents the greatest social, political and economic challenge humanity has ever faced and successfully overcoming this challenge would be the greatest collective triumph that mankind has ever known. But to achieve this, many questions must be answered, one of the most important being the question of accountability: to whom, and for what should the largest political-economic players (states, intergovernmental organizations (IGO), Civil Society Organizations (CSO) and Multinational Corporations (MNC)) be accountable, and how can they be held accountable? Accountability has the ability to enforce compliance and turn exploitation into equality, and without it, democratic global governance cannot succeed. To begin with, because the majority of modern, developed, first world countries operate under democratic rule (though to differing degrees), and the majority of the world’s multi-national institutions...
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...GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGIME DESCRIPTION The following paper is going to investigate, analyze and evaluate the Global Environmental Regime, topic that is included within the discipline of Global Governance. Najam, Papa and Taiyab (2006, p. 3) define the global environmental regime as “the sum of organizations, policy instruments, financing mechanism, rules, procedures and norms that regulate the processes of global environmental protection”. Nowadays, it has increased the importance of this sector in global governance, in which different actors are involved. Biermann (2004) states that global environmental regime is characterised as a multi-actor governance system where the non-state organisations have a large influence. Biermann (2004) highlights some actors such as nongovernmental lobbying as activist groups, business associations and policy research institutes; networks of scientist; the influence of mayor companies; intergovernmental organizations; and supra-national institutions (OCDE). EVALUATION Global environmental regime is an immature regime. In this section it is going to be analysed the main global governance gaps and what is their weaknesses. According to Fauchald (2010) the weaknesses of the regime are: 1. Environmental indicators still deteriorating despite the efforts of different actors. 2. Lack of coordination among the Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). It is a problem the lack of common tools and the developing of a common strategy...
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...I. Introduction: Energy is a global matter and energy policy is at focus of some of the hardest challenges that the world encounter. National governments play the main role in energy governance, the challenges fronting policy makers are beyond the range of any sole national government to succeed, making energy policy a key component of global governance and international relations. The global energy landscape has transformed radically in recent decades. The instability of energy markets is a distinct worry for both developed countries and those countries facing rapid economic growth. II. Objectives of global energy governance: Markets necessitate governance appliances that can impose contracts, define and apply property rights, control...
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...International Environmental Diplomacy: Canada’s Actions in the Stockholm Convention, the Basel Convention, and the Montreal Protocol Canada’s Role in Global Environmental Governance According to John Kirton, a University of Toronto political science professor, “Canada has long been a successful pioneer in generating multilateral environmental agreements and and institutions for the global community, and its legacy…generates exceptional domestic unity and international respect” (Abstract). Canada’s respect for the environment stems from its profound understanding of the impact other countries have had on its own lands, fisheries, and other natural resources over the years. Canada’s role in global environmental governance (GEP), then, has always been large and well-defined; as Tanner put it, “Canada has taken a leading role” (p. 1). Canada and the Basel Convention The Basel Convention of 1989 was signed on March 22 of that year, and now includes 172 countries. The Basel Convention was based on concern about the transboundary movement and the disposal of hazardous wastes which was first raise in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Government of Canada, “Basel Convention”). Canada was a part of the Convention’s development and one off its original signatories; Canada also participated in global environmental governance (GEP) by using the Export and Import of Hazardous Waste Regulations (a prior governing law known as EIHWR) to enforce hazardous waste laws already in effect (Government...
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...Analysis of Global Production Networks within Consumer Electronic Industry. Introduction A diagnostic characteristic of contemporary globalization is that the component parts of the world economy are increasingly interconnected in qualitatively different ways from the past. Another way of saying this is that the world economy consists of tangled webs of production circuits and networks that cut through, and across, all geographical scales, including the bounded territory of the state. It is too simple to just define the global production networks, that involving a process of production, distribution and consumption of commodities, goods and services, as technical-economic mechanisms (Coe, Dicken and Hess, 2008). More than this oversimplified conceptual framework, Levy (2008) argues GPN as ‘simultaneously economic and political phenomena . . . organizational fields in which actors struggle over the construction of economic relationships, governance structures, institutional rules and norms, and discursive frames . . . GPNs thus exist within the ‘‘transnational space’’ that is constituted and structured by transnational elites, institutions, and ideologies’. In Levy’s theory, we can find out that more than a economic process of productions, GPNs is also a ‘social’ and ‘cultural’ phenomena in which the geographically differentiated political and social cultural circumstance are also shaped (Coe, Dicken and Hess, 2008). Considering the consumer electronic industry in particular...
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...The Shell Global Scenarios to 2025 The future business environment: trends, trade-offs and choices © Shell International Limited (SIL), 2005. Permission should be sought from SIL before any part of this publication is reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any other means. Agreement will normally be given, provided that the source is acknowledged. The information contained in this publication is, to the best of our knowledge, true and accurate although the forward looking statements herein are by their nature subject to risk factors which may affect the outcome of the matters covered. Opinions from independent experts are presented as their own views in separate inserts with their approval. None of Shell International The companies in which Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and The “Shell” Transport and Trading Company, p.l.c. directly or indirectly own investments are separate and distinct entities. The expressions “Royal Dutch/Shell Group” and “Group” are used to refer to the companies of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group as a whole. The words “Shell”, “we”, “us” and “our” are used in some places to refer to the Group and in others to an individual Shell company or companies where no particular purpose is served by identifying the specific company or companies. Limited, its affiliates and their respective officers, employees and agents represents the accuracy or completeness of the information set forth herein and none of the foregoing shall be liable for...
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...ROLE OF MEDIA IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE Media are the storage and transmission channel or tool used to store and deliver information or data. Media are (mostly) non state actors who define themselves apart from the state and from all other societal actors (what Edmund Burke described as a “fourth estate”, distinct from government, church and electorate). While this notion of free and independent media acting on behalf of the citizen against both state and other interests is a widespread ideal, the reality of most media worldwide is complex, rapidly changing and extraordinarily diverse. Media can consist of everything from national newspapers to student magazines, global broadcasters to community radio, websites and blogs to social networks and virtual communities, citizen journalists to government mouthpieces. This briefing focuses principally on media – and to a lesser extent on linked information and technologies - at a national level within developing countries. The term media refers to several different forms of communication required to educate and make a socially aware nation. The communication forms can be radio, television, cinema, magazines, newspapers, and/or Internet-based web sites. These forms often play a varied and vital role in our society. GOVERNANCE Recently the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being increasingly used in development literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within our...
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...‘States are the most important actors in the processes of global governance’. Discuss and use three examples to illustrate your argument. In 1944, Keynes threw the first idea about the necessity of a global government in the Bretton Wood conference. But the main historical fact which triggered the development of this notion was the breakdown of Soviet Union in 1991 which marked the end of a bipolar world. Since then, we have seen numerous international organisations multiplying, with the emergence of the notion of globalization, an emerging concern of environmental issues and the management of conflict by specialized international institutions, engaging the process of global governance which is now one of the main issue for the future. This term of « Global governance refers to the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizen and organizations, both inter and non governmental through which collective interest on the global plane are articulated. In conventions, most of the states involved in global governance have seen themselves attributed various kinds of responsibilities and powers through the creation of diverses supranational organisations such as UN, EU or financial instutions like IMF or the World Bank. Nonetheless, global governance implies a participation based on consensus and volunteering the sacrifice is important, the countries involved have to give up some of their supremacy...
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...– like for any institution or even any individual – is a matter of governance, defined as “a mode of governing that is distinct from the hierarchical control model characterizing the interventionist state. Governance is the type of regulation typical of the cooperative State, where State and non-state actors participate in mixed public private partnership networks1”or “the formation of cooperative relationships between government, profit-making firms, and non-profit private organizations to fulfil a policy function.2” Of course governance is more than just a way to manage the interrelations within a public private partnership arrangement. We shall detail this by reference to a catalogue of the different types of accountability mechanisms identified by Erik B. Bluemel (BLUEMEL, 20073). The references cited here are taken from the mentioned article. People find into the Civil Society a playground to express their frustrations towards their national or local government that ordinary democracy fails to resolve. Therefore they feel the right to obtain a higher degree of accountability from the organisation they join or support. Regrettably, they are seldom satisfied. Accountability mechanisms are usually designed to constrain power, whatever its form. In the Communication Society, it has become one of the essential means for all interconnected actors to exert mutual control. It is an essential part of e-Governance and the only real enabler of eDemocracy. It has become quite clear that...
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...the September 11th, 2011 attacks. Unfortunately, as a result of outsourcing, the company had reduced its workforce by over 50%. “Duty” is a term used to describe a variety of taxes imposed on goods. Duty-free shopping allows tourists to purchase goods at lower prices. In the 1950’s, GlobShop sold foreign cars and liquor, and with the growth of global travel, GlobShop began to expand worldwide. Drawbacks occurred with the Gulf War of 1990 as well as economic recessions. Therefore, the company would have to find a way to lift itself back up. Soon IT operation at GlobShop was decentralized and each region had its own IT division that catered to the local needs. To follow was a major IT reorganization that would pave the way for significant cost savings. After studying the problems and issues, Rogers (CIO) of GlobShop proposed an approach for reorganization. The idea was to bring together the ten regional IT units into one global IT unit, with all the IT operations dispersed in two centres: one in Asia and one in the USA. Highlights of the new reorganization included: - Centralized global IT budget - Streamlined IT governance - Consolidation and standardization Also as a part of reorganization, GlobShop cut its IT costs by outsourcing a part of application and maintenance. They hired an Indian vendor (ISS)-Indo Systems Solutions for on-site maintenance and enhancements of the merchandising system. As a result of the 9/11 events in New York, air travel was severely...
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...agenda – The role of corporate governance and risk management in financial regulatory reform As regulators and policymakers continue their efforts to find the best way to prevent a repetition of the financial crisis that almost engulfed the world economy, re-evaluating how corporate governance and risk management can make the financial system more secure has become a crucial question. Clifford Chance organised three round-table debates between 2009-2010 to assess this issue. With financial regulatory reform continuing to dominate the global political agenda, Clifford Chance has decided to publish a summary of these discussions as part of its commitment to promoting a balanced and informed analysis of the challenges that lie ahead. Much has been written and spoken about the causes of the financial crisis. Most people accept it is time to learn the lessons and move on. While the need to reform the banking and the financial services sector is beyond question, there is a tension between the desire to ‘get it right’ and the intense pressure for politicians and regulators to act quickly and decisively. In the ensuing debate over regulation and reform, the real issues of corporate governance and risk management have been largely obscured by the remuneration question. “There are some conflicting imperatives,” said Michael Bray, a partner in Clifford Chance’s London office. “We still have a long way to go.” Among a host of challenges facing the global financial community are questions...
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