...A. about your subject In recent years, the number of people is too big. For example, Some 232 million international migrants are living in the world today. Since 1990, the number of international migrants in the global North increased by around 53 million (65%), while the migrant population in the global South grew by around 24 million (34%). Today, about six out of every ten international migrants reside in I. Introduction A. Introductory statement about subject Migration is the moving from one country to live or work in another. Migration is a widely debated subject and it is one of the biggest issue that the government and social concern today General information the developed regions. (World Migration in Figures, 2013) B. Topics...
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...with products from manufacturing to cultural resources that promotes worldwide exchanges of ideas, economic impact and global interaction. The major factors which have contributed advances on an exponential scale include transportation in the air, sea, and ground, and the international infrastructure in telecommunications, from fiber optics, global thinking and the World Wide Web2. The processes in globalization has affected small business to large corporations, economics, social cultural resources, including politics from the migration of ideas with support and criticism from cultural differences intertwined with competition. The creativity and innovation from the diverse cultures has exploded into popularity that affect all civilization and lifestyles. Diverse knowledge and the ability to compete on a global scale has changed the way businesses and individuals interact. The advances in technology, with faster cell phone,smartphones, tablets integrated electronics, multi-CPU architect, faster bandwidth from fiber optic infrastructure will continue to integrate businesses and individuals in globalization for years in the future. The consumption of a product, either electronic gadgets, power tools, food or grains, and intellectual property from the east coast to west coast or United States to China or any other country will affect the supply or demand on a global scale instead of locally from state to state, or neighboring...
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...Social Costs of Migration Migration is not something new among Filipinos. Initially, migration was for contractual Filipino engineers and/or doctors whose expertise was needed in other countries – mostly in the Middle East. At present, however, some Filipino workers choose to be underemployed in foreign countries for any the following reasons: Foreign employers pay better than Filipino employers; there are better job opportunities overseas; a lot of the companies in the Philippines are full and do not accept new employees; to be able to provide for the family’s needs, etc. The expected gap in the income between developed countries and the country of origin is a motivation for workers to migrate (Vargas-Silva, 2011). The negative effects of migration will be discussed in this paragraph. First, these migrants contribute to brain drain. These skilled workers choose to offer their skills and services for the economic betterment of other countries and not his/her own country’s (Docquier et al., 2010). Second, the overseas Filipino worker has to leave her family and friends behind in his/her country of origin while he/she works in a foreign country to meet the needs of his/her family. Third, some workers settle for less than what they deserve – by this, I mean, underemployment. For example, some people who have graduated as doctors in the Philippines can find no jobs here, so they would rather work abroad as nurses (Ruiz, 2004). Fourth, Filipino migrants often face racial...
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...Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and Their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in the Developing World Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and Their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in the Developing World Migration/Immigration Issues Bolivia has a population of 10 million regular citizens and approximately 1.6 million emigrants. Migration is an important issue in this country, and there are currently efforts underway to establish a law of migration that will serve as a basis for the implementation of a policy to meet the needs of foreigners in Bolivia. In addition, because of the huge socioeconomic gap between the rich and the poor, migrants are highly vulnerable to human trafficking and labour exploitation (IOM, 2011, para. 1). About half of Bolivia citizens have migrated inside or outside to other countries; however, Bolivia also receives many immigrants from Brazil, Paraguay, Eastern Europe, and Japan. Some Bolivians migrate to other properties only wanting to return home; however, many stay permanently. Spainish immigrants have the largest portion living in Bolivia. In the earlier days, it was easy to migrate to Spain with not having a visa; however, today it is not as easy to immigrate. The issues for Bolivia migration are that people are worried about increased crime, increased pollution, congestion, and loss of traditional cultural practices and values. Let us take a look at the issues people are worried about. The crime rate...
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...Reflective Essay: Labour and migration According to O’Brien and Williams (2013), the concept of division of labour has long been practiced since before the 1800s. Nevertheless, division of labour may vary according to different variables like region, ethnicity and even gender. However, despite the existence and growth of massive inequalities around the world, people still seek to increase living standards and influence the division of labour in their organizations. Hence, the more advanced a society, the greater the division of labour. In my opinion, Malaysia faces the challenges of labour as a developing country. The two major issues is the gendered or racial and ethnic division of labour. This situation can be observed in the administration of the Malaysian government where a woman as a leader is not unheard of, but definitely scarce. The same case applies to a non-Malay government servant who are only minorities in a Malay dominated administration. The racial division is used to justify legal status and economic exploitation of these groups of workers (Persaud, 2001). Even since the pre-independent days, the Malays were focused mainly on agricultural activities, while the Chinese dominated Malaysian commerce. The Indians however were divided into two groups, the professional role or the plantation industry depending on their educational background. As a result, people tend to migrate to explore their options and opportunities. Migration is an urban phenomenon and...
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...Multidimensional Lenses on Migration Dilara Sönmez Middle East Technical University Department of International Relations, #1541077 ABSTRACT National and international security has gained new meanings and elements in recent years, especially after Cold War. The changed concept of security has been more and more broadened with accelerated effects of globalization and shocking September 11 events. The new issues of security agenda may be listed as immigration, global terror, climate change, energy, internal violence, human security etc. This article recovers mainly how irregular migration effects national and human security in a multi dimensional framework, from theories to the cases under several sections of the paper. Firstly, the definition and types; secondly motivations of immigration are outlined with a historical and theoretical briefs. Then the general perception on migration and motivations of migration will be connected more specific sections that are, in sequence, international lenses on migration regarding state and public securities and more specifically, the lenses of the US and European Union on migration. The conclusion part put my arguments as done during article that are both agreed and disagreed with the mainstream theories and the opinions of expert that are stated in the article. Definitions and Types of Migration The term of migration has several definitions that give almost similar meanings. Generally, in social science literature, Migration is the movement...
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...Indonesia has a long history of migrant workers to Saudi Arabia. The unfair treatment of the workers always draws global attention on the human rights of the migrant workers. However, the activists NGOs of women migrants need our attention even more than usual. As women do not enjoy equal social (or even in household) position as men in Indonesia (local scale), they are usually been ignored by the government, both Saudi Arabian (national scale) and Indonesian governments (global scale). They are seriously abused and harass in those countries and suffer from great fear of losing their opportunity of going back to their home country as their passports have been collected by the agencies under illegal reasons. It is a shame that there are many NGOs to fight for equal gender treatment but the problem seems too broad and complicated and the leakage is not easy to fix. I argue that activist NGOs in those Southeast Asian countries have work hardly on both politics of scale and social construction of scale in from local to global scales, and they have gained more global attention by decades than before as more people and governments pay more attention on the women migrants now. It is essential to set effective labour laws to protect women (or other migrant workers) from being cheated by the agencies for false income rate and departure date, to avoid more victims to appear and do not know the effective way to contact the NGOs to help. First, I will provide a brief historical background...
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...Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on China’s Migrant Workers: A Survey of 2,700 in 2009 Mark Wang1 Abstract: An Australian geographer examines the effects of the global financial crisis on China’s migrant workers, based on a recent survey of over 2,700 such workers conducted during January–February 2009. The author focuses on the number of migrant workers returning to their home villages for the annual New Year holiday period, the types of workers that were laid off, options available to such workers upon losing employment, and the reasons underlying their subsequent moves. Implications of the findings for labor policy in China are briefly outlined and several directions for future research identified. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E240, G010, J610, J690. 7 tables, 68 references. Key words: China, global financial crisis, migrant workers, unemployment, globalization, rural development, push factors, manufacturing exports, hukou, migration networks, remittances, Chinese New Year, return migration. INTRODUCTION M igration is closely tied with processes of globalization and the global economy, and China’s rural-to-urban migrant workers have contributed substantially to the country’s economic growth and success. This group of hard-working laborers has made inexpensive “made-in-China” products available in almost every corner of the world. Varying sources estimate that migrant workers2 have contributed 16–24 percent of China’s GDP growth and...
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...THE ROOT CAUSES OF MIGRATION Migration is the movement of people from one place to another due some reasons or factors such as poverty, better employment, food and better living conditions. In the olden days our great grandfathers migrated with their livestock and families in search of food and greener pastures for their livestock. In the modern world, migration has moved to another level where people migrate to different towns in search of better employment and generally better living conditions. Migration has however had many effects both positive and negative to the economic state of a nation. According to Timothy Hatton, there has been a mass movement of people around the world. He points out that over 55 million Europeans migrated to the New world between 1850-1914. (Hatton) One of the causes of Migration over the past 100 years is the emergence of Globalization. Globalization is the main root of migration. The tightening of political and economic ties between states has enabled thousands of people move from their permanent countries to other countries in search of better health care, job opportunities and others just move for adventure. For instance, the outflow of citizens of Africa to the rest of the world or the developed countries has been very high. To some extent, this is disadvantageous to the less developed countries. First there is increased brain drain where citizens from the underdeveloped countries move to a developed county where there are better facilities...
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...Thursday London Edition 3 'Environmental migration' fears BYLINE: Clive Cookson in London SECTION: WORLD NEWS; Pg. 7 LENGTH: 448 wordsHIGHLIGHT: News analysisTens of millions of people are moving to places that are more vulnerable to environmental disaster, particularly the urban flood plains of Asia and Africa, according to a UK government report.By focusing mainly on the people displaced by drought, floods and famine, the world is neglecting those "trapped" in deteriorating environmental conditions or moving into them, says the study prepared by the government's Foresight programme that examines issues 20 to 80 years in the future.The report is the outcome of a two-year study involving 350 experts from 30 countries.It says the problems of migration in response to environmental change are far more complex and challenging than policymakers have realised. But the report, which looks ahead for 50 years, urges them to focus on the positive as well as negative impact of migration."Under some circumstances migration, particularly in low-income countries, can transform a community's ability to cope with environmental change," said Sir John Beddington, UK chief scientific adviser."The movement of individuals or small groups, even at a local or regional level, may increase the future resilience of large communities," he added."This will reduce the risk of both humanitarian disasters and of potentially destabilising mass migration under high risk conditions."A relatively small...
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...‘owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality …’. Being a refugee means being unable to seek protection in your country of nationality because of a fear of persecution and so refugee status brings with it the protection of the international community. One of the ways in which potential refugees access protection is by seeking asylum, at which point the receiving state considers the individual’s case to be a refugee. There also exists an extensive human rights framework that should, in principle, protect people regardless of their immigration status and their motive or motives for migration. Universality underlies these treaty regimes and included in this are children’s rights and women’s rights as well as political, civil, economic, social and cultural rights, all enforceable through actions against the state. Finally, there are nation state rights which are stratified by an individual’s citizenship and immigration status within the country of residence (Morris, 2002). Under the stratified system of rights, naturalized citizens and refugees have extensive rights and are at one end of the continuum. At the other end of the continuum are undocumented migrants and rejected asylum seekers who exist on the margins of society with few or no rights, often exploited economically and unable to gain protection from the police...
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...тема : Economic immigration: the case of Spain Изготвил: Венелина Цветанова Каменова Фак. Ном.: 10114103 Преподавател: Кръстьо Петков 2010 година Съдържание Why did I choose this topic? I. Introduction 1. The term immigration 1.1 The term immigration and the general theories behind it 1.2. Economic migrant 2. Global immigration 3. Immigration in Europe 1. Immigration within Europe 2. Immigration from outside of Europe II. The case of Spain 1. Immigration laws and policies in Spain 2. Main countries from where people emigrate to Spain 1. Bulgarians in Spain 3. Main reasons for choosing Spain III. Conclusion The data used in this project is from year 2005. Why did I choose this topic? Watching half of my classmates applying in foreign universities and many of my friends and family choosing to live abroad in order to have “better life” made me wonder what the reasons behind the migrations are. I was interested in the scientific explanation behind the migration processes. This paper gave me the opportunity to understand the incentives behind people’s decisions and the main reasons, pushing people from our own country. And even if I didn’t choose the case of Spain for my topic it proved to be a very interesting one. I learned many new things while writing this paper and it was really interesting to read all this information about...
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...emigration but migration that would be spread through different areas of immigration. The main function of establishing this kind of system as stated by Kepsu et al. (2009), is performed by “social and ethnic networks, multinational firms, educational institutions or other corporations- as mediators between macrostructures and individuals as well as between the different countries” (P. 19). The focus of the above is its focus on various perspectives of the systems of migration. It fails to deal with the causes of migration systems. It does not consider how young immigrants...
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...some adverse condition or combination of conditions in the home environment (Migration, 2006). The same article asserts that humans have migrated since they evolved in East Africa 6 to 2 million years ago and that their original differentiation into ethnic groups appears to have been the result of separate groups of people who migrated from central points of origin. Even in the Stone Age, however, this isolation was not complete, for migrations resulted in a complicated pattern of blood relationships through widely separated groups (Migration). The migration of people has led to accelerated mixing of stocks and mutual infusion of cultural and physical characteristics, including tools, habits, ideas, and forms of social organization, which have been prerequisites for the development of modern civilization (which would have taken place much more slowly if people did not move from place to place) (Migration). An example would be the use of horse which was introduced into the Middle East by Asian invaders, later spreading to Europe and the Americans (Migration). In the same article, the specific stimuli for migrations are referred to as either natural or social causes. The natural causes of migration include changes in climate (in which case people look for warmer or colder lands), volcanic eruptions or floods, and periodic fluctuations in rainfall (Migration). Social causes, which cause more migration than do natural causes, include...
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...International migration is a global phenomenon which has been intensified over the past few years. The United States of America, like many Western and Middle East countries has become one of the major destinations of immigrants. African countries hold the upper hand among the immigrant source of America. The great collection of immigrants include refugees, people came for higher education, those in diplomatic services, skilled labors, athletes, efficient scientists and physicians. What are the factors that encourage or compel people to join the deluge of migration is a vast subject for research. Unlike the other countries the growing number of immigrants from African countries is entering the stream of immigration to United States. The history of African migration begins with slavery. The post war political economy considerably promoted the African immigrants to prefer United States as their major destination. United States has been highly benefited for decades by the African immigrants to gain all its achievements. The nation today includes people from all parts of the world, with a variety of race, complexion, beliefs and ethnicity which have made the nation an agglomeration of various cultures. The noteworthy reasons for this inundation could be categorized as historic reasons, globalization, civil wars and human rights violations, labor shortage in The US, immigration policies, and economic instability in home land. Historic elements contribute to migration The condition...
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