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#12-Pre-Columbian
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#14-African
#15-African
#16-European
2. Mariachi- The instruments that are used in this style of music include the violin, trumpet, and the guitar. There are two different types of guitars, the vihuela (the small guitar) and the guitarron (the larger guitar). The harp is sometimes incorporated in mariachi. Mariachis origin is Mexico. Linda Ronstadt is known for promoting her mariachi music in North America. In her music the vocals are very prominent which reflects the ranchera style of mariachi. Mariachi has the stereotype that is connected to images such as sombreros. It is also said that all Mexican music is the same, which is untrue. Samba- The origin of this style of music is Afro-Brazilian and from Rio. The instruments that are primarily used in samba are the agogo, tambourines, reco-reco, and drums. The majority of the instruments are percussion based. The culca is the most distinctive instrument used in samba. It has a stick inside of it and uses a moist cloth. When the stick is put in motion its rubs the inside to produce different sounds. Brazil first viewed samba as an ill-mannered dance that was done by low-class citizens of Rio de Janerio. When Getulio Vargas took power he looked at samba as positive and used it to unify Brazil. Samba was found mostly when Carnival took place. It wasn’t until Vargas came along and made Carnival a national event and supported samba schools. Not only did he support the samba schools, he also offered public funds to help the school financially. Vargas was a cultural icon for this style of music. Tango- This style of music is from Argentina. The istruments used in this music are the violin, guitar, flute, piano, and the bandoneon. The bandoneon is the most important instrument used in tango because it is made up of two wooden keyboards that are separated by leather bellows. The bandoneon is classified as a free-reed aerophone. Tango reflects the situation of a man fighting over a woman. Tango was performed in bars in the port cities where fighting was current. To some tango was seen as ill-mannered but continued to be used in the bohemian night clubs. It soon spread throughout Argentina, South America and even France. Carlos Gardel was the most important singer and composer of tango music. He started his career singing in bars, festivals, and parties. He created hundreds of three minute tango songs in his career and still remains an icon today.
3. Capoeira comes from Brazil and is a form of both dance and martial arts. African slaves developed this type of music and brought it with them to Brazil. This form of music was helpful to the slaves because it was their only form of protection. The European officials were unaware that the dance moves were actually a form of fighting and saw it as dance. The instruments used include the pandeiros, agogo, reco-reco, atabaque, and the berimbau. The berimbau is the most distinctive instrument used because it is a musical bow with a steel string. When people perform this style of music and dance they use a lot of power. The rhythm that is used follows the movement of ginga (back-and-forth motion). Some other movements that are used are cartwheels, handstands, flips, and spinning motions. They used this type of music to disguise their combat moves as dance. The combat moves make this style of music very unique. Today capoeira is more dance than it is fighting.
5. Siku performance reflects community cohesion among the Andean populations because this type of music cannot include all of the notes with only one person. Two groups that are needed, they play opposite pitches so that they can connect the pitches together. The most important part of siku is that is doesn’t matter how musically inclined someone is, they are able to participate. During the performance people focus on social interaction rather than someone’s musical ability. Because there are interlocking parts throughout this music it expresses the idea of unity among the community.