...STRATEGIES OF PREVENTING AND CONTROLLING GLOBAL TERRORISM Author’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date of Submission Terrorism is described as the violent and inhuman acts that get perpetuated for political, ideological, and religious goals with the aim of creating fear among the neutral military personnel. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), it entails the unlawful application of force to property or persons purposely to coerce the society or government in furtherance of social or political objectives. Terrorism is an old phenomenon that is emotive and complex given that such acts invoke tremendous feelings. Throughout human history, those opposed to the ruling governments or leadership have applied violence to express their views. This has been in existence as early as the 18th century during the French Revolution. However, it was not until the 9/11 attack that the world joined hands in the fight against global terrorisms. Some of the prevention and control measures that have been proposed include the deployment of military forces to counter terrorists, use of international peace and security conventions, and negotiations. Periodically, the application of violence and force against terrorists is one of the strategies that have proved effective in countering global terror networks. The force-for-force strategy entails deploying military personnel to fight against terrorists. The United States applied this approach in handling the Taliban...
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...Terrorism has no internationally agreed-upon definition, but essentially, terrorists are ideologically motivated and use violence against civilians to create panic and fear, in hopes of changing policies or laws. While there is no international definition of terror, there are many different types, and the following will demonstrate the dizzying array terrorist practices. Firstly there is civil disorder. It can range from protesting legally to illegally lambasting the government. Different countries allow for different levels of dissent, but in some peaceful assembly is considered terrorism. Truly destructive forms of terrorism are political, quasi political, and religious. Political terrorists attack in hopes of changing policies, usually in reference to color, creed, or profession. Quasi political terrorism is the use of terrorist tactics for personal gain. For instance, taking a hostage is terrorizing someone, but it is not an action designed to enact wide scale change. Lastly, religious terrorism focuses on proliferating ones belief at the cost of others. Overall, terrorism is unjust and cruel; we must take stand against it. Terrorism flies in the face of diplomatic process, purposefully disrupting peace and safety in order to achieve a goal. Many terrorists consider a mission successful if hundreds of helpless, innocent women and children lie bloody in the street. A popular terrorist attack is to set off a relatively small bomb, and kill say, 30 people, and detonate a far...
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...Terrorism – is there any working global frameworks to counter it? By Zuzanna Sadowska On the 22nd of September 2003 Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General, organized a conference “Fighting Terrorism for Humanity” in New York City. He opened the summit with words: “Terrorism will only be defeated if we act to solve the political disputes or long-standing conflicts that generate support for it. (…) If we do not, we should find ourselves acting as recruiting sergeants for the very terrorists. We have to win hearts and minds.” The causes of terrorism may be inter alia historical, economical, religious or ideological, and there is no way to entirely eliminate it from our world. Preventing terrorism needs complete understanding of the phenomenon and cooperation between states. There are different actions taken by various organisations and people but not all of them succeed. What exactly is terrorism, how do terrorist organisations work and how to counter terrorist activities? Terrorism by itself has numerous definitions as it is hard to define it precisely. It is said that this phenomenon has over 100 definitions and lack of one, widely recognized, hinders fighting with this danger. When we discuss about terrorism in colloquial conversation, we instinctually know what it is about and what the meaning of this word is. It is otherwise in case of professional and legal discussions where you have to agree on a definition of the term. The concept of terrorism derives from the Greek treo – “to...
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...COULD THE ATTACK ON 9/11 HAVE BEEN PREVENTED? Author: LJ Florida International University Course: Global Terrorism Professor: Dr. Oscar Vigoa October 27, 2015 Abstract September 11 was a very unique and sad day in the history of America. We were attacked by Terrorist from the Alqueada group in the very worst possible way. This attack was very brutal and symbolic. What sets the foundation of a country is generally its economy, security and its government. On that day America was attacked at all level. The World Trade Center was a symbol of our economy, The Pentagon, our defense/security and Capitol Hill which also was a target is a symbol of our government since it is the metonym for Congress. Up till this day people have many questions regarding this tragedy, how it come about and why our National Security was so easily compromised. Very few answers however have been provided. This research paper goes through a close analysis of the attack on that day, accentuating on the hijackers behavior specifically Mohammed Atta. The airport security system prior to 911 I is also discussed. Finally emphasis is put on our intelligence agencies particularly the FBI and the CIA which apparently were in possession of crucial information that could have prevented this attack here on US soil. ...
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...The Global War on Terrorism This was begun after the September 11th attacks on Washington and New York. For the last nine years the worlds has been in a constant state of vigilance for acts of terrorism. This is truly a global war in that the participants are from around the globe. There are many participants such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France and smaller countries that I would have never thought to have a large military force, such as Kenya, Australia and Lebanon. Each country has different reasons for joining. The general party line is to secure the freedom of all counties from further al-Qaeda attacks. Yet everyone has a different opinion of the necessary outcome. During an interview with the Daily Telegraph, General David Richards stated “a victory is unnecessary and would never be achieved.” They could be contained to the point that our lives and our children’s lives are led securely. The Chairman of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, Ambassador Apakan told the committee, “We should be as vigilant and resilient as ever and counter-terrorism should remain a priority for the international community”. The first President Bush stated “This Crusade – this war on terrorism – is gong to take a while and the American people must be patient”. A few days later during a speech to Congress he said “Our war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped...
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...IPRI Journal XIII, on 1 (Winter 9/11 Pakistan’s Contribution to Global War no. Terror after2013): 37-56 37 PAKISTAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR AFTER 9/11 Dr. Hidayat Khan∗ Abstract Pakistan’s contribution to the “War on Terror” far exceeds its strength and size. Pakistan lost more than 35000 lives to save American people from another 9/11 attack. Pakistan’s economic loss amounted to 67 billion US dollars but still the US is not satisfied with Pakistan’s performance and pressurizes it to “Do More.” In this situation what should Pakistan do as a sovereign state? At the same time what is the international community’s responsibility towards Pakistan as a partner in this global war? The United States (US) and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) have been fighting against the Taliban for the last decade but the war is nowhere near its end. This study is an exploration of the question whether war is the solution or the problem? Key Words: War on Terror, World Response, Pakistan’s Contribution, Operations, Agreements. Background P akistan has always played a constructive role in the United Nations (UN) — it is one of its largest net troop contributors and its active role in the solution of world issues is internationally recognized. It borders three major strategic regions; South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East, and its geographical proximity to Afghanistan has made it an important partner of the United States. Pakistan has played a...
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...Australia and Terrorism Terrorism is not a new term and can be defined as “the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims” (Dictionary, 2014). The emergence of terrorism was significant in history, and in more recent times, has become a threat to Australian Borders. The effectiveness of the law in preventing and reducing levels of terrorism is highlighted through the use of case studies and evaluation. The Hilton bombings The relationship between Australia and Terrorism is specifically highlighted in the Sydney Hilton Bombings on the 13th February 1978. This was the first experience of Terrorism in Australia and created the need for better security and the implementation of effective protection...
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...History of Terrorism This comprehensive description for the history of terrorism analysis provides insight into the French and Russian revolutions expanding the terrorism knowledge to the Irish revolutionaries for political changes. The change of faces in terrorism activities shows as the left wing extremists slowly faded away with the collapse of the communism. The modern right wing extremist have an old history of using religious aspects as an excuse for killing innocent people to gain the political advantages. The future of terrorism takes a newer turn with the introduction for the weapons of mass destruction causing deaths of millions of innocents for the terrorist's statement, and mission. The development of the Department of Homeland Security and United States Patriot Act helped the Intelligence community, government agencies, and law enforcement departments provide viable information toward modern terrorism tactics. The fight for everlasting freedom becomes a combination of information resources working together toward the same objectives. Terrorism Phenomenon According to Jacqueline Carberry (1999), "the global terrorism phenomenon used for political aspirations, sometimes as freedom from oppression, and changing of governmental politics" (685). This phenomenon affects everyone in any city in the United States, and international world. The term terrorism has no boundaries or respect for the national and international world. Every government across the global community...
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...In what ways, if any, has globalization transformed the phenomenon of terrorism? Introduction The idea of terrorism has not always been as it is today. The word “terror” originated after the French Revolution and the word “terrorism” was subsequently recorded by the Académie Française in 1798 (Roberts 2002). The regime of “la Terreur” was one of force and bloody repression against opponents to the newly born French Republic, but since the 19th century, terrorism has come to designate a method of opposition used by small groups (Tilly 2004, 8-9) “against the legitimacy of the prevailing sovereign power” (Scruton 2002, 126). As Barkawi (2006, 129) aptly puts across “‘terror’ is often used as a weapon by those who lack sufficient weapons to fight a military war, who believe their voices are not being heard and their desires bear no fruit”. Contrary to the French “terror”, “terrorism” is then no longer a practice of the State; it is that of radical groups opposing the State, and it is mainly the State that gives them this name (Townshend 2002, 3); the names these groups give themselves are in relation to a cause they see as legitimate. Such causes have arisen in numerous places, prompting some to take extreme but in their minds justified action, and Europe has faced terrorist threats long before the 9/11 attacks, incarnated by the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Basque Fatherland and Liberty group (ETA) in Spain or the Red Brigades in Italy, to name only a few (Barkawi...
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...Discussion: Integration of the Global War on Terrorism with the War on Drugs Unfortunately, like the war against Terrorism, there is also a war against drugs. It appears to be a connection between drug activity and the undermining of governments around the world (Creed, 2007). Mark Kleiman states, “…links between illegal drugs and terrorism are important considerations in formulating a drug control policy and a campaign against terror.” After the events of September 11, Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Northern Command was created to pay close attention to utilizing all resources that are available to counter terrorism as well as use those very resources in a way that will combat the fight against drugs. Both fights (Terrorism/Drugs) should be considered as one. With integrating the two, the transformation of the drugs can become more global rather than domestic, just as terrorism is a global threat (Creed, 2007). The elements of national power play a major role in developing strategies must be synchronized and stick together in a way that when faced with national and international power the end product can be a success. “Narco-terrorism is defined as a complex nexus between the illegal drug trade and terrorism. DEA describes narco-terrorism as a group of organized individuals working together in order to further, or fund, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets with the intention to influence their respective ideologies. DOD...
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...Global Social Issues and Change Paper Vincent Valenzuela, Chuck Pennington, Steven Stoney SOC/100 July 19, 2011 John Gomez Global Social Issues and Change Paper Global social issues are present in all areas of the world affecting world economies, its environment, our capabilities as humans, and our processes for making decisions regarding cooperation at the global level. These issues affect a large number of people around the world, directly or indirectly. It is estimated that some 1.1 billion people are affected currently by violent conflict or at extremely high risk of being affected in the future. The persistence of conflict has ripple effect far and wide. These issues have prompted world leaders to initiate new measures, spearheaded by the U.S. under the Bush Administration after the attack on September 11, 2001. Today, one complex issue that has been around for a long time is terrorism. Modern terrorism has become a global issue that has hit our own country here in the United States. Terrorism defined as, is the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes or the state of fear and submission produced by terrorism or terrorization. (Dictionary.com) Also, there could be sub categories that terrorism can fall under; political psychological coercive dynamic and deliberate. There are many types of terrorism that are seen throughout the world today. These examples are, but are not exclusive to the following; state terrorism...
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...Addressing International Terrorism in Southeast Asia: A Matter of Strategic or Functional Approach? Terrorism is one of the global issues that the world is facing today. It is increasing drastically around the world and Southeast Asia is considered as one of the hot spot for terrorist activities. As an aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, the US declared the global campaign against terrorism and put focus on combating terrorist groups that is located in Southeast Asia that are known to have ties to the Al-Qaeda terrorist network. The US dangled financial, diplomatic and military assistance to attract allies and supporters in the region in its effect to mobilize these Southeast Asian states in the global counter-terrorism campaign (De Castro 2004). The US provided military training, financial aid, and intelligence support. To conclude, terrorism is very rampant today. A terrorist attack might take place anytime and anywhere. The global counter-terrorism campaign of US paved the way to create a stronger international cooperation among Southeast Asian nations. But the so-called campaign seemed to ignore the fact that the strategic/military approach of the US in combating terrorism could further worsen the tension between the radical Islamist groups. The functionalist approach/cooperative security is possibly the best way to address the growing international terrorism in Southeast Asia and in the world. (204 words) References: De Castro, RC 2004...
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...Abstract Global terrorism would appear to be the curse of our modern society. Turn on any television and world news will be reporting on an act of terror or its consequences. Prime examples of this include the destruction of the World Trade Centre, the bombing of the Underground system in London, the Mumbai nightclub bombings to name but a few of the more prominent events over the last decade. These acts have crystallized the focus of public attention to ensure that the topic of terrorism will remain high on the global political agenda for many years to come. However, terrorism is not a new phenomenon. On a global scale, terrorism has been alive and well for many decades. What has changed is the emergence of the global financial market and the modus operendi of the modern day terrorist groups. A terrorist act of sinking a crude oil carrier in the Straits of Hormuz for example, could have a direct impact on the price of crude oil and petroleum on the world market, to say nothing of shipping carrier prices and maritime insurance. Like ripples in a pond, the act would have far reaching consequences. Quantifying terrorism has now become an important tool both for the financial sectors 9who use it predominantly for insurance based risk analysis and also for government bodies who could use it for spotting emerging trends in terrorism and therefore investing in anti and counter terror procedures. So why might it be difficult to quantify terrorism? This paper attempts to answer...
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...News Media and Terrorism: Changing Relationship, Changing Definitions Zohar Kampf Department of Communication Hebrew University In this article I discuss two aspects that are important for understanding the relationship between Western news media and terrorism: the changing representation of terrorists and terrorist attacks in the media, and with it, the changing definition of terrorism. By calling attention to evolving news media practices in times of terrorism, I argue that advanced communication technologies and the emergence of global media ecology since the 1990s has made terrorism more visible in both national and international media landscapes. One consequence is that the more the news media expose terrorism to global audiences via the "front-door", the more controversial the use of the terms terrorism and terrorist become in social, political, and scholarly discourse. The paper addresses the new journalistic practices and their consequences as documented in previous studies on media reporting of terrorism in several national contexts, mostly the UK, the US and Israel. Terrorism, media, and the nation (or, reading about terrorists in the next day's newspaper) Classic definitions of terrorism evolved in a world in which a modernist view reigned supreme. Despite constant debates about how to define the term (Schmid 1983; Schlesinger 1981; Gibbs 1989; Nacos 2007), one conventional definition, at least under U.S. law, characterizing a nationalistic perception...
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...Abstract Terrorism is a very complex term to define, and means different things to different people depending on the person you ask. For the purpose of this assignment the author will use the following definition for the term terrorism which is when individuals or groups/organizations use illicit force/violence or the threat of force/violence in an attempt to progress their personal or organization’s objectives with the government. There are multiple forms of terrorism including international and domestic. The author will analyze domestic terrorism, why in recent years there has been an increase in domestic terrorism, and how domestic terrorism has impacted the criminal justice system in America. Domestic and Foreign Terrorist...
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