ASSUMPTION

GWD-1-Q40:

Until Now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well. B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectable vaccines do. C. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults. D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.排除削弱。原来说给小孩注射这种新疫苗对公众健康不会有多大好处，现在就说有好处来削弱。或者理解成GAP。children seldom develop serious complications from influenza = no significant public health benefit弥补这个GAP。这里有一个分类小孩和大人。结论只考虑了小孩，从大人入手。 E. The nasal spray vaccine is mot effective when administered to adults.[D]

GWD-2-Question 11:
Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.
喝没有添加S的酒就不会对S过敏。没有添加不等于没有
A被加进去某样东西，人们对加进去的这样东西又反映；要消除人们的反应，也要看A本身有没有这样东西。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine.反前提
B. Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.横向比较无关。
C. Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added.无关
D. Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.范围扩大
E. Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.
结论是讲对S的过勉。而D说只说过勉，没具体说对S的过勉。
但是MINDFREE 举了个例子，
There is no wolf in the woods. So it should be safe for kids to play there. Assumption: there is no other wild animals such as tiger or snake that pose dange to kid.
对于MINDFREE的例子的结论讲，MINDFREE是对的，因为该结论没有针对WOLF。如果结论改为KIDS CAN PALY THERE WITHOUT RISKING THE ATTACK OF WOLF，则该假设错。因为结论局限于WOLF。楼主的题也一样，因为结论局限于without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites。所以D说的其他物质就无关了。

GWD-2-18

Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residue ash.背景 In order to reduce the amount of residue ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year’s total, the city has revamped its collection program. 目的 This year city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year’s number. 措施
Truckload减少一半----垃圾火花产生的灰减半 GAP
Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim? 目的可否达成。措施的有效性（找准具体措施）

A. This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated.
B. Separating recyclable materials from materials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville less than half what it cost last year to dispose of the residue ash.
C. Refuse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion of recyclable materials this year than it did last year.
D. The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residue ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year. truckload数量减半，但平均火化后的灰不能增多
E. The total quantity of refuse collected by Shelbyville city services this year will be no greater than that collected last year.[D]
明白了原文推理的GAP，就明白了答案。原文推理是the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated 减少到去年的一半，所以产生的residue ash 也会减少到去年的一半。它的GAP在拿去烧的垃圾减少一半，产生的灰也减少一半。C只会影响今年产生的垃圾，并没有填补原文推理的GAP。只有D才填补了这个GAP

GWD-3-Q32:

Newspaper editorial:

In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part of this effort has been to deny inmates（在监狱服刑的人） the access they formerly had to college-level courses. However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
政府官员的目标：减少犯罪
做法：使服刑期间可以上大学的犯人不能上大学
评价：上过大学的人出狱后本来就更少犯罪。
隐含假设：上大学导致犯罪减少。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed. B. Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population. C. The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released. 不是其他原因或可能导致该结果 D. Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does. E. The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.[C]
Lawyer
1。A取非是：该措施（不让读大学课程）有可能有效。这不但不对结论否定作用，还起支持作用，所以不可能是假设
2。C排除他因，排除是允许去读大学课程的人本来就好导致释放后犯罪少的它因。从而肯定是政府该政策起作用的原因。
这个题目怎么可能是A呢，当然是C啊。很典型的排除他因啊。结论是：读书的人犯罪率相对低，暗含的意思是，是读书（而不是其他）使得他们出来后犯罪率相对较低。要支持这个结论，假设就是：只有读书这一个原因影响犯罪率，没有其他原因，C不正好符合吗。C说的是选择读书的人并不是本身就比别人犯罪率低，是读书才使他们与别人区别开来啊。
我记得这种题目应该是ETS比较喜欢出的类型，只是大多见于削弱：比如说一个试验结果是，参加了某某某培训的孩子比别的孩子聪明表现好，结论是，这种类型的培训能够提高孩子的智力，改善他们的表现。要求削弱，答案就是：这群参加试验的孩子本身就比别人聪明。这道题目不是一样嘛，如果这些犯人本身就比别的犯人犯罪率低，那读书对他们出去后的犯罪率的影响就不可评估了啊。
This is an interesting question. To effectively solve CR, one must to analyze an argument's line of reasoning(LoR). Actually there are two arguments here, that of the governor’s and that of the passage author’s.
LoR of the governor: deny college course --> make prison harsher --> reduce crime rate. LoR of the author: inmates who take courses will commit fewer crimes after release --> denying them course will lead to more crimes by them after release --> governor's action won't reduce crime rate.
Since the question ask for assumption of the author’s argument, only the author’s LoR is relevant.
Now let's look at A, which says "Not being able to ... is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime ..." (不能读书不会deter任何人) You probably can already tell that this is not relevant to the author's LoR (although it's relevant to governor's LoR). So, choice A is not relevant. You don’t even needs to try deny test here.
Now let’s look at C. C says "...inmates who chose to take courses were not already less likely ... to commit crimes after being released." Deny C, we get "...inmates who chose to take college-level courses were already less likely... to commit crimes after being released." In other words, denying them course will not lead to more crimes by them after release. This directly contradicts the author’s LoR and cause the argument to fall apart. So, C is a necessary assumption of the author.

GWD-3-Q40:

Two centuries ago, Tufe Peninsula became separated from the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe Island a population of Turfil sunflowers. This population’s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland. Tufe Island is significantly drier than Tufe Peninsula was. So the current average height of Tufe’s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe’s environmental conditions（最后一句话是指T岛屿的）.
两百年前T半岛从大陆分离出来形成了T小岛
岛上的T比大陆的T短，岛上比大陆干燥。
结论，岛上的T短的部分原因是环境因素。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. There are no types of vegetation on Tufe Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions. B. There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe Island today.无关比较 C. The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.排除他因。假设取非验证 D. The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.他因削弱 E. The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.[C]那又怎样，有其他不同能削弱文章嘛？

GWD-5-Q3:

The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia. Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed. However, recent statistics show a droip in the number of television assemblers in Borodia. Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.
V的电视机组装工人的小时工资小于B的
B不再对V征关税，B的电视机销量没有改变。SUM不变
但是，现在B电视机组装的工人人数下降。N下降----SUM中非进口部分下降
所以推测B从V进口的电视机数量在上升。要使SUM总数不变，进口部分上升
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased. 工人人数的比较。 B. Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have. C. The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years. D. The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years. E. The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.[C]
C is the assumption. C states that the time of a B assembler to assemble a TV hasn't drop, we know, sum= N(assemebler) * working hour / T ( time needed to assemble a TV). To be symplified, sum=N*H/ T, if T drop, even N drop, then sum will probably not drop. C declares that T hasn't drop.

GWD-5-Q21:

In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand. Teruvia’s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. Teruvia’s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.
T的大米生产正好自给自足。
前提，总种植面积和平均产量都不变。（average*数量=总量）
人口增加----必须进口大米。人口*需求=大米总销售
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.假设取非 B. Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice. C. None of the strains of rice grown in Teruvia are exceptionally high-yielding. D. There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase. E. There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.[A]
C不对
If you think C is correct, you might have misunderstood C. Here it does not matter whether the rice strain is high yield or low yield. If you thought C means the rice strain has potential to grwo more rice per acre, which is apparently a misunderstanding, the argument has said that "...nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably" 反对前提

GWD-6-Q4:

In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil. Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production. B. Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria. C. No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria. D. Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas. E. All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.

GWD-6-Q38:

Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications. If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere. In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies?

A. None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product. B. It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies.不一定是小的成本比大的成本高，而是同样的成本小的承担不起大的可以承担。 C. Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry. D. Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures. E. None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated. 如果一开始就有小公司已经符合新规定，那么它没有必要Convert也就不存在能否Afford的问题了。

Q 18:
Most household appliances use electricity only when in use. Many microwave ovens,
However, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in
Use. The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year. Therefore, house
Holds whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year
Less. On average, than do comparable households shoes microwave oven is other-
Wise similar but has a built-in clock.
The oven that has not built-in clock=T
The oven that has built-in clock=T’+45 kilowatt-hours
The statement: T’+45-T=45.
Assumption: T=T’
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on average, than do households that have a microwave oven.
B. Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than microwave ovens without a built-in clock.
C. All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a Conventional electric oven.
D. Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.
E. There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.

GWD-7-Q5:

Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
因对化学物质过敏而被送到小医院的学生增多----学生exposed to更多化学物质或更敏感。GAP
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? i A. The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years. B. Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances. C. Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago. NOT+他因削弱 D. The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston. E. Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.

GWD-7-Q27:

A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
The argument above assumes which of the following? A. There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs. 排除他因。他因就是除了文中划线部分以外能导致满意度改变的。 B. There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs. C. Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs. D. Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked. 惩罚对满意度的关系不明。 E. There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily. 反前提 If say, members of group A who do the first-time repair are mostly newbies, and members of group B who do the rework are more experienced, then the author's conclusion would be render false.
AR作的大多数维修工作必须重修，重修很令人满意。首次修理不太充分，不是修理人员没水平，而是要求的侧重点不同，二修要求高点。结论两个TAHT并列修饰concentration
第二个THAT跳跃修饰不错，加and就错了，concentration在两个定从中地位不同，前者是做宾语，后者做主语，所以两个定从不是平行结构，可以将concentration that complexs repairs require中的定从和concentration之间的关系看成‘修饰词和核心词’的关系，作为一个短语，而后面的定从是修饰前面短语中的核心词。
A 答案的核心在no systematic difference XXX between 1 and 2. 所以difference 后面的东东尽可以随便变。Eg. Difference in experience, in age, in sex, in location, in money, in.. and so on. 对于假设题，反复强调ETS定义：取非削弱。
D错： 文章的结论排除了工人是导致满意度差别的原因,而是BALABALA的原因(那个句子太长了),对D取非,即公司有惩罚工人的措施,这个与结论是否由工人导致两次修理的满意度差别无关.
文中排除了一种原因，削弱可以说这种原因正是导致了结论。
E错：there IS a group of people that can finish complex jobs in One time without rework--->contradict to the original message

GWD-8-Q13:

With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.
同时发生：新公司成立，旧公司提供更多工作----新工作数量创纪录
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

A. In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than do previously established companies. 1 不确定性，2 反了，只说了削弱没有NOT
B. The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last year.
C. This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year. New jobs=company的数量*平均每company提供的工作岗位的数量
D. Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than such companies were last year.
E. The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost.[C]
A错：原文结论是新工作没去年多。新工作分两部分previously established companies 产生的新工作和new companies 产生的新工作。原文已知道previously established companies 产生的新工作没去年多，需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。

GWD-8-Q22*:

When storing Renaissance oil paintings, museums conform to standards that call for careful control of the surrounding temperature and humidity, with variations confined within narrow margins. Maintaining this environment is very costly, and recent research shows that even old oil paint is unaffected by wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Therefore, museums could relax their standards and save money without endangering their Renaissance oil paintings.
Old oil paint在适度温度变化很大的情况向不受影响----无需控制适度温度来保存oil paintings
Oil paint 只是oil painting 的一部分。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Renaissance paintings were created in conditions involving far greater fluctuations in temperature and humidity than those permitted by current standards.原文讲的是Storing
B. Under the current standards that museums use when storing Renaissance oil paintings, those paintings do not deteriorate at all.对NOT AT ALL取非是some
C. Museum collections typically do not contain items that are more likely to be vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than Renaissance oil paintings. 无关
D. None of the materials in Renaissance oil paintings other than the paint are vulnerable enough to relatively wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity to cause damage to the paintings.排除他因
E. Most Renaissance oil paintings are stored in museums located in regions near the regions where the paintings were created.[D]无关
Answer is D.
B does not have to be true for this question. If the painting deteriorate somewhat with the standards, the standards can still be relaxed if the relaxation does not affect the restoration.
C is not correct either. It is clearly out of scope. We are talking about restoring this particular type of painting and the standards as well as the change are both for this kind of painting. Whether the museum has other kind of items is irrelevent. Please make sure you understand.
D is one typical answer. It simply points out that it might not be the oil that requires the standard, but something else.

GWD-9-Q24:

For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
G的汽车保险费比F高
G的撞车比F少
----G的保险公司利润比F高。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.还是赚得多。
D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.[A]

GWD-9-Q40:

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops. 没有涉及关键问题：时间
C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.
D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.
E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.
Answer:A
B 取非为There are some plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops
|因为即使这样，你不知这些PLANTS domesticated是在rice and yams were introduced into western Africa |
|之前还是之后，如果之后，则结论仍能成立。即B取非不一定使结论不成立。而A取非是结论一定不成立 |

GWD-12-Q29:

The Earth’s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans can be accurately estimated.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth’s oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years. B. At any given time, all the Earth’s rivers have about the same salt levels. C. There are salts that leach into the Earth’s oceans directly from the ocean floor. D. There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans. E. None of the salts carried into the Earth’s oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans. 没有状语
过去100年中盐增加总量 / 100年 = 每年恒定的进入海的盐量 现在总的海中的盐量（默认初始为0） / 每年恒定的进入海的盐量（上面求得）= 海形成的最大年龄（暗示可能盐有消耗，因此是最大年龄） A说：过去100年中进入海中的盐量不能异常的高（暗示如果异常高的话，每年恒定的进入海的盐量这个数值就不能作为第二个等式的分母）所以是assumption B说：在一个特定的时间，所有的河里盐量一致——》无关，不能从原文信息中衍生 E说：海中的盐没有被生物活动所消耗——》文章说了求的是最大年龄，因此有消耗也属于范围之内
Lawyer开始选E：
这道题已作过2个多月了，现在再回来想一想，其实理解了该题的主要词的含义和严格遵循所有推理信息来之原文，就明白为何E是正确答案，A不是。
1。必要型假设题有两类：DEFENDER（排除其他可能性，排除削弱或攻击结论成立的可能性因素）和SUPPORTER（GAP），显然该题属于DEFENER类
1。resulting increase 。由于河流的SALT流入海洋导致的盐分的增加，用这增加去计算海洋的年龄，实际就是指海洋盐分增加的速率，即每个单位年度的盐分增加量，这个单位年度可以是100年，也可以使50年，原文没说，我们不知道，反正是个速率。这个速率的最大特点是原文没告诉怎末计算出来，任何关于他如何计算出来的说法都是典型的加入自己的想象，这个最大特点是我们很难攻击它，因为不知如何算出速率，不知用那一年的数据，不知如何加权以消除偏差。等等。反正这是个最难攻击的词。只有一个原因，原文没给其它任何信息。
2。原文计算海洋最大年数的方法：current salt levels （即现在海洋的盐的浓度或水平）除以resulting increase 。因为起点是salt-free state，即零。所以，该题可攻击的因素只剩下current salt levels （即现在海洋的盐的浓度或水平），即current salt levels 是否能反映真实的现在应该有的浓度，即在该速率下，花多少年所能达到的浓度。如果如E取非所说，即有些河流流入的盐没了，则目前的salt levels 低估了，算出的年度偏小，结论不能成立。
3。A选项攻击的是速率，但是，它只能可能性的攻击它，就是说，如果用的数据恰好是不正常的数据，则能影响它，但也有可能取的数据正好。其实产生这些情况的原因在于原文没给任何有关计算速率的信息。所以它不能使结论不能成立，只能使结论可能不成立。所以不是答案。
后来他意识到E错误，应该选A：
答案应该是A。
原来的错误来之于对原文的错误理解： over the past hundred years 是指过去的一百年。如果是过去几百年，应该为over the past hundreds of years。一个hundred有加“S”，一个没有。所以原文的resulting increase 是指过去一百年的盐分增加量，而不是简单的过去某个时间段的盐度增加量。后者的理解导致了我以前的错误分析和结论。SORRY。
原文的主题意思：先算出过去一百年的盐度增加，再算出海洋从盐度为零到目前盐度需要花多少个世纪（一个世纪正好一百年）的这种增加量。
算法为：目前盐度/过去100年的盐度增加量=多少个世纪从零盐度到目前盐度。
该算法的假设：过去100年的盐度增加量可以当作速率，即每个100年的盐度增加量是一样的或低估了（因为低估，算出的时间比实际大）。
结论。这种算法可以精确算出海洋最大年龄
A。将A取非，则过去一百年的盐度增加量作为速率是高估了，则算出年龄比实际小。结论不成立。故为答案
E。取非。有些盐被消耗掉。如果消耗掉的盐发生在过去的一百年，则过去一百年的盐度增加量作为速率是低估了。这样反而支持结论，所以不是假设。如果消耗掉的盐发生在过去一百年以外，则无关。因为不在计算范围内。
再次为给我误导的朋友道歉。

GWD-13-Q22:

In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars. When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on. Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart. 注射镇静剂后才能把雷达全重新套上 Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females. Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
结论：镇静剂导致低怀孕率

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The dose of tranquilizer delivered by a tranquilizer dart is large enough to give the rangers putting collars on rhinoceroses a generous margin of safety. B. The fertility rate of uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park has been increasing in the past few decades. C. Any stress that female rhinoceroses may suffer as a result of being immobilized and handled has little or no negative effect on their fertility. 排出他因 D. The male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park do net lose their collars as often as the park’s female rhinoceroses do. E. The tranquilizer used in immobilizing rhinoceroses is the same as the tranquilizer used in working with other large mammals.

GWD-13-Q38: Frobisher, a sixteenth-century English explorer, had soil samples from Canada’s Kodlunarn Island examined for gold content. Because high gold content was reported, Elizabeth I funded two mining expeditions. Neither expedition found any gold there. Modern analysis of the island’s soil indicates a very low gold content. Thus the methods used to determine the gold content of Frobisher’s samples must have been inaccurate.

F金矿检测法不准确。

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The gold content of the soil on Kodlunarn Island is much lower today than it was in the sixteenth century. F检测法用于过去，不应该以现在的标准衡量。另外A再说其实过去的含金量很高，反文中所提到的Neither expedition found any gold there. 此外，还应该是削弱结论。说这个检测法是正确的。 B. The two mining expeditions funded by Elizabeth I did not mine the same part of Kodlunarn Island. C. The methods used to assess gold content of the soil samples provided by Frobisher were different from those generally used in the sixteenth century. D. Frobisher did not have soil samples from any other Canadian island examined for gold content. 反文中前提：Frobisher had soil samples from Canada’s Kodlunarn Island examined for gold content. E. Gold was not added to the soil samples collected by Frobisher before the samples were examined.
If E can stands the point, it is the content itself not the method is inaccurate 样本本身有问题而不是方法有问题
将E取非，在样品检验前F放金在样品中。这样F的样品含金高而实际不高的原因就不是方法不对了。结论说方法不对就不成立。故为假设。
易混的是D。好像也是排除他因。但原文说的是检验K岛的金含量。其他岛的情况无关。选D的原因在于认为F用其它岛的样品充当K岛样品。但原文没这层意思。
GWD24
35
The milk of many mammals contains cannabinoids, substances that are known to stimulate certain receptors in the brain. To investigate the function of cannabinoids, researchers injected newborn mice with a chemical that is known to block cannabinoides from reaching their receptors in the brain. The injected mice showed far less interest in feeding than normal newborn mice do. Therefore, cannabinoids probably function to stimulate the appetite.
牛奶里面有小C能够刺激大脑中的Receptor。
在新生老鼠里面注入抑制小C的化学物质不让他接触大脑中的Receptor
实验结果：被注射的老鼠食欲不振
结论：小C刺激食欲。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Newborn mice do not normally ingest any substance other than their mothers’ milk.
B. Cannabinoids are the only substances in mammals’ milk that stimulate the appetite. 取非，牛奶中还有其它物质刺激食欲。不能削弱小C刺激食欲的可能性。
C. The mothers of newborn mice do not normally make any effort to encourage their babies to feed.
D. The milk of mammals would be less nutritious if it did not contain cannabinoids.
E. The chemical that blocks cannabinoids from stimulating their brain receptors does not independently inhibit the appetite. 排除他因。他因：是化学物质而不是小C抑制了食欲。

T-4-Q34

In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree. Current enrollments in Kravonia’s colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian workforce with college degree will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years.
大学学位导致平均工资高。
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. Kravonians with more than one college degree earn more, on average, than do Kravonians with only one college degree. B. The percentage of Kravonians who attend college in order to earn higher salaries is higher now than it was several years ago. C. The higher average salary for jobs requiring a college degree is not due largely to a scarcity among the Kravonian workforce of people with a college degree.她因。文章结论学历高----工资高；排除学历稀有性----工资高 D. The average salary in Kravonia for jobs that do not require a college degree will not increase over the next four years. E. Few members of the Kravonian workforce earned their degrees in other countries.

T-9-Q4.

In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.
（Pretax price + tax）*volume=sale
The argument above requires which of the following assumptions?

A. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase. 是税前价和税后价比较而不是两年间价格增幅的比较。A极具迷惑性 B. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increases was due to a smaller tax increase. Strengthen C. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and the year after the tax increase. Stregnthen D. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year. 那么税前裸价的下降抵消了税的增长，括号部分没有变化。不是括号的部分，也就是税后价格导致了Sales的变化。 E. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.

论题是税费增加第二年香烟销量减少10%和税后价格增加有关，题目给出信息是税费每合增加8分，但税前裸价变化没有信息，而税后价和这2者都有关系。于是D中给出了补充信息：第二年税前裸价并不比前年低8美分或以上，也就是说税前裸价没有下降到足以抵消税费增加的幅度，可能是降了5美分，甚至也可能是裸价提高了。这样得出的结论是第二年每合税后总价格（裸价+税费）确实是增加了，从而引起香烟销量剧降。
首先把选项取非, 也就是说价格的增加超过税率增加前的价格增加. 可以发现, 税率增加后的情况是税率增加了, 价格也增加了, 他们共变导致了10%的销售量的下降; 由于A默认了价格的增加会导致销售量的下降, 所以如果我现在假设一种情况, 即销售价格增幅很大, 达到可以几乎不考虑税率的区区8分, 而这个大幅增加导致了销售量的大幅减少, 这样, 无法确定这区区8分税率的变化究竟是否有影响.
提炼一步:
税率*裸价=价格---销售量(中间的"---"表示"推倒出")
简化就是:
{税率*裸价}---销售量
答案A给出的以上三者同方向变化, 无法证明任何东西.
推广一步: 里面有一条: 等式量变如果存在相同方向的共变, 无法证明不变的其它因素是否产生影响.
注意谁跟谁比：是“加税以后的税前价”跟“加税前的税前价”比较，
而不是“加税后的税前价的增幅”跟“加税前的税前价的增幅”进行比较
For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year. —>取非：税前价格比前一年要低八分钱，那么加上增加的税收八分钱，则今年加税的税后价格与去年的税后价格相同，那么今年的销售下降10%的原因就不一定是加税后的税后价格了

T-9-Q19. 天山-7-11

In 1992 outlaw fishing boats began illegally harvesting lobsters from the territorial waters of the country of Belukia. Soon after, the annual tonnage of lobster legally harvested in Belukian waters began declining; in 1996, despite there being no reduction in the level of legal lobster fishing activity, the local catch was 9,000 tons below pre-1992 levels. It is therefore highly likely that the outlaw fishing boats harvested about 9,000 tons of lobster illegally that year.
确切数字的比较。捕获量减少的部分恰是非法捕获的数量。引入其他的捕获量
此消彼长的关系的前提：总量不变。（OG政府加税恶性循环那道）
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The illegal lobster harvesting was not so extensive that the population of catchable lobsters in Belukia’s territorial waters had sharply declined by 1996 A的意思是，非法捕捞并没有多到让龙虾数量急剧减少的程度。这样就正好说明了题意，因为龙虾总数量不变，合法捕捞减少的龙虾数量就正好被非法捕捞的人给弄走了。如果龙虾总数变了，非法捕获和合法捕获数量之间的比较就不确定了。 B. The average annual lobster catch, in tons, of an outlaw fishing boat is has increased steadily since 1992. C. Outlaw fishing boats do not , as a group, harvest more lobsters than do licensed lobster-fishing boats. D. The annual legal lobster harvest in Belukia in 1996 was not significantly less than 9,000 tons. 直接反前提了 E. A significant proportion of Belukia’s operators of licensed lobster-fishing boats were out of business between 1992 and 1996