...Efficacy of ABA intervention research: Can you trust it? Isaac Lynn Abstract Autism interventions are loudly proclaimed to be effective, yet evidence-based research is often non-existent. In the absence of quality research, interventions such as the most widely utilized in autism, ABA, is touted to be absolutely effective and possibly the only answer for gains to be made in changing autism. Unfortunately, this may diminish the ability of the individual with autism to change in a positive manner. Additionally, immense monetary bills compound the problem. Caregivers may even bankrupt themselves trying to save their child or family member paying high premiums for ABA services that may or may not actually effectively change or manage behaviors of individuals with autism. This paper will discuss whether or not ABA research actually proves the effectiveness of ABA interventions. ABA interventions are defined as “those in which the principles of learning theory are applied in a systematic and measurable manner to increase, reduce, maintain and/or generalize target behaviors” (Education, 2007). ABA includes methodology such as reinforcement of target behaviors, shaping and chaining new behaviors, fading inappropriate behaviors, response and stimulus prompting, discrimination training, programming new behaviors, ideas and attitudes...
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...of the names of the geo-political groups that originally made up the State, namely: Aba, Bende, Isuikwuato and Afikpo. Today, Afikpo is in Ebonyi State that was created in October, 1996. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CLIMATE: Abia State is situated between latitudes 04°45' and 06° 07f north and longitudes 07° 00' and 08° IO1 east. Imo, Anambra and Rivers border it in the west, northwest and southwest respectively. AN INVESTMENT HAVEN GUIDE TO INVESTMENT IN ABIA STATE To the north, northeast, east and southeast, it is bordered by Enugu, Ebonyi, Cross-River an Akwa Ibom States respectively. It belongs to the Southeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria and covers a landmass of 5,833.77 sq. km. The State is located within the forest belt of Nigeria with a temperature range of between 20°C -36°C lying within the tropics. It has the dry and rainy seasons (October - March and April September respectively). POPULATION: By the projection of the National Bureau of Statistics, based on the 1991 census figure of I. million, Abia State was expected to have a population of 3.51 million. In 2006 the National Population Commission allocated 2,833,999 as the population of Abia State. This figure is being contested at the population tribunal. The basis being that the survey carried out in Aba showed that Aba alone has 1.5m houses. Taking each building to house four (4) persons, conservative figure), it means that Aba alone has a population of at the least 6.0m. When the other towns and communities are...
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...decision-making encompasses balance and choice (Levin & Mather, 2012). Law is one of the professions that demands practitioners to make ethical decisions to avoid messing up their clients and third parties. They are required to employ American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Profession Conduct throughout their professional undertakings. In the paradigm case, Justin King is involved in an accident and this has resulted to lawsuit. The circumstances surrounding the incident call for due diligence from both defendant (Justin) and his legal team. As such, there are various issues affecting this situation. The first issue is whether the ethical duty of confidentiality applies to Justin’s situation. Various laws and regulations govern a lawyer’s conduct. As indicated earlier, ABA Model of Rules of Professional Conduct is a set of principles that governs the conduct of lawyers in their endeavors. To narrow it down, rule 1.6(a) of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Responsibility states, “A lawyer shall not reveal information relating to the representation of a client unless the client gives informed consent, the disclosure is impliedly authorized in order to carry out the representation or the disclosure is permitted by paragraph (b).” ABA Model of Prof’l...
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...Does the website have to list the state where s/he is licensed to practice? Yes, the website does have to list the state or states where he/she is licensed to practice law. In ABA Model Rule 5.5: Unauthorized Practice of Law; Multijurisdictional Practice of Law, it states that a lawyer can not mislead, or withhold their jurisdiction of legal practice to the public, or misrepresent that they can practice law in a jurisdiction that they can not. A lawyer must make it known publically where they legally can practice law. The website must list your state or states that are in his/hers legal licensed jurisdiction must be specifically listed and can not be with held from general public knowledge or misleading to the public. His/hers state or states of licensed practice must be clearly listed to the public on any form of advertising, including websites. 2. Can the attorney list a legal specialty on the webpage? If so, are there specific rules that have to be followed? Is the attorney allowed to state that s/he is a certified personal injury litigator? Yes, the attorney can list particular fields of law that they practice or do not practice, and yes they can list their specialty on the webpage but only if they are certified by an accredited organization and one that’s been accredited by the ABA, and they must state the organization where they received their certification in that specialty. They cannot say that they are certified in any specialized practice unless they have...
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...Title To investigate and reflect on the use of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) with students who have Autism. Aims The aim of my project was to gain knowledge of Applied Behaviour Analysis and its effectiveness in working with children with Autism. My focus questions ask • What are the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why it benefits children who are autistic? • What is involved in setting up an Applied Behaviour Analysis program in the classroom environment? Both focus questions have helped me to investigate ABA, implement strategies that ABA employ and reflect on the program as a whole. I became part of a withdrawal program established for the purpose of intensive early intervention based on the principles of ABA. Harris, (2002 p19) explains “Applied Behavior Analysis takes basic principles in behaviour science and emphasizes the intensity that is needed for particular children”. As I progressed through my journey I discovered that ABA was indeed an extremely effective intervention program for autistic children. I felt that the whole process was a huge learning curve which in turn has had positive affects on my future practice. PARTS OF THE REPORT Rationale Explains why I embarked on this particular topic, process I used in decided topic, list of research strategies to achieve aims, Kemmis & McTaggarts (1988) Action Research Planner model Process -What were the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour...
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...An Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) Therapist provides behavior modifications as a treatment for autism allowing increased social communication. As a result of the limited treatment options available to those diagnosed, the role is currently under very high demand. Applied Behavioral Analysis is in such high demand because every year one out of every eighty-eight kids are being diagnosed (ABA Therapist Job Description). An effective ABA therapist performs their job description, deals with autistic children and the rewarding benefits of of the treatment. In order to become a Applied Behavioral Analysis Therapist you should have a minimum of a bachelor's degree, however, a master’s or doctorate degree would allow them to work independently...
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...PARTICULAR DAY OF THE WEEK TO BE EXAMINED, CITING : A) ABA MODEL RULES THAT APPLY AND B) NFPA ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS THAT APPLY MONDAY 1.CARL FAILED TO IDENTIFY HIMSELF AS A PARALEGAL. ABA MR 5.5 (b); NFPA EC 1.7 (a). 2.CARL ASSITED AN INDIVIDUAL PROVIDING ADVICE IN DIRECT VIOLATION OF MODEL RULES. NFPA EC 1.3 (e). 3.CARL DID NOT EXPLAIN ATTORNEY HOWE ABOUT THE CASE AND WHAT HE HAD DONE IN THE INTERVIEW. NFPA EC 1.5 (a). 4. CARL DID NOT COMPLY WITH THE APPLICABLE AUTHORITY GOVERNING THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW ( UPL). HE ACTED AS A LAWYER AND NOT AS A PARALEGAL. NFPA EC 1.8 (a). 5. CARL FAILED IN NOTIFYING PROPERLY HIS KNOWLEDGE OF JANE INTENTION TO COMMIT AN ACT WHICH IS AGAINST THE LAW. NFPA EC 1.2 (f). 6. ATTORNEY HOWE DID NOT COMPLY WITH HIS RESPONSIBILITY WITH THE ENTIRE ORGANIZATION BECAUSE OF THE MISLEADING REPRESENTATION PERFORMED BYCARL, ACTING AS A LAWYER, AND HE DID NOT INFORM TO ANY HIGH AUTHORITY WITHIN THE LAW FIRM. ABA MR 1.13 (b). FLAVIO PRINCIPE STUDENT NUMBER: 21332673 PROJECT NUMBER: 00802200 ADDRESS: 506 STONEMONT DR WESTON , FLORIDA 33326 7. ATTORNEY HOWE DID NOT PROVIDE ANY ADVICE TO THE CLIENT. HE LEFT EVERYTHING IN THE HANDS OF CARL. THERE IS NO INDICATION THAT CARL INFORMED HIM OF EVERYTHING HE GOT FROM THE CONVERSATION WITH THE CLIENT. ABA MR 2.1; ABA MR 4.1 (b). 8. BY NOT BEING INVOLVE IN THE CIRCUNSTANCES OF THE CASE ATT. HOWE VIOLATED ABA MR 8.4 (a) and (c). 9. IN...
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...THE CHALLENGES OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES ABSTRACT This research project attempt to highlight the challenges of information and communication technology in Nigeria business organization. It intends to determine how the information system helps an organization to perform effectively. Moreover, it also aimed at appraising the possible problems encountered in the installation and structural framework of information and communication technology systems as well as analyzing the socio-economic and indigenous cultural factors that affects the stream (flow) of information in Nigeria business organization. It has been observed that information and communication technology contribute greatly to the success of business organization in Nigeria. It has been deduced from the research that individual peculiar culture does not affect information system in functioning effectively. Finally, in other to make an organization to perform effectively and function well, management should allow flow of information and communication technology system in an organization. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- i Approval page---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ii Dedication ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- iii Acknowledgement ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- iv-v Table of contents ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- vi-viii Abstract ----...
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...OCURRED IN ANY PARTICULAR DAY OF THE WEEK TO BE EXAMINED, CITING : A) ABA MODEL RULES THAT APPLY AND B) NFPA ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS THAT APPLY MONDAY 1.CARL FAILED TO IDENTIFY HIMSELF AS A PARALEGAL. ABA MR 5.5 (b); NFPA EC 1.7 (a). 2.CARL ASSITED AN INDIVIDUAL PROVIDING ADVICE IN DIRECT VIOLATION OF MODEL RULES. NFPA EC 1.3 (e). 3.CARL DID NOT EXPLAIN ATTORNEY HOWE ABOUT THE CASE AND WHAT HE HAD DONE IN THE INTERVIEW. NFPA EC 1.5 (a). 4. CARL DID NOT COMPLY WITH THE APPLICABLE AUTHORITY GOVERNING THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW ( UPL). HE ACTED AS A LAWYER AND NOT AS A PARALEGAL. NFPA EC 1.8 (a). 5. CARL FAILED IN NOTIFYING PROPERLY HIS KNOWLEDGE OF JANE INTENTION TO COMMIT AN ACT WHICH IS AGAINST THE LAW. NFPA EC 1.2 (f). 6. ATTORNEY HOWE DID NOT COMPLY WITH HIS RESPONSIBILITY WITH THE ENTIRE ORGANIZATION BECAUSE OF THE MISLEADING REPRESENTATION PERFORMED BYCARL, ACTING AS A LAWYER, AND HE DID NOT INFORM TO ANY HIGH AUTHORITY WITHIN THE LAW FIRM. ABA MR 1.13 (b). Angel Burgess STUDENT NUMBER: 21989257 PROJECT NUMBER: 00802200 ADDRESS: 2616 mission road apt#189 Tallahassee , FLORIDA 32304 7. ATTORNEY HOWE DID NOT PROVIDE ANY ADVICE TO THE CLIENT. HE LEFT EVERYTHING IN THE HANDS OF CARL. THERE IS NO INDICATION THAT CARL INFORMED HIM OF EVERYTHING HE GOT FROM THE CONVERSATION WITH THE CLIENT. ABA MR 2.1; ABA MR 4.1 (b)....
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...question is asked. For many, professional success means obtaining a rewarding job that pays a substantial salary. For others, the definition of professional success is the ability to discover and implement ideas or have a good balance between work and private life. Success by definition is the favorable outcome of something attempted. These favorable outcomes are a product of the professional knowledge and abilities gained through research and affiliation with professional organizations and associations in fields of study that will broaden one’s scope of interest and aid in career success. One such professional association is the American Bar Association. The American Bar Association (ABA) is the biggest volitionary professional association. “With nearly 400,000 members, the ABA provides law school accreditation, continuing legal education, information about the law, programs to assist lawyers and judges in their work, and initiatives to improve the legal system for the public” (American Bar Association, 2011, para. 1). The mission of the American Bar Association is to be the national representative of the legal profession, serving the public and the profession by promoting justice, professional excellence and respect for the law. The ABA contributes toward increasing ones professional knowledge and abilities in numerous ways. The American Bar Association’s mission statement reads, “To serve equally our members, our profession and the public by defending liberty...
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...Fritz and her team. Mrs. Licup explained how Dr. Fritz’s team had assessed Elizabeth and were now working on her severe behavior. She further explained that Elizabeth is aggressive at home and has a tendency to throw and break things. Her aggressive behavior occurs at home and not in other settings. Mrs. Licup shared that Elizabeth only talks to her immediate family. Mrs. Licup also mentioned that while Elizabeth talks at home, she does not talk at the ABA clinic, school, or when they go out. She has recently noticed that Elizabeth does not talk at home for a couple of hours, but...
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...Ethics and Professional Responsibility Study Unit By Michael Wilson, Esq. Reviewed By Brian Bastyr, Esq. About the Author Michael Wilson is a freelance writer and college instructor who has had wide legal and educational experience. He graduated with his Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the University of Kentucky in 1976 and three years later received his law degree from the same school. He has been a partner in a law firm, a solo practitioner, and has done work in General and Family Mediation. He has also been a fulltime instructor in Paralegal Studies at Sullivan College, Lexington, KY, where he has taught such classes as Legal Research, Advanced Legal Writing and Appellate Practice, and Wills and Estates. He was given the “Teacher of the Year” award in 1997. Mr. Wilson has also had a number of papers published on legal topics in both scholarly and popular journals. About the Reviewer Brian Bastyr is a senior attorney editor for West Group, a legal publishing company. He earned a bachelor’s degree at the University of Illinois, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Illinois College of Law. He is currently a member of the Illinois bar, and has published a number of articles in legal journals. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service...
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...SYSTEM Ethical Practice of Law and its History Daphne Spann Kaplan University Intro. To Law Abstract The legal system has undergone many changes from its early start in the 19th century of the Canons of Professional Ethics to presently. The law has had to evolve due to the changes of climate in society to stay relevant and within the confines of the US Constitution. The one thing that has been debated and structured into a set of laws and guidelines under one main ruling organization of the American Bar Association is ETHICS. Ethical Practice of Law and its History The history of the establishment of legal ethics has evolved tremendously from the Canon of Ethics (Canons) to rules used today under the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules. The Canons are considered the cornerstone of modern of legal ethics and were used as a guideline for ethical conduct since prior to the 19th century there were no real rules regulating the conduct of lawyers. Ethics was based merely “perceptions” of what was considered ethical or drawn from other areas of law relevant to lawyers. The Canons were also considered vague in nature and seemed to focus on what attorneys should not do, while misaddressing the issues of what they should do. These early rules were viewed as a professional courtesy and carried no professional weight. The Canons, however, were still believed to be the historical starting point for the distinct contributions to the development of American legal ethics...
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...unauthorized practice of law due to his gross negligence to supervise his paralegal. ABA 5.3 (A)(B)(C). – Attorney Howe did not make reasonable efforts to supervise his paralegal. Mr. Howe knew that Carl was inexperienced in the firm as a “new-hire and should have practiced due diligence in his supervisorial duties. Attorney Howe failed to give clear guidelines and did not take immediate remedial action after Carl informed Howe that a new case was taken without his supervision. ABA 1.6 (C ) - Attorney Howe was negligent in his duty to maintain client confidentiality by leaving his office with visibly exposed client work products. Legal Assistant, Carl Jackson’s possible Ethical Violations: (Monday) NFPA-1.8(A) -Legal assistant, Carl, may have engaged in unauthorized practice of law by taking on a case without a supervising attorney’s knowledge and by giving legal advice to an inquiring client(s) regarding whether or not to pursue alimony. Furthermore, Carl negotiated the price of a fixed rate service without supervision, something only an attorney has the authority to do, which could also constitute as another act of unauthorized practice of law. EC1.7 (A)- Legal assistant, Carl ,did not identify himself as a “legal assistant” when he admitted the inquiring clients into Attorney Howe’s office, even though the inquiring client(s) were specifically asking for a licensed attorney. EC-1.5(a), ABA 1.5(A) - Legal assistant ,Carl, did not...
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...Interventions for Children with Autism Name Institution Tutor Date Interventions for Children with Autism Individuals with autism demonstrate delays or deficits in social interaction and behaviours. Autism is apparent from early childhood, but can emerge in early adulthood. It is associated with a wide range of possible causes, but genetic factors are the main causes. Children with autism have impairments in cognition, language delays, and lack of or poor social interactions. Lack of communication may force these children to adopt repetitive behaviours such as self-inflicted injuries and violence. The teaching process requires interventions that address the repetitive behaviours, skill development, and play activities that promote communication and social interactions. Several authors have discussed different intervention models that are discussed in the sections below. Rita Jordan-Behavioural and Communication Intervention TEACCH Programme The programme is community based and targets children and adults with autism and communication disabilities. TEACCH aims at developing communication skills among autistic children, and help them work and play independently of adults (Jordan, Jones and Murray, 1998). The development of communication skills is based on their understanding capability and their ability to express themselves. The programme teaches several ways of communication, such as the use of photographs and pictures, symbols and words...
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