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Vraag 1. What was Intel’s strategy in DRAM and why did intel decline in the DRAM market?
Intel was in de eerste jaren gefocussed op het produceren van circuit memory devices. De case geeft geen expliciete strategie. Wel wordt er geconstateerd dat er sprake is van een omvangrijke markt. De strategie van Intel lijkt vooral innovatie gedreven. Zij zijn de eerste die een 1K DRAM chip kunnen fabriceren doordat zij experimenteerde met drie alternatieve fabricatietechnologien. Ook de latere ontwikkeling van de EPROM en de Microprocessor ondersteunen deze stelling.
De case geeft aanwijzingen dat er redelijke barriers of entry aanwezig zijn door de hoge investeringskosten en door de noodzaak tot cross-patent licensing. Doordat de productieprocessen van de concurrentie (vooral de Japanners) vergeleken met die van Intel al geavanceerder waren kon Intel de innovatie en prijsontwikkelingen niet bijbenen. Dit werd mede veroorzaakt door de goede relaties met toeleveranciers van apparatuur, waardoor de Japanners grotere procesvoordelen konden behalen. Om in termen van ‘Porter’ te spreken: De frontier in deze industrie was nog ver weg. Daardoor was het nog mogelijk om zowel op prijs als kwaliteit voordelen te behalen. Op de lange termijn is dit geen ‘echte’ strategie, maar vooral focus op ‘operational excellence’.
Vraag 2. How were they able to create a competitive advantage in microprocessors? What are the threats to sustainability?
De belangrijkste wijze waarop intel in de eerste Jaren een competitive advantage kon creëren was door een intensieve marketing en sales campagne. Doordat Intel hierdoor bekender werd en kon aantonen dat er sprake was van 2.500 design wins, werd het mogelijk om de onderliggende microchiptechniek van de eerste PC van IBM te leveren en de ‘standaard’ te worden in de branche. Voor de volgende generatie werd een soortgelijke campagne opgetuigd om de ‘standaard’ te blijven.
Het behouden van de competitieve advantage kon door agressieve marketing campagne, waardoor het imago van de ‘standaard’ wordt behouden. Doordat Compaq de eerste kloon op de markt zette kreeg intel de mogelijkheid om nieuwe chips te blijven ontwikkelen en op deze wijze voortdurende innovatie te creëren en voorop de concurrenten te blijven in de learning curve. Doordat het strategische besluit is gemaakt om niet te second-sourcen kon Intel op deze wijze haar voorsprong uitbreiden en behouden. Door het constant uitbrengen van snellere processoren en het met de beperkte productiecapaciteit samenhangende slim balanceren van capaciteit en prijzen kon het voordeel worden behouden. Bovendien werkt men nauw samen met toeleveranciers voor fabricageapparatuur als softwareleveranciers als Microsoft om de supply chain te optimaliseren.
De volgende bedreigingen zijn denkbaar: * Toetreding van concurrerende standaarden als RISC. Zeker naarmate deze goedkoper werden om te produceren, maar toch betere performance opleverde. * Verplichting tot licensen van patent. Als Intel het design van de chip en de standaarden had moeten blijven delen met de concurrentie, zouden die in de ‘learning-curve’ steeds dichter bij AMD kunnen komen, uiteindelijk het voordeel uithollend. * Naarmate processoren steeds sneller worden, wordt de noodzaak tot het ontwikkelen van snellere processoren mogelijk minder hoog. Op dat moment verdwijnt het competitive advantage en kunnen andere concurrenten Intel mogelijk inhalen. (operational excellence)
Vraag 3. Why did Intel choose to enter new businesses such as networks, wireless communications and online services? Do these choices make sense?
Naarmate de markt voor chips voor PC’s volwassener werd zullen de marges onder druk komen te staan. Concurrenten kunnen op gelijkere voet komen te staan. Met de komst van substituten (denk aan telefoons en andere draadloze internet toepassingen) zou de markt voor Intel niet veel verder groeien of krimpen. Het lag dus voor de hand om de kennis van processoren ook toe te passen op andersoortige (netwerk)apparatuur. Het is een logische verbreding van de productportfolio waar Intel de bestaande expertise van het maken van chips en de geavanceerde productietechnieken mogelijk op zou kunnen toepassen. Gezien de expertise die Intel had lijkt dat een logische en verstandige keus.
Het lijkt er echter ook op dat Intel te veel hooi op de vork heeft genomen en teveel strategische verandering heeft willen doorvoeren. Met andere woorden: Misschien was er te weinig focus op de nieuwe developments, waardoor Intel zowel de oude als de nieuwe groeikansen onderbenut. Er werden onvoldoende scherpe keuzes gemaakt en ambitieuze doelen in elke business unit gesteld. Dat zorgde voor onvoldoende samenhang en te weinig focus.

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