...Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals producing industries are called mineral based industries. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an orebody, lode, vein, (coal) seam or reef, which forms the mineralized horizon and package of economic interest to the miner. To gain access to the mineralised package within the lease area (aka Mining Rights Lease) it is often necessary to mine through (to create access, shafts, addits, ramps) or remove to the side waste material which is not of immediate interest to the miner. The total movement of ore and waste, which also includes the removal of soil in some cases, is referred to as the mining process. Depending on the nature, attitude, and grade of the orebody, it is often the case that more waste than ore is mined during the course of the life of a mine. The waste removal and placement is a major cost to the mining operator and to facilitate detailed planning the detailed geological and mineralisation characterization of the waste material forms an essential part of the geological exploration programme. The science of extractive metallurgy is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from their ores, especially through chemical or mechanical means. Mineral processing (or mineral dressing) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing...
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...Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, popularly known as Vizag Steel (Telugu: విశాఖ ఉక్కు కర్మాగారం), is the most advanced steel producer in India with the help of German and soviet technology.its products have been rated the best in the world market.80% of its income comes from the exports of steel products to japan,Germany,united states, Singapore, Dubai,Australia,south american countries and many more.the company has grown from a loss making industry to 3 billion dollar turnover company registering a growth of 203.6% in just 4 years. Vizag Steel Plant has been conferred Navratna status on 17 November 2010.[1] Founded in 1971, the company focuses on producing value-added steel, with 214,000 tonnes produced in August 2010, out of 252,000 tonnes total of salable steel produced.[2] A new company Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL) was formed on 18 February 1982. Visakhapatnam Steel Plant was separated from SAIL and RINL was made the corporate entity of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant in April 1982.[citation needed] Vizag Steel Plant is the only Indian shore-based steel plant and is situated on 19,000 acres (7,700 ha), and is poised to expand to produce up to 20 MT in a single campus. Turnover in 2011-2012 was Rs 14,457 Crores.[citation needed] On 20 May 2009 Honorable Prime Minister Manmohan Singh launched the expansion project of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant from a capacity of 3.6MT to 6.3MT at a cost of Rs. 8,692 Crores Infrastructure * Coke Ovens and Coal Chemical Plant * Sinter Plant ...
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...I. Title: The Mole II. Purpose: To determine the number of atoms on a piece of galvanized iron and approximate the thickness in atoms of the coating III. Equipment: Reagents: 10 mL graduated cylinder 6 M HCl 150 mL beaker galvanized iron Balance Crucible tongs IV. Procedure: 1. Obtain a square or rectangular piece of galvanized iron which is 2 or 3 cm on an edge. Measure its length, width, and mass as precisely as your instruments permit. Record data. 2. Place the metal in a 150 ml beaker and add about 10 mL of 6 M hydrochloric acid. When the reaction has reached the stage where only a few bubbles of gas has been removed. Rinse the metal with water and dry it well. 3. Weigh and record the mass of the iron core V. Data: VI. Calculations 1. What: The mass of zinc coating How: Subtraction Calc: 1.6815-1.6071=0.0744 g 2. What: Moles of iron How: Factor labeling Calc: 55.85 g Fe/1 x 1/1 =55.85 g Fe 3. What: Moles of zinc in coating How: factor labeling Calc: 0.0744g /1 x 1/1 4. What: Mole ratio of zinc to iron How: Moles and zinc/moles of iron Calc: 65.39/55.85= 1.170 5. What: Atoms of zinc on 2 sides How: Factor Labeling Calc: 65.39 g/1 x 6.022 10x23/1 6. What: Atoms of iron How: Factor Labeling Calc: 55.85 g/1 x 6.022 10x23/1 7. What: Ratio of zinc to iron atoms How: Ratio Calc: 5.585 10x25/ 6.539 10x25 =.8541 8. What: Mass of zinc on one side How: division Calc:...
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...THE COMPANY AT A GLANCE An introduction: Bajaj electrical Ltd., incorporated in the year 1938, is a mid cap company (having a market cap of Rs 2531.98 cr.) operating in consumer durable sector. The company expertise in lighting, consumer durables, engineering and projects, is promoted by Kamalnayan Bajaj & have its headquarter in Mumbai, Maharashtra. History: The Company was incorporated as Radio Lamp Works Limited under the Indian Companies Act, 1913 as a public company limited by shares, pursuant to a certificate of incorporation dated July 14, 1938. Subsequently the name of the Company was changed to Bajaj Electricals Limited, pursuant to a fresh certificate of incorporation dated October 1, 1960. Company’s manufacturing unit have been accredited with ISO 9001 / 9002 and ISO 14001 certifications for its quality management. Some notable projects of the company include lighting works at the Commonwealth Games stadium and the Bandra Worli Sea Link. The Company caters mainly to the needs of the Indian markets and the export turnover being 0.67% (Previous Year 0.81%) of the total turnover of the Company. There are no reportable geographical segments. All assets are located in India. Management: The company management includes: Shekhar Bajaj Harsh Vardhan Goenka Ashok Jalan V. B. Haribhakti Madhur Bajaj Chairman And Managing Director Director Director Director Director Plant: the company has manufacturing...
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...proportion to your fear of suffering. --Thomas Merton The net reaction for this first simple step is therefore: 2(Fe O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e2 Fe + O2 + 2 H2O Fe2+ + 2 e-) 4 OH2 Fe(OH)2 Iron(II) hydroxide is insoluble but its green color is almost never observed because it is ordinarily further oxidized by the oxygen: 2 Fe(OH)2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2 Fe(OH)3 The final product (when dry) has the reddish-brown flaky character we associate with rust. Although the reaction that produces Fe(OH)2 is technically an equilibrium process (all electrochemical processes are) the value of Kc is very large (>1099 at 298 K) and left unchecked it will go to completion. But the rate is relatively slow under normal atmospheric conditions and so it is still possible to manipulate the equilibrium somewhat by changing appropriate factors. The rates of corrosion reactions--and presumably their mechanisms--vary widely. Factors which influence the progress of the net reaction in the first step of the oxidation of iron may have an effect on the overall rate. The nature of the oxide product is also very important in affecting the extent of the corrosion. For example, aluminum is a very active metal, but its oxide, Al2O3, is very dense and forms a thin protective layer on the metal which discourages further corrosion. In contrast, iron rust (hydrated forms of Fe2O3 such as reddish-brown Fe(OH)3) is typically flaky and easily crumbles off to continually expose fresh metal for reaction. Although the mechanism for corrosion...
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...J. clin. Path. (1963), 16, 12 The haemolytic activity of an iron carbohydrate complex J. FIELDING with the technical assistance of GILLIAN M. SMITH From Paddington General Hospital, London The haemolytic activity of iron-dextran complex is found to be a function of time, temperature, pH, and concentration. The lytic action is enhanced by small amounts of added ferrous sulphate. The lytic action is inhibited by chelating agents such as citrate and sequestrene salts, which bind ionic iron, but not by ferric citrate or ferric sequestrene which do not bind iron. The ionised iron content of iron-dextran is deduced. SYNOPSIS The lytic activity of iron-dextran is also inhibited by iron-dextrin and by an iron-sorbitol-citric acid preparation. It is suggested that the iron-sorbitol-citrate molecular complex contains free chelating groups for iron. The significance of these findings for iron-carbohydrate toxicity and metabolism is briefly discussed. The clinical toxicity of parenteral iron preparations, both intravenous and intramuscular, has been one of the principal problems associated with their use. The toxic manifcstations are varied in kind and tend to form a pattern of reactions characteristic in type for each iron complex. It is unlikely that a single factor is responsible for all or even most of the observed toxic reactions. Instability of the complex in plasma with possible precipitation in vivo is a likely cause in the case of the saccharated...
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...The houses vary in the same style depending on their location and social status and taste of the family. Houses of the Filipinos are usually made of wood and nipa. Later galvanized iron replaced nipa for roofing. In some towns, barrios, and cities, houses made of nipa and bamboo are still to be found. Some have sawali walls and cogon roofings. Most of the houses especially the older ones are situated high above the ground for better ventilation and reduced humidity. In the past, building a houses was fast and inexpensive. Houses were built then through the help of friends and neighbors. Today there are only few bamboo houses. Most houses are already built of strong materials like hollow blocks, wood, galvanized iron and glass windows. Modernity has not entirely changed the architecture of the Filipino houses. The batalan is stall a part of the houses in Luzon and is used as an open bathroom, a place for water jars or tapayan and a place for washing. The modern batalan is made of concrete and is still adjacent to the kitchen. The banguerahan, a storage shelf and drainer before the dish rack was introduced, is still a part of a few modern houses. The modern banguerahan is no longer enclosed with bamboo spikes but is screened. The old house of before were not painted. The present ones are painted in varied colors and built styles. The old houses were built high on the ground and the space below calle4d silong was fenced with bamboo to keep pigs, dogs, and chickens...
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...casting becomes smaller than the pattern and the mould cavity. Therefore, to compensate for this, mould and the pattern should be made larger than the casting by the amount of shrinkage. The amount of compensation for shrinkage is called the shrinkage allowance. Generally shrinkage of casting varies not only with material but also with shape, thickness, casting temperature, mould temperature, and mould strength. Therefore, it is better to determine the amount of shrinkage according to the past record obtained from many experiences. Table 1.2 shows an average amount of shrinkage for important cast metals. Table 1.2 Typical shrinkage allowances for important casting metals Type of metal Amount of shrinkage (%) Grey cast irons 0.55-1.00 White cast irons 2.10 Malleable cast irons 1.00 Steels 2.00 Manganese steel 2.60 Magnesium 1.80 Type of metal Zinc Brasses Bronzes Aluminium Aluminium alloys Tin Amount of shrinkage (%) 2.60 1.30-1.55 1.05-2.10 1.65 1.30-1.60 2.00 In practice, pattern makers use a special rule or scale, called the “pattern maker’s contraction rule”, which, after providing with necessary allowance, is slightly longer than the ordinary rule of the same length. The graduations are oversized by a proportionate amount, for example, when constructing a pattern for aluminium alloys, the pattern maker uses a contraction rule measuring...
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...Iron Solutions: Developing New Algal Growth Media for Increased Iron Uptake Andrew Sweeney U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) University of California San Diego Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California August 6, 2015 Prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) under the direction of Dr. Nigel Quinn in the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. ABSTRACT This study endeavored to improve sustained productivity of mass cultivated marine microalgae by using limitation of iron, a vital micronutrient, to create a growth medium that would prevent the growth of non-predatory invasive organisms. Iron’s aqueous chemistry is quite complex, and much of this study is focused on the chemical transformations of iron chelates and iron salts in the growth medium my group developed for Nannochloropsis oculata.. This algae has been identified ,because of its high proportion of unsaturated lipids, as a promising candidate for biofuels, specialty chemicals, and protein rich animal feed. Nannochloropsis oculata. also promises to be resource efficient as the cell’s small size ,and minimal agitation requirement, minimizes the loss of inorganic carbon through escaping CO2. The cells were grown in four different media (iron free, 30uM FeEDTA, 10um ferrous sulfate,...
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...phenolphthalein were combined. A piece of paper was soaked in this mixture. 2 nails (one straight, one bent) were wrapped in the damp paper allowing space in between, then left for 10mins. After which, colors formed in the paper napkins were observed. The second part was the bimetallic corrosion. 2 iron nails were cleaned using sand paper. In one nail, copper wire was coiled around its tip. On the other, a zinc granule was attached to its tip. Another paper was soaked in the same mixture in which the nails were wrapped separately and were left for 10mins. The papers were opened and sites where pink and blue colors formed were examined. The results didn’t absolutely correspond to the objectives of this experiment due to the errors on the materials used; however, it was inferred that during the process of corrosion, the metal ions dissolve and the electrons transfer to another location where they’re taken up by oxygen. A mixture of hydrous iron oxides is then produced from the resulting hydroxide ions which react with iron (II). This mixture is what’s commonly known as rust. In the zinc granule – iron nail combination, it was found out that the zinc was oxidized faster compared with iron...
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...Stents with Nickel Titanium are non-Ferrous. This is because titanium and nickel and titanium have no iron 1310 °C. This is a metal alloy as it is made up of Nickel and Titanium. This metal is shown as a shiny, bright, silver metal. The metal can elasticise and can re shape itself to its original shape. Nickel titanium has many uses as it is used in most medical areas.NiTi is used in dentistry when braces are put on a person’s teeth because its flexibility allows it to straighten teeth. Urea Formaldehyde is a polymer as it is a thermosetting plastic 132°C Urea formaldehyde is a polymer made up from a methanal Urea formaldehyde has a high heat resistance which allows plugs to stay in the socket which lets it function longer. Also it...
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...been made from iron or wrought iron. Now we go on to a more delicate tool also known as the chisel. They would use chisels to make patterns and carve shapes and rune into the sword. The next tool is a poker, the poker is what a blacksmith from Ancient Rome would use to rearrange the charcoal in different areas around the forge to get the right heat. This was useful so the blacksmith didn’t take the risk of actually putting it in with his hands. Now I will tell you about the crucible, the crucible was a tool that blacksmiths would use to melt metal into a liquid. The crucible would go inside the forge the blacksmith was using. This tool would be useful because the romans...
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...Firstly the raw material, limestone, clay, iron ore, is blasted or drilled into depending on the depth of the deposit. The most central materials such as limestones will generally be mined on site and secondary materials will generally be mined on a nearby quarry. Whilst blasting any raw materials, site managers need to ensure that the best routine of blasting is practiced so that dust, vibration and noise pollution are kept to a minimum^(1). The blasted rocks will most often be of varying diameters and must be transported to a crushing plant. Crushing plants are set up close of the mining sites to reduce transportation costs and increase productivity and efficiency. Backhoe loading truck with blasted material ^(4) Crushing and Grinding The raw materials firstly go through a screening process which ensures only the required materials are crushed and no time and energy is wasted in processing waste constituents. Once the excessively large rocks are crushed into the desired size, the next step is ensuring the right chemical composition of your cement. Typical additives include sand, to increase the silicon oxide composition as well as iron ores to maintain the proportions of iron oxides. The next step is grinding which...
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...conditions during solidifications. The mould material has a decided effect on the structure formation. The use of end chills during casting not only favours directional solidification but also accelrates solidification. Faster cooling rates give rise to finer structures and improved mechanical properties. In this work an attempt is made to prepare Al-B4C composites cast using stainless steel and cast iron chills in a colplete adiabatic system. The microstrucutre and micro-hardness of the chill cast specimens are analyzed and reported. It is observed that the chill material has a significant influence on the microstructure and properties of the cast specimens. Finner structure and better mechanical properties were observed with the specimen cast using stainless-steel chill whereas cast iron chill gave rise to coarse structure with reduces mechanical properties. INTRODUCTION Engineering Materials There are more than 50,000 materials available to engineers for the design and manufacturing of products for various applications. These materials range from copper, cast iron, brass, which have been available for so many years, to the more recently developed advanced materials such as composites, ceramics and high-performance steels. Due to wide choice of materials, today's engineers are posed with a big challenge for the right selection of material and manufacturing processes for an application. These materials depending on their major characteristics like stiffness...
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...Renz Erick R. Delgado BSCE 4 200810163 “STEEL” BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. It also consists of small quantities such as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon. It is generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy and depending on the desired alloy properties, the constituents in steel vary. The density of steel varies based on the alloying constituents, but usually ranges between 7,750 and 8,050 kg/m3 (484 and 503 lb/cu ft), or 7.75 and 8.05 g/cm3 (4.48 and 4.65 oz/cu in). Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron. Though steel had been produced by various inefficient methods long before the Renaissance, its use became more common after more-efficient production methods were devised...
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