...failure of firms around the globe are determined by firms’ ability to understand and take advantage of the different rules of the game”. Understanding Institutions… • What is an institution? • “The humanly devised constraints that structure human interaction” • Douglass North (Nobel Laureate) Understanding Institutions… • Institutional Framework • Formal and informal institutions governing individual/firm behavior. • Supported by three pillars: • Regulatory • Normative • Cognitive Understanding Institutions… • Regulatory Pillar (formal) • Coercive power of governments • Laws, regulations, rules • Normative Pillar (informal) • The values, beliefs and actions of a group (emotions) • Cognitive Pillar (informal) • Internalized values and beliefs that guide behavior • Culture & Ethics (logic) • How do these pillars shape behavior? Understanding Institutions… • What is the KEY ROLE of an institution? • Reduce Uncertainty! • Institutions constrain the range of acceptable actions. • Uncertainty surrounding economic transactions can lead to transaction costs. • Misunderstandings and conflicts. Understanding Institutions… • Institutions are not static • Some countries are in transition from centrally planned economies to market competition (China, Poland, Russia, Vietnam) • The “rules of the game” are constantly in flux in all societies. Institution-Based View of Global Business… • Two Core...
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...Citizenship Grade level: 9-12 Introduction: The lesson plans that I have created here will be designed to educate students about digital citizenship. The lesson will help students learn how to Interact with others online in an ethical manner. These lessons are established for high school students. The main idea in these seven lessons is to bring awareness to the seven of nine elements to digital citizen. The seven elements that will be taught are: Digital Commerce, Digital Communication, Digital Literacy, Digital Etiquette, Digital Law, Digital Rights and Responsibilities, Digital Health and Wellness Digital Security. The lessons are meant to examine and discuss the ethical approach to all these elements. Each activity, game, reading, quiz and video will help students make better choices while engaged in the world of digital citizenship. It is very important that students in the 21st century and beyond be taught these concepts, so they are protected and make appropriate decisions online. There are thirty-five students in my class with the addition of one English Learner; one special needs student and two GATE students. The duration of each lesson will be approximately forty-five minutes. The student diversity in my class will be accommodated through cooperative learning activities, peer coaching, and feedback and checking for understanding. The formative assessments in my class will be implemented in my instruction through practice quizzes, exit tickets and checking for understanding...
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...MGM 301- Exam #1 Study Guide Chapter 1- Creating Customer Relationships and Value Through Marketing Marketing: the activity for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that benefit the organization, it’s stakeholders, and society at large - more broad than advertising and selling - stresses the importance of delivering genuine benefits to customers To serve buyers and sellers, marketing needs to: 1.) discover the needs and wants of prospective customers 2.) satisfy these needs Exchange: the trade of things of value between buyer and seller so that each is better off after the trade - many diverse factors influence marketing activities (relationships with customers, shareholders, suppliers, environmental forces) 4 Factors for Marketing to Occur 1. Two or more parties (individuals or groups) with unsatisfied needs 2. A desire and ability on their part to be satisfied 3. A way for the parties to communicate 4. Something to exchange Meeting Consumer Needs with New Products 1. Focus on the customer benefit 2. Learn from the past Consumer Need: occurs when a person feels deprived of basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter Consumer Want: a need shaped by a person’s knowledge, culture, and personality Market: people with both the desire and ability to buy a specific offering Target Market: one or more specific groups of potential consumers toward which an organization directs its marketing...
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...In Los Angeles, Stadiums Battle Heats Up * Threat to move to LA is to crowbar concessions out of government leaders * Once teams gets public financing, it stays put * AEG and Majestic Realty Group, promised to build stadium in Los Angeles County if a team would commit to moving * January, St. Louis Rams owner Stan Kroenke, planned to build an 80,000 seat stadium in Inglewood * Inglewood City Council voted unanimously to give the project the green light * Rams switched to year-to-year least at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis * San Diego Chargers and Oakland Raiders last month said they would build own stadium in Carson * Maintain leverage in home cities, or forestall the Rams’ move to Los Angeles * AEG commissioned report by Tom Ridge, former secretary of Department of Homeland Security * Outlined several safety and operational risks of locating a stadium in Inglewood (Few miles away from LAX) * Peril of placing NFL stadium in direct path flight of LAX – layering risk – outweigh many benefits over the decades-long life span of the facility * AEG paid Mark Rosenker, former chairman of the National Transport Safety Board, to write another report on the potential of accidental threats from laser pointers, drones, stadium lights and even equipment falling off planes * Developers are using sharp elbows to nudge out rivals On Los Angeles, St. Louis Rams and How it all Shakes Out * The Raiders and The Rams left...
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...2014 Senior Seminar/US-VA Government Research Paper What should the federal government do about an issue facing the United States of America today? You will be writing a research position paper that will receive grades in both your English and government classes. The paper will serve as an introduction to Model Congress. Project Objectives: • Prepare for Model Congress and complete a benchmark for English 12 POS ▪ Students will select a federal policy issue which interests them and research the policy (if it is a historical topic, think about the following: did Congress pass the legislation? Why did the policy succeed or fail? Did the president approve or veto the policy?) ▪ Each public policy topic from the list may only be selected by ONE student in each class period ▪ Students will make connections between their chosen public policy and topics studied in U.S. Government. Students must choose three of the topics below to address in their paper somehow: 1) Bipartisanship or lack thereof in Congress 2) Bureaucracies (agencies or heads of agencies) 3) Divided government or unified government 4) Federalism (lobbying efforts from states) 5) Interest groups (name specific) 6) Media (advertisements – describe) 7) Presidential leadership 8) Party discipline (or lack thereof) in Congress Requirements of the Combined Research Paper 1. Thesis Statement 2. Annotated Bibliography 3. Formal Outline 4. Final Paper...
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...To the reader, I bet you are wondering what this is all about, or perhaps who I even am. Let us start with a greeting, shall we? Hi, I’m Celina Gonzales, a college freshman taking up BS Legal Management. This E-portfolio encapsulates my entire writing journey of sorts in my ENGLCOM (Basic Communication and Study Skills) course throughout the second term of my first year in university. In here, you will be able to read about various ideas—from the meaning of the word “infinite” beyond the concept taught to us in our Math classes, to the causes of the Philippines’ lagged progress (no, it is not solely due to corruption), and, well, Korean Pop. With all these topics mentioned, I hope you appreciate how much I have grown in terms of flexibility, as I was never comfortable with writing beyond my interests. The entire journey was a roller coaster, thanks to the great deal of papers that came with strict deadlines, high standards, along with numerous revisions inked in either pink, green, red, or blue. However, I believe that all those days figuring out how exactly my professors want me to revise parts of my papers and whatnot are worth it—The innumerable scratch papers that I was armed with in the beginning of the term are gone. I can now write an article of great quality without having to frantically jot down my ideas on a separate sheet of paper. I believe that this growth of mine is impossible without my professors. Therefore, I would like to extend my gratitude to them: To...
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...Lynch Enron Qwest WorldCom Royal Shell Nortel Krispy Kreme Refco UnitedHealth Group Merck Chiquita World Bank BP Madoff Investment Securities • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • AT&T Titan Xerox Kmart Citigroup Lucent ImClone Arthur Andersen HealthSouth Royal Ahold Parmalat Apollo Group Marsh & McLennan AIG (twice)(Putnam)(Mercer) Fannie Mae (twice) KPMG (twice) GM Options scandals (200 companies) HP Universities and travel Siemens Countrywide Financial Société General Milberg Weiss Bear Stearns Satyam (India) Stanford Investments Jennings 1 Government Issues • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Illinois – Gov. Ryan Illinois – Blago Baltimore’s mayor Detroit’s mayor – Kwame Kilpatrick San Diego -- $1.1 billion pension fund deficit; skimming to meet city budget Connecticut – Gov. Rowland Chicago – Mayor’s office and contracts Embezzlement – BLM E b l t Former Delay aides and guilty pleas Abramoff Duke Cunningham -- $2.4 million from defense contractors State crime labs and scandals Tom DeLay Clark County Commissioner and the MyTai concession Philadelphia mayor and the pay-to-play contracting system Darlene Druyun and Boeing HR director of JeffCo County and the $32,000 in personal expenses on county credit card Governors engaged in business relationships with those who receive state contracts BLM chief in Monterey doctoring invoices to embezzle USDA employees and the $100K for visas Dept....
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...ISSN 1179-724X Project no. 13.3/10147 Public Annual Telecommunications Monitoring Report 2013 Telecommunications monitoring report Date: May 2014 2 CONTENTS Executive Summary Introduction Purpose of this report Data sources Market overview TelstraClear disappears UFB drives up telecommunications investment Broadband connections continue to grow Calling volumes converging Total revenue rise not sustained Fixed-line and mobile markets show similar levels of concentration Retail fixed-line market Market overview Fall in local calling accelerates Most fixed-line revenues continue to fall Telecom’s retail voice share continues to slip, including wholesale Consolidation in broadband market Lift in average broadband speed Retail mobile market Market overview Rising data revenues underpin modest growth Mobile voice minutes resume upward trend Off-net calling becomes more popular Texting appears to have peaked Competition progressing in prepay but not much in business The telecommunications consumer – from smartphone to smart living How much appetite do users have for data and speed? What drives consumption? What is the impact on citizens’ welfare and New Zealand’s economic growth? Challenges of digital life The 2013 year in review List of defined terms and abbreviations 3 5 5 5 6 6 6 8 10 11 12 14 14 15 17 18 19 21 23 23 24 25 26 28 30 33 34 38 44 50 52 57 3 Executive Summary This is the Commerce Commission’s seventh annual telecommunications market monitoring report...
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...Copyrighted Material. Not for Distribution. Sixth Edition APA Style Guide to References Copyrighted Material. Not for Distribution. Electronic Copyrighted Material. Not for Distribution. Copyright © 2012 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not limited to, the process of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 www.apa.org To order APA Order Department P.O. Box 92984 Washington, DC 20090-2984 Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510 Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 Online: www.apa.org/pubs/books E-mail: order@apa.org Typeset in Sabon, Futura, and Univers by Circle Graphics, Columbia, MD APA Editorial and Production Staff APA Books Editorial Director: Mary Lynn Skutley Senior Editor, APA Style: Anne W. Gasque Production Manager: Jennifer M. Meidinger Production Editor: Harriet Kaplan APA Journals Director, Editorial Services: Paige Jackson Editorial Supervisor: Jeffery Hume-Pratuch Manuscript Editor II: Chelsea Lee Manuscript Editor II: Stefanie Lazer 1-4338-0704-1 978-1-4338-0704-6 Copyrighted Material. Not for Distribution. Copyrighted Material. Not for Distribution...
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...------------------------------------------------- Online advertising From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Part of a series on | Internet marketing | * Search engine optimization * Social media marketing * Email marketing * Referral marketing * Content marketing * Native advertising | Search engine marketing | * Pay per click * Cost per impression * Search analytics * Web analytics | Display advertising | * Contextual advertising * Behavioral targeting | Affiliate marketing | * Cost per action * Revenue sharing | Mobile advertising | * v * t * e | Part of a series on | E-commerce | Online goods and services | * E-books * Software * Streaming media | Retail services | * Banking * DVD-by-mail * Flower delivery * Food ordering * Pharmacy * Travel | Marketplace services | * Advertising * Auctions * Comparison shopping * Social commerce * Trading communities * Wallet | Mobile commerce | * Payment * Ticketing | Customer service | * Call centre * Help desk * Live support software | E-procurement | Purchase-to-pay | * v * t * e | Marketing | Key concepts | * Product marketing * Pricing * Distribution * Service * Retail * Brand management * Brand licensing * Account-based marketing * Ethics * Effectiveness * Research * Segmentation * Strategy * Activation * Management * Dominance * Marketing operations...
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...Minds on Open Education, the Long Tail, and Learning 2.0 More than one-third of the world’s population is under 20. There are over 30 million people today qualified to enter a university who have no place to go. During the next decade, this 30 million will grow to 100 million. To meet this staggering demand, a major university needs to be created each week. —Sir John Daniel, 1996 T By John seely Brown and Richard P. adler he world has become increasingly “flat,” as Tom Friedman has shown. Thanks to massive improvements in communications and transportation, virtually any place on earth can be connected to markets anywhere else on earth and can become globally competitive.1 But at the same time that the world has become flatter, it has also become “spikier”: the places that are globally competitive are those that have robust local ecosystems of resources supporting innovation and productiveness.2 A key part of any such ecosystem is a well-educated workforce with the requisite competitive skills. And in a rapidly changing world, these ecosystems must not only supply this workforce but also provide support for continuous learning and for the ongoing creation of new ideas and skills. John Seely Brown is a Visiting Scholar and Advisor to the Provost at the University of Southern California (USC) and Independent Co-Chairman of a New Deloitte Research Center. He is the former Chief Scientist of Xerox and Director of its Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Many of his publications...
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...Beyond the Casino Floor: Economic Impacts of the Commercial Casino Industry I. Overview The commercial casino industry in the U.S. has without question undergone significant growth over the last 25 years. During this time, the industry has gone from operating only in Nevada and Atlantic City, New Jersey to operating 566 casinos in 22 states in 2010. Coinciding with this growth, large portions of the industry have also undergone an evolutionary shift that has led to an increased emphasis being placed on a wide range of entertainment and recreational options beyond the casino floor. Despite considerable evidence substantiating this evolutionary change in the commercial casino marketplace, in the popular mind the casino industry remains largely about gambling. There is a perception that people travel to casinos mainly to spend some money gambling and then return home. In this simplified view, the money they spend pays for the facilities they visit and the salaries of the employees with whom they interact. This view is, however, incomplete. In reality, this perception discounts how increasingly complex modern casinos in the U.S. have become, and how large and far-reaching a role they now play in the American economy. This study, conducted by the Brattle Group for the American Gaming Association (AGA), uncovers several key findings about the U.S. commercial casino industry: • Based on direct, indirect and induced impacts, the commercial casino industry supported approximately...
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...AMAZON.COM Introduction Amazon.com, Inc. is an online retail store that offers products ranging from books, electronics, and clothing to movies, games, and beauty products. Incorporated in Washington State in 1994, it was reincorporated in Delaware in 1996. Since 1994, Jeffrey P. Bezos has been its Chairman of the Board and its Chief Executive officer since 1996, and with a brief interruption in 1999-2000, he has also been the President of Amazon.com, Inc. since its founding. Under the “AMZN’ symbol, its common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Amazon.com, Inc. began on the World Wide Web in 1995, with its main customer base being “consumers, sellers, enterprises, and content creators”. Amazon.com, Inc. is managed on a geographic basis with North America and International being its low operating segments. For its consumers, the website offers millions of products sold by Amazon.com itself and by third parties. As of December 31, 2013, Amazon.com employs over 117,000 full and part-time people. GAAP In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) of the United States, Amazon.com, financial statements and accompanying notes, the required estimates and assumptions that may affect the company’s reported assets and liabilities, and its revenues and expenses, are disclosed. However, free cash flow, a non-GAAP measure, is utilized by Amazon.com, as a long-term financial focus. Free cash flow is defined as “net cash provided...
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...33 CHAPTER Newswriting basics Ready to write a simple news story? This chapter introduces you to the concepts and formulas all reporters have learned to rely upon. IN THIS CHAPTER: 34 Just the facts Be aware of what’s factual — and what’s opinion. 36 The five W’s The essentials: who, what, when, where, why. 38 The inverted pyramid How to write stories so the key facts come first. 40 Writing basic news leads Putting your opening paragraphs to work in the most informative, appealing way. 42 Beyond the basic news lead Not every story needs to start with a summary of basic facts; you have other options. 44 Leads that succeed A roundup of the most popular and dependable categories of leads. 46 After the lead . . . what next? A look at nut grafs, briefs, brites — and ways to outline and organize stories efficiently. 48 Story structure How to give an overall shape to your story, from beginning to middle to end. 50 Rewriting First you write. Then you rethink, revise, revamp and refine until you run out of time. 52 Editing Reporters have a love-hate relationship with editors. But here’s why you need them. 54 Newswriting style Every newsroom adapts its own rules when it comes to punctuation, capitalization, etc. 56 Making deadline When you’re a reporter, you live by the clock. How well will you handle the pressure? 58 66 newswriting tips A collection of rules, guidelines and helpful advice to make your stories more professional. ...
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...9-708-497 REV: JULY 6, 2011 DAVID COLLIS JAN W. RIVKIN Strategic Decline Great strategies can, on occasion, produce exceptional performance that lasts for many years. We have seen several examples of companies that held to essentially the same strategy over a long period of time and continued to outperform the competition. Wal-Mart had 99 quarters of EPS growth, much of it greater than 20% per annum, until a slowdown in the 1990s. Edward Jones has pursued the same strategy since the early 1970s, during which time it has grown nearly a hundredfold while maintaining a return on capital about 10% higher than competitors. Unfortunately, these stellar examples of sustained competitive advantage are the exception rather than the rule. The harsh truth is that changes in the external environment and competitive pressures cause the profitability of the typical superior performer to revert to the mean very rapidly.1 This fact challenges the strategist not only to craft robust strategies whose advantages last as long as possible, but also to design a strategy-making process that is capable of appropriate strategic change and effective strategic renewal. Failing to achieve this goal has led many formerly great companies, such as Sears, AT&T, and Westinghouse, into disaster. This note first shares facts about the sustainability of competitive advantage. It then observes that the demise of a previously successful strategy typically involves some change in the external environment. It...
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