...Industrial Regulation is the regulation on an entire industry by the government. This form of regulation exists to safeguard industry prices and to prevent the formations of monopolies. One of the key reasons of industrial regulation is to protect the consumer from being taken advantage of. Industrial regulation can affect the market by passing on higher prices to the consumer as a result of higher production costs. Do to the lack of competition in certain industries industrial regulation could lead to x Inefficiency in the market place. This form of regulation could also affect the market by keeping a monopoly in power long after natural monopoly conditions have expired. The regulation of natural monopolies affects the market by protecting consumers from high prices. Regulations are put into place, allowing monopolies to receive fair profits and returns on their business enterprises. The entities that are affected by industrial regulation in terms of market structure are natural monopolies and oligopolies. Natural monopolies are affected by industrial regulations through perfect competition. When you have monopolies new business are not allowed into the industry and with the firm that has the industry monopolized that one firm is the consumer’s only option. The other market structure affected is by industrial regulation is the oligopoly. Oligopoly is a group of a few large firms controlling an industry. Regulations affect this market structure by deterring the firms within...
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...meant to prevent activities that a business may do that the federal government regulators believe to be anticompetitive. The Act maintains that the federal government is to examine and track trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation. It was the first federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies. (Sherman Antitrust Act, 2014) Clayton Act provides clarification to the Sherman Act of 1890. It is meant to encourage competition with businesses within the United States, discourage formation of monopolies, and prohibit price discrimination, price fixing and unfair business practices. (Clayton Antitrust Act, 2014) Robinson-Patman Act (1936) prohibits a business from selling the same item to one company for a different price while selling the same item to another company for a different price. This protects smaller businesses by limiting the large company's ability to command discriminatory discounts through its purchasing power. (Robinson-Patman Act, 2014) Federal Trade Commission Act enforces the other three antitrust laws by preventing unfair competition and deceptive practices. This act discourages businesses from entering into unlawful competition. B1. Industrial regulation deals with the government regulation of a business pricing in certain markets. It helps to decrease the control of oligopolies, prevent conspiracy and increase competition among companies. This regulation helps the consumer know that oligopoly businesses are prevented from...
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...and provincial levels of government. In Canada, citizens have a publicly funded health care system with universal access to the Medicare system. The Canada Health Act provides “near-universal” coverage across the nation. Moreover, the government has failed in improving health care results and in altering policy decisions to make a strategic plan. Physicians also play a significant role in contributing to the healthcare facilities and on how they satisfy their patients. In Canada, prescription drug plans vary across the nation. There is a universal prescription drug coverage in Canada that varies throughout each...
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...International 101 Research Paper - Assignment 7 25 November 2013 Drug War: World Issue? Question: Why do certain countries try to stop the drug war and drug trade when it is such a high commodity all over the world? An important part of our world today, which has a high fascination in cultures all over the world is drugs. Drugs have been around for a while but they have not been regulated in any way by many governments. Amsterdam has made marijuana legal which taxes it which goes to the government. TV shows revolve around the use of drugs in society; reality and fiction. Although drugs are something that multiple people, politicians, and government officials all have an opinion on. Even suburban parents and the teenage stoners have a stance on drug trade or drug regulation. Which prompts the question, why do certain countries try to stop the drug war and drug trade when it is such a high commodity all over the world? Studies have show, as displayed in the text of America's Holy War explains that tax policies and property and crime directly correlate with drug trade and problems within a modern society. America is an example of bad drug policy whereas other places, for example Europe, have more liberal drug policy and they live more peaceful lives. The contamination of drugs can spread AIDs and many other life threatening diseases. We spend tax dollars to keep drugs out yet they still find a way back in the American border because they are such a commodity and addiction...
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...Week 7-POS/110 American National Government Assignment Bureaucracy and You By Timothy R Cole Throughout our daily lives there are so many different bureaucrats that run our days it is completely amazing. I believe the one branch of bureaucrats that amazed me the most was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). I never realized how much these individuals actually do within my daily life whenever it comes to inspecting, approving, or running some facet of our lives. The agency which surprises me the least would be the Bureau of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Firearms as their entire purpose is to collect taxes whenever these items are sold. So when and why was the FDA formed? Was it in response to some national emergency or event? The “FDA is a branch of government housed within the department of Health and Human Services” (FDA,2010). The onset of the FDA was in direct correlation with the instituting of the Federal Food and Drug Act in 1906. The history of the FDA however can be traced all the way back to the latter part of the 19th Century under the US department of Agricultural Chemistry. Under the direction of chief chemist Harvey Washington Wiley in 1883 this branch of government began to investigate the adulteration and misbranding of food and drugs within the American government. (FDA, 2010) I do believe this was in direct response to an emergency as such drugs as cocaine, opium and heroin were consistently being added to medicinal elixirs and...
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...Nick Montesano Buss 200 Administrative Law Essay The College Of New Jersey Dr. Laura Sanders 9/29/30 A National Dispute In the past decade there has been an increased controversial view of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. People have been divided on how to regulate these products in the market, causing much governmental controversy. There have been many groundbreaking and unprecedented court cases that have been shaping the public policy on which these substances stand on. These substances have an immediate and perilous effect on the health of all human beings. Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, alcohol causes impaired judgment and in turn causes people to do things that affect their health physically and emotionally, and marijuana has almost the same effect as alcohol. (New England Law) Health is the ultimate concern when studying these three substances, which would lead to the Family Smoking Prevention Act to survive the Hudson Test. The Granholm case would lead one to believe that states cannot discriminate against outsiders from sales, and the medical exceptions for marijuana are valid on the fact that it has a medical advantage to some citizens. I strongly believe that the federal government has a right to regulate certain aspects of these substances based upon the danger posed to the health of citizens. This paper will discuss certain court cases that shape my opinion for every substance...
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...(2012), regulation is the result of pressure-groups action and results in laws and policies to support business and to protect consumers, workers, and the environment. Salvatore (2012) goes on to describe that starting with the Sherman Act of 1890, a number of antitrust laws were passed to prevent monopoly or undue concentration of economic power, protect the public against the abuses and inefficiencies resulting from monopoly or the concentration of economic power and maintain a workable degree of competition in the U.S. economy. First, lets discuss regulations and the ways that government has been able to restrict competition. Government regulation has four main purposes, preventing abuses, protecting consumers, limiting negative externalities and promoting competition. These regulations includes things like licensing, restrictions on price competition, as well as patents. Regulations will also help ensure economic stability by keeping the unemployment rate low as well as keeping the inflation rate low. A license is often required for a business just to operate and remain open. A business such as TV, radio stations, child care services; professions like medicine and law; and trades such as plumbers, electricians and real estate brokers as well as dietitians and taxi cab drivers all need a license in order to operate. The government requires license of these businesses and professions in order to protect the public against things like fraud and harm. The government also...
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...Research Task: Trade Barrier and Corruption by Panida Vesakha-Vahrinth The similar concern for all countries being considered for a new market entry is the issue dealing with IPR. Additionally, the rules and regulations for foreign manufacturers for these countries often causes delay in registering new pharmaceutical products in order to provide the local manufacturer maximized domestic opportunity. These rules and regulations include additional inspections of the products that are arguably unnecessary, the costly applications for required permits and license to sale such products, and the product specification requirements that do not applied to the domestic manufacturer (See Exhibit A for further details). According to the Corruption Perception Index provided by Transparency International, the selected countries can be ranked according to the CPI 2010 scores as follow: Canada, Chile, Turkey, China, and India (Exhibit B). The five countries with the highest CPI scores show some culture similarities. All but Singapore receive high score in the IDV category. Singapore, on the other hand, is most influenced by the PDI dimension (Exhibit D). The top five countries have high economic freedom and all but Singapore, score highly on the political freedom scale. These countries also have significantly higher GPD/capital in PPP in comparison to the five countries with the lowest CPI score. The top five countries also have high trade volume in relative to the country’s GDP and have...
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...Prepared by: Amel Mohamed, Muna Abbas & Wafaa Gaafer The well-being of the pharmaceutical industry is dependent largely on the economy. It is also a heavily regulated industry. Drugs are evaluated for safety, efficiency, and manufacturing quality as a condition of market access, and promotional messages must adhere to approved product characteristics. Drug prices also are regulated in most countries with national health insurance systems. The main factor that affects the industry is employment because a majority of Sudanese receive health insurance through their employers. Other economic factors such as the number of people who are uninsured or underinsured, performance and industry structure, the effects of regulation on prices, availability and utilization of drugs and productivity as well as the government stimulus plans also affects the industry. Unemployment Paramount to any industry is the number of people who are unemployed. In the first decade of the 20th century, this became a major political issue in the United States. Unemployment affects the pharmaceutical industry in two major ways. First, people who do not have jobs usually do not have the funds to buy the pharmaceuticals they need. Second, many people rely on jobs to provide health insurance. Even when they are hired, many new employees do not receive benefits until they have been employed a set period of time. Uninsured and Underinsured People Perhaps no issue is more related to the pharmaceutical industry...
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...“Do we need more regulation on food? Why or why not?” Food regulation is a developing concept that constantly requires attention and iteration in order to minimize food safety and health risk and best manage and communicate these risks. Food Regulation is the production, processing, distribution, retail, packaging and labeling of food items and constituents that are governed by a mass of laws, regulation, codes of practice and guidance. Similarly, food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation and storage of food to prevent foodborne illness. Though similar, the differentiating factor is that food safety informs food regulations. Consider food safety as the assessment and food regulation as the management and communication domains to reduce risks. The current piece will evaluate the scope of food regulation and look at how it has been developing over the years. The current piece highlights the mechanism of food regulation, explores major players and shares several differentiated case studies to further navigate food regulation problems and implementations. Over the course of history, food regulations, both proposed and implemented, have represented the primary concerns that arose during a certain period of time. Food regulation has been enforced since 300 BCE and since then, one of the most important food regulations was enacted in 1906 through the Pure Food and Drugs Act. The Pure Food and Drugs act prohibited interstate commerce...
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...United States is something of a paradox. On one hand, federal government has placed a ban on the drug with no exceptions. On the other hand, over one-third of the states have that legalizes the cultivation, distribution, and consumption of the drug for medical purposes. As such, the usage of medical marijuana is an activity that is at the same time proscribed (by the federal government) and encouraged (by state governments through their systems of regulation and taxation). This Article seeks to shed light on this unprecedented nebulous zone of legality in which an activity is both legal and illegal, an issue that one scholar on the subject has deemed “one of the most important federalism disputes in a generation.” The issue has become heightened as two states have legalized marijuana for recreational (non-medical) purposes as a result of recent 2012 Election. This Article examines the issue from a federalism perspective. It begins by arguing that unpredictable enforcement by federal authorities in states that have legalized medical marijuana not only threatens state drug policy, but also the efficacy of federal enforcement. This argument is based on the premise that the federal drug ban exists as a cooperation between the states and the federal government. That the federal government relies on the assistance, infrastructure, and know-how of the states is evinced by, as an example, the fact that ninety-nine percent of drug-related investigations and arrests are carried out by state...
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...World Market Strategies for Drugs to Fight Aids Jérôme Dumoulin, Yves-Antoine Flori, Philippe Vinard, Thomas Borel Key words: AIDS; drugs; price; developing countries. Abstract Faced with a situation where the market is unstable and the political context is crucial, we propose a three-part analysis. In the first part, an overview of the chronology of the main events shows that the evolution of the price of ARVs is interlinked with numerous issues of pharmaceutical patent rights. In the second part, we analyse the positions of stakeholders: how they behave in the market and influence market regulations. In the third part, we propose three scenarios which are both simplified interpretations of stakeholders’ strategies and options for the future. The first scenario is the status quo, where prices are high. The second scenario is driven by multinational companies who work to enlarge the markets by price differentiation and product diversification. The third scenario is driven by International Organisations which achieve a political consensus to enlarge access to ARV drugs through broader international financing and a systematic opening of the market to generics. Résumé Face à une situation de marché instable où le contexte politique est primordial, nous proposons une analyse en trois parties. Dans la première partie une esquisse de la chronologie des événements montre que l’évolution des prix des 214 Economics of A I DS and Access to H I V/A I DS Care… ARV est...
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...From an Economic Standpoint 12/2/2012 The Legalization of Marijuana in America ID: 1175376 Introduction After the recent 2012 United States Presidential Election, whereupon Colorado and Washington passed the policy to legalize marijuana for “adult purposes,” government officials faced conflict as to whether to legalize the drug on a federal level or not (Smith 1). There is a battle between the Supreme Court and federal government regarding enforcement as state law allows production and consumption of the drug while the federal law prohibits such activities. When a state officer finds marijuana on the persons of a Colorado resident, there is no charge; however, when a federal officer finds marijuana on the persons of a Colorado resident the extent of the penalty could be arrest and incarceration. Due to conflicting enforcement policies, America is forced to examine the issue and come to a consensus between the policies to ensure homogeneity between the two lawmaking bodies. One means of analyzing the issue is through an economic perspective. As economics is the study of “how society manages its scarce resources” and the manner in which a society makes decisions, the economics behind a controversial policy can help determine acceptance or rejection of the proposed law (Mankiw 1-1). Based on fundamental economic concepts, historical evidence, global data, and future forecasts, the effects of legalizing marijuana will be analyzed. After analyzing the economics of the legalization...
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...2.0 PEST and Environmental analysis 2.1 Political Factor New rules and regulations created by the Chinese government in order to make sure the food quality is good and safety in China for their people. To implement the rules and regulations, restructuring and re-evaluating various productions factories were involved. The productions segment of the Coca-Cola company would be impacted by the new regulation as it would need to be assessed by this new superministry. To prevent any complications, Coca-Cola could first re-evaluate their factory conditions and practices before the Chinese government does. The productions segment not only is better prepared for the assessment but also can improve or change and current factory practices and conditions by reviewing the factories. Overall, this would affect the marketing plan as they may have improved products. The pricing and promotion may be affected in the marketing plan as they may need to reset the price and promoting they have good quality products. This is a political factor as it involves the government. This new regulation would impact the productions segment of the Coca-Cola company as it would need to be assessed by this new superministry. To prevent any complications, Coca-Cola could first re-evaluate it’s factory conditions and practices before the Chinese government does. By reviewing the factories, the productions segment not only is better prepared for the assessment but also can improve or change any current factory...
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...includes active pharmaceutical ingredients mixture of different compounds and carbon which comes from their pharmaceutical industries. Different strategies could be used to reduce carbon and chemical waste from drugs for human environment, like proper consumption ,good way of savages for hospitals waste water like advance waste water treatment technology, private house hold expire drugs, training and education of medical professionals to reduce over prescription, and public education and awareness. These strategies could be help full for save green house environment from drugs. In conclusion if we do focus on three principal strategies to reduce the input of chemicals compounds, carbon, and waste water in to the environment are substitution of complex chemical compounds, advance technical approach, and proper education and training of doctors, retailers and consumers. (Klaus Kümmerer, 2009) Social The social life, physical activities and level of health of a community affects the pharmaceutical industry. Change in social life and trends mention new direction for the local and national pharmaceutical industry. In the same way age of the individuals deeply change the dimensions of the industry like the citizen of a community aged more than 60 yeas consumes more drugs than the young people. Recently, the industry gets attraction and become more popularafter...
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