...Universal Gravitation Objectives * Compare and contrast gravitational force vectors as mass and distance are changed. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) * Discover how changes in the distance between two objects affects the gravitational force between them. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) * Describe how changes in the masses of two objects affects the gravitational force between them. (Explorations 1, 2, and 3) Description of Activity In this activity, you will explore how distance and mass affect the gravitational force between two objects. You will select one of three locations to work within: a 9 m2 room, a 9 × 104 m2 city block, or a 9 × 1022 m2 region of space. You will also change the mass of each object as well as manipulate the positions of both objects. For purposes of this simulation, masses will be represented as spheres and the distance between them will be the distance between their centers. Jump Start 1. What is mass? Mass is the amount of matter an object has. 2. Describe gravitational force. Gravitational force is the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface. 3. How can you tell if one variable is directly proportional to another variable? Two variables are said to be directly proportional if an increase or decrease in one variable causes simultaneous increase or decrease in another variable. 4. How can you tell if one variable is inversely...
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...Final Learning Team Paper GLG/150 Final Learning Team Paper During the early days of mankind, humans were led to believe that he or she were the sole entity of the universe. The Earth was thought of as exact center of the solar system, and that other planets revolved around it. Through the efforts and determination of individuals who refused to believe unchecked facts or documents, Earth is not the center of the universe but is instead a small piece to a larger solar system. The discoveries made by earlier pioneers of science Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. Developed ideas that help individuals understand the concepts of motion, and the formation of celestial bodies in space. Theories of gravity and space dramatically changed the views in which Individuals determine the origins of our Moon and other planets within our Solar System. As science and technologies progress, ideas of formations and motions in space provides more educated theories of how our world, or universe has formed and will continue to function. The Earth was formed about five billion years ago and is the earliest material in the solar system, which a solar nebula that collapsed from the formation of the sun ("How Did the Earth Form", 2012). Dust and gas from the solar nebula took about millions of years to form into the earth starting with center of the Earth to cool down and form a crust that allowed water to...
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...Formula Sheet for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Energy = VIt P=VI [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Core [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Options [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Constants How to Use the Formulas for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course |Formula |Name |Comments |Typical Problem |Typical Answer | |[pic] |Wave Equation |v= velocity (m/s) |Calculate the wavelength of a water wave |[pic] | | |8.2.1 |f = frequency (hz) |travelling at 3 m/s whose frequency is 6 | | | | |( = wavelength (m) |Hz. | ...
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...connection with each other. But for electric and magnetic force, the sources of magnetic fields are electrical currents, caused by moving electric charges or small dipoles associated with molecular and atomic structure. So, there is electromagnetic force that electromagnetism exists in the universe. However, these forces actually have connections with each other instead of non-connection relationship. In fact, gravity is not the subordinate relationship with electromagnetism but the similar ones. All magnetic forces on matter are also proportional to the electric charge on that matter, but also depend on the velocity of the matter. Hence, like electric forces, they are not proportional to the mass. Hence, any attribution of gravitation to electromagnetism is not possible in the current paradigms of physics. This article seeks the question that whether the gravity is the product of...
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...Physics (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter 1 and 2)(Physical World, Units and Measurements) (Class 11) Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Question 1: State one law that holds good in all natural processes. Answer 1: One such laws is the Newton’s gravitation law, According to this law everybody in this nature are attracts with other body with a force of attraction which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportionally to the square of the distance between them. Question 2: Among which type of elementary particles does the electromagnetic force act? Answer 2: Electromagnetic force acts between on all electrically charged particles. Question 3: Name the forces having the longest and shortest range of operation. Answer 3: Longest range force is gravitational force and nuclear force is shortest range force. Question 4: If ‘slap’ times speed equals power, what will be the dimensional equation for ‘slap’? Answer 4: Slap × speed = power Or slap = power/speed = [MLT-2] Question 5: If the units of force and length each are doubled, then how many times the unit of energy would be affected? Answer 5: Energy = Work done = Force x length So when the units are doubled, then the unit of energy will increase four times. www.tiwariacademy.in A free web Support in education 1 Physics (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter 1 and 2)(Physical World, Units and Measurements) (Class 11) Question 6: Can a quantity...
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...Circular Motion and Gravitation Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal Force 1. What is the centripetal acceleration of a point on the perimeter of a bicycle wheel of diameter 70. cm when a bike is moving at 8.0 m/s? 2. A pilot is upside down at the top of an inverted loop of radius 3.20 x 103 m. At the top of the loop his normal force is only one-half his normal weight. How fast is he going? 3. The maximum force a pilot can stand is about seven times his weight. (This is his normal force.) What is the minimum radius of curvature that a jet plane’s pilot, pulling out of a vertical dive, can tolerate at a speed of 250. m/s? 4. A car is negotiating a flat curve of radius 50. m with a speed of 20. m/s. If the centripetal force provided by friction is 1.2 x 104 N. a) What is the mass of the car? b) What is the coefficient of friction? 5. A race car makes one lap around a track of radius 50. m in 9.0 s. a) What is the average velocity? b) What was the car’s centripetal acceleration? 6. Norman Neutron swings a rubber ball attached to a string over his head in a horizontal, circular path. The piece of string is 1.5 m long and the ball makes 120 complete turns each minute. a) What is the average velocity of the ball? b) What is the ball’s centripetal acceleration? 7. A car goes around a curve at 20. m/s. If the radius of the curve is 50. m, what is the centripetal acceleration of the car? 8. Professor Brown holds on to the end of the...
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...Lucius Gardner Mrs. Henry AP Physics 16 February 2016 Gravity Research Project Over the past several hundred years there have been many great scientists that have come up with significant ideas and theories in the scientific field of gravitational research. These scientists include but are not limited to Aristotle, Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Einstein! Each one of these scientist have come along after another, using each other’s ideas to further expand the human species’ knowledge on gravity and how it works. They have each left a unique mark on the scientific community. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first of his kind, coming up with the first theory about gravity even existing around the 4th century BC. Aristotle’s belief was that there is no effect or motion in the universe without a cause for it. He believed that heavy bodies moved downward toward the center of our universe, while light bodies moved toward the Moon. A heavy body would be something like the element of earth, not the Earth. While a light body would be something like the element of fire. Aristotle also believed that objects of different weights fall at different speeds. This gave the belief that heavier objects should fall at faster speeds than lighter objects. The next scientist to have a voice on the theory of gravity is the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. Galileo showed that Aristotle’s assumption that the speed of falling bodies is determined by their weight is outright wrong. He said...
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...objects can affect gravitational acceleration. Possible sources of errors in this experiment include: not using the correct height, failure to utilize the computer programs efficiently thus skewing the time calculation. Improvements for future experiments include: getting familiar with the tools that are used in the experiment and making sure the procedure is followed through. QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 1. It is possible to use a stopwatch to measure the ball’s falling time, however, the accuracy in the g measurements will not be as precise as the time pad. 2. There is a 95% difference between the measured value of the acceleration and the accepted value. 3. The possible reasons for the differences include mass, size, and distance. 4. Gravitation acceleration varies depending on the mass and size of the object and how far it...
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...opportunity and met Eden again, who had forgotten all their memories. Long story short, they lived a “happily ever after” kind of life. There’s this one substance that defies the law of gravity of the two worlds. The pink bee’s powder. I don’t know how or why, but when it’s on the lower world, it stays on the lower world. But when you bring it up to the upper world, it stays on the upper world. It is not pulled back “up” to the down world. There is only one thing that I would like to say and that is, “LOVE IS ACTUALLY NOT STRONGER THAN GRAVITY.” The mere fact that there are two separate worlds with separate gravitational forces, capable for being lived in by humans, revolve on the same sun simultaneously is where the Law of Universal Gravitation is definitely ignored. Well, we all know that the said law states that any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and...
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...great deal to our current understanding of subjects from optics to theology and how early scientists were able to view their world. In mathematics Isaac Newton inventions included laying the ground work for differential and integral calculus. His work was based on his insight that the integration of a function is merely the inverse procedure to differentiating it. Taking differentiation as the basic operation, he produced simple analytical methods that unified many separate techniques previously developed to solve apparently unrelated problems such as finding areas, tangents, the lengths of curves and the maxima and minima of functions. Isaac Newton inventions in mechanics and gravitation were summarized the Principia. His discoveries in terrestrial and celestial mechanics showed how universal gravitation provided an explanation of falling bodies on Earth and of the motions of planets, comets, and other bodies in the heavens. He explained a wide range of then unrelated phenomena: the eccentric orbits of comets, the tides and their variations, the precession of the Earth’s axis, and motion of the Moon as perturbed by the gravity of the Sun. This work includes Newton’s three famous laws of motion, fluid motion, and an explanation of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Isaac Newton inventions in optics included his observation that white light could be separated by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, each characterized by a unique refractivity. He proposed the corpuscular...
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...given the parameters of the procedure, experimental error and also considering that gravity within itself is inconsistent on Earth the result may vary ±5% of the averaged 9.84m-2. Essential Theory: Where: * g= Acceleration due to gravity * G= Universal gravitational constant * M=Mass of the earth * d= distance from the centre of the earth or the radius Using values for Earth: * G= (6.67 x 10-11) * Mearth= (6.0 x1024)kg * dearth = (6.378 x106)m ∴g=(6.67×10-11)(6.0 ×1024)(6378 ×103)2 ∴g≈9.84ms-2 Fg=Fw Fg=GmMd2 Fw=mg GmMd2=mg ∴g=GMd2 The symbol ‘g’ represents acceleration due to gravity acting on an object due to the presence of a gravitational field. Sir Isaac Newton stated in his law of universal gravitation that for only two masses separated in space, there is a force of attraction between them due to the interaction of their gravitational fields (Wu and Farr 2009). On and near...
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...theories and laws surround us in everyday life and have built the basis for the study of physics. One of his main focuses as a scientist was the relevance of forces and motion in everyday life. He has come up several laws regarding motion and they have been used in helping mankind to get as far as they have with understanding physics. Space travel is possible because of the theories that Newton provided us with and you can see that in the movie Apollo 13, which retells a story of three astronauts who use mainly the laws of physics to get back to Earth after their space shuttle is damaged from an explosion. In the following paragraphs I will provide some examples from the movie of Newton’s first law, third law and his law of universal gravitation. Newton’s first law otherwise known as the law of inertia, states that an object at rest will continue to stay at rest and an object in motion will continue to stay in motion unless acted on my an external force. This law is shown throughout the entire movie when the space ship is in outer space. Due to the lack of gravity outside of the Earth’s atmosphere, the space craft moves in uniform motion in the same direction unless acted on by another force such as meteors or the rocket boosters. The third law that Isaac Newton produced states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force. An example to represent this law can be seen when the astronauts use the rocket engines to shoot out gas molecules. These...
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...REAL WORLD PHYSICS Did you know that Physics and Sports cannot be separated? In sports, athletes need to apply the concepts of Physics. But the application of Physics is not just limited to the machineries but also on how people should move the parts of their body. If successfully applied, well it can increase an athlete’s performance. But there are far more reasons why I believe Physics is a spectator of sports: firstly the physics of ice skating or figure skating which was shown in the movie Ice Princes that I recently watched; second, the physics of playing basketball and lastly, the physics of archery. To start off, the movie Ice Princess is the perfect example wherein Physics was applied into sports. Remember Isaac Newton’s first law of motion? Which states: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. (Mckinley, 2000) It is also known as inertia, and the very main reason why ice skaters glide smoothly on ice with the help of friction simply because there is less friction on ice. It is truly amazing on how the girl in the movie successfully applied Physics in figure skating. Another argument I have is, when your playing basketball. Physics is applied and can be seen when basketball players shoot the ball into the ring. As seen in the viral game angry birds, it basically shows and applies the concept of projectile motion wherein before the bird flies, a...
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...Robert Urch Experimental evidence for curved space-time n8295930 The experimental evidence for curved space-time The Einstein field equations are a set of 10 equations used in the theory of general relativity and they describe the interaction of gravitation due to the curvature of space-time from matter and energy [1]. The field equations were designed to apply to a static universe, as was believed to be the case at the time. Einstein’s equations and theory of general relativity have helped us to come to an understanding that our universe exists within a curved space-time. What evidence currently exists to substantiate these claims? Earliest Discoveries The earliest evidence for the curvature of space-time lies in light from stars being bent about gravitationally dense objects. In 1922, during a solar eclipse in Western Australia, it was realized that the light from stars in the same general area of the sky as the Sun are visible during the day, and example is shown in fig. 1a. If light from these stars is affected by the curvature of space-time due to the Sun's mass, then this would be measurable as a deflection (or a change in location) of the star's position on the sky. The stars closer to the position of the Sun in the sky would suffer a larger deflection; in general the deflection would be proportion to the stars distance from the Sun's location on the sky [4]. This is due to a prediction of general relativity which predicts that spherical masses...
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...takes to hit the ground. Consider the following as you complete the lab and answer the Write-Up Questions below: * Do the objects fall at the same rate? * What if the objects are different sizes, does that make a difference? Questions: 1. The acceleration due to gravity calculated this way works well for objects near the Earth’s surface. How would you have to change the above equation if the object was 100,000 meters above the ground? (Note: this question refers to Newton’s equation for the force of gravity between two objects. How would that change if the radius of the earth or distance were increased by 100,000 meters. To help you answer this question, please review your textbook, chapter 3, Newton’s law of Gravitation section.) F= (6.67 x10-11N.m2/kg2)(m1)(m2) 100,0002 G is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the earth. 100 km above the earth's surface, g is reduced by a factor [6370/ (6370+100)] ^2 = 0.969 That would make it 9.51 m/s^2 6370 km is the radius of the earth. For questions 2 and 3, please consult the textbook and additional research materials on Newton’s Second Law of Motion. Pay particular attention to mass, gravity, acceleration and how they inter-relate. 2. How does air resistance alter the way we perceive falling objects? As a falling object accelerates through air, its speed increases and air resistance increases. While gravity pulls the object down, we find that air resistance...
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