...Greeks and Romans affected and influenced each other greatly in the Hellenistic Period and Ancient Roman Civilization. The greatest effect of Hellenism; specifically between Rome and Greece; was communication. The spoken word, and the language of printing, sculpture, mosaics and architecture all of which they, and the various regions shared. As the provinces consumed the culture at a constant rate, they also managed to keep their own unique local characteristics and joined them while exploring the arts themselves. Architecture was one of the many characteristics of Greek life that the Romans borrowed various aspects of. The simple but elegantly executed Hellenic style had captivated the Romans as much as other perspectives of Greece. Architecture became a common denominator in the religious lives of Rome and Greece. During the last century of the Republic the attachment of the old indigenous form of worship was replaced by the influence of Modern Greek civilization. This combination of Greek mythology and Greek skepticism soon tended to abolish the deep religious feeling characteristic of the old Romans. The religious indifference of the upper classes grew into a decided animosity to religion itself, and many of the older temples fell into chaos. When finally repaired, the old Roman temples took on a unanimous Greek flavor. The Temple of Portunus for example was created by Romans and combined the Etruscan plans and Greek elevations. Another characteristic between Greece and...
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...Most people know that Greeks and Romans play many roles in history and some believe they are the same. But they are a lot of difference and similarities between the two, for example is their achievements and contributions to the modern world. For instance, both are tremendously talented builder and paved the way for many of the architecture we have now. But it’s not just that their great builders, it is what they built that made them historic. For example, the Greeks created the Parthenon, which is a temple made of marble dedicated in honor to the goddess Athena. Greeks also used columns and displayed murals in their buildings. Now on the other hand, Romans developed arches that supported its own weight and domes that allowed for open space...
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...There are many differences between the two cultures Roman and Greek. One difference is that Greek culture was exceedingly older than Roman culture. Rome conquered and grew, and it as well consisted of city states very similar to Greek, but they united and one day decided they want to conquer the world. Of course, Greek fell to the Romans. When the Romans demolished them, they decided that they really liked Greek culture, and they adopted many Greek characteristics into their own culture. -The concept of citizenship and the duties of the citizen. The concept of citizenship of the Roman was a similar to the Greek model but differed in substantive ways. The Roman conception of citizenships was relatively more complex and nuanced than the earlier Greek conception, and it usually did not involve political participation. There was a “multiplication of roles” for citizens to play, and this sometimes led to “contradictory obligations”. In Greek ideas of the citizenship in the city-state, such as the principles of equality under the law, civic participation in government, and notions that “no one citizen should have too much power for too long”, were carried forth into the Roman world. Greek sense of citizenship was an “emancipation from the world of things” in which citizens essentially acted upon other citizens; material things were left back in the private domestic world of the oikos, the Roman sense increasingly reflected the fact that citizens could act upon material things...
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... Greeks Romans Government Cities of Greece began as poleis, independent and self governing. Democracy was invented in Athens. Women, children and slaves were not allowed to contribute. Tyrants took over after the fall of the Kings. Government was known as a Republic until Julius Caesar began his rule in 48BC. The people were divided: Patricians (wealthy), Plebeians (common working class) and slaves (had no rights). Women and slaves were not allowed to vote. Tribunes were elected to ensure fair treatment. Art      Religious Beliefs Worshiped many Gods and Goddesses, mythology. There wasn’t any scriptures to guide the people. The relationship between humans and the Gods was based on the exchange of gifts. The most common ritual was an animal sacrifice of oxen, goats or sheep. Zeus was the father of the Gods. Hera, his sister and wife, was the queen of the Gods.   Zeus Hera Worshiped many of the same Gods and Goddesses the Greeks did but they were name and faceless. They were a combination of several different religious beliefs. Roman religion expanded within the Imperial system and then included the Emperors. Julius Cesar was the first, stating that he was a descendent of Aeneas.  Julius Cesar Architecture Temple of Hera   Once built of wood, this temple’s...
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...Ancient Greek and Roman sculpture The sculpture of the Greeks and Romans represents one of the major arts of antiquity. It is diverse in its function. Greek monumental sculptures were developed on the islands of the Aegean and Crete in the middle of seventh century B.C. The adaptation of figures and technologies are borrowed from the Near East and Egypt make a new artistic idiom suitable to the needs of the individual city-states and the Greek sanctuaries. In around a century and a half, the developments rapidly led to the birth of Classical art that show the distinctiveness of the human figure. Sculpture was the perfect means for the expression of the new Classical ideal. There are three major periods of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures which are differentiated by their style and their function. The earliest sculptures appear in the Archaic period around 8th - 7th century BC. The sculptures illustrate form of small figures of men, animals, and gods in bronze, clay, or stone the usually standing or seated. The form is called Daedalic with a form of big heads, frontal figures, and triangular faces. In the late of the 7th century the Greeks aware of the Egypt sculpture and they change to make larger figures in hard white marble from the Cyclades islands. There are two main types of the figure, “the kouroi” who are naked males standing with one foot forward, hands to sides, and the korai, who are dressed in women. They are used for decorating buildings or dedications for the...
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...interpretation of such myths.” A long time ago mythology was something treated with respect. People respected and believed in it. The two major mythologies known are Greek and Roman. What are the similarities and differences between these two famous mythologies? The Roman mythology has two types of creation. Certain people believe it was created around the 12th century BC, after the war between Greece and Asia. The legend says that after the war, Aeneas, a very strong and popular soldier of the Greek royal army, won the battle against Asia but then decided to leave for Carthage. There, the Queen Dido fell in love with him but Aeneas left her to travel to Italy, where he found Rome. From there, Aeneas knowing the gods from his culture decided to create a new mythology with new gods. The other type of creation of the Roman mythology consists of two men from Greece, Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of the God Mars and a mortal woman named Rhea Silvia. These two brothers lived with their uncle. When their parents died the uncle decided to kill the two brothers so he could receive the power of their father, the God Mars. In the conflict, Remus died but Romulus escaped to a new city named Rome, where he became its first king. “The date that Romulus founded Rome was 753 BC” (Varro). There were several more gods in the Roman Mythology. There were 21 considered very important for the people because they represented earth and the living on earth. They were pictured that way because...
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...Greek vs Roman Comparison Chart | Comparison | The Greeks | The Romans | Greek vs Roman Attitudes | Greeks revered the poet | Romans revered the warrior | Greek vs Roman Mythology | Poetical & fanciful myths about individuals | Practical myths focussing on the gods relevance to everyday life and the Roman state | Greek vs Roman Creativity | The Greeks were highly imaginative and developed their fantastic mythology | The Romans borrowed existing mythology, names were changed. Stories of the wars and founders of Rome were included in their mythology | Greek vs Roman Time Period | Greek mythology was developed first | Roman mythology was developed 1000 years later | Greek vs Roman Nature of the gods | Greek mythology focussed on the personality traits of gods | Roman mythology focussed on practical roles and achievements | Greek vs Roman Actions | Individualistic, emphasis placed on the heroic deeds and achievements and actions of individuals | Non-Individualistic, emphasis placed on the achievements and actions of Romans and Rome | Greek vs Roman Politics | Greek religion had little influence on politics | Roman religion was officially endorsed by the state and exerted considerable influence over the government of Rome | Comparison | The Greeks | The Romans | Greek vs Roman Priests | Greek priests were revered as teachers and healers of individuals | Roman Politicians took the offices of influential priests, called...
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...Greek Mythology vs. Roman Mythology Behold the mighty power of Zeus! Perhaps you would yell out the name Jupiter instead. Depending in which era and land you lived would dictate which name you would praise. Both civilizations believed in the same Gods, but gave them different names. The physical attributes of the Gods’ is one aspect of religion that the two cultures did not agree on. The afterlife is also a belief shared by the two cultures, while the path to which and the purpose on earth is very different. There are many similarities as well as differences between the Greek and Roman Mythologies The Greeks and the Romans believed in the same Gods for their respective religion. The two cultures had a God for the same occurrences in their lives. They both had a God or Goddess for everything from the sun and moon down to fertility and wine. Greeks and Romans even believed that there were Gods that ruled over the sky, land, sea, and even the underworld. Although they gave them different names, they still had the same power and ruled over the same areas. In Greek mythology Zeus, is the Father of the Gods and of all mankind. Zeus’ symbol is a lightning bolt, a bull, an eagle, and the oak. He was known to visit multiple mortal women in varied forms from humans to animals. The Romans believed in the exact formalities as the Greeks did when it came to their Father of the Gods, except the Romans gave him the name Jupiter. The physical attributes of the Gods and Goddesses...
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...Interpreting Antiquity Archaeology 1- what is archaeology and ancient history? Archaeology- the study of past cultures through their material remains Archaeology and ancient history? Material remains vs written records Contrast ‘pre history’ Texts written by ancient writers about the Greek and Roman past - Herodotus, Polybius, Tacitus, Livy Mostly survived as manuscripts copied by medieval monks- NOT found on archaeological sites Exceptions- some that combine archaeology material evidence and historical written records Eg Inscriptions- written records (on stone, bronze etc) AND material remains (eg a statue base with inscription on to Lucius Licinius Primitivus, Misenum, Italy) Kinds of material evidence: Pottery, building foundations, human/faunal remains, weapons, tools, coins, floral remains, fruit seeds, fish bones, works of art (tell us about myth, culture, games etc) Culture - human behaviour in societies- religion, economy, military, entertainment, political, social stature, food preparation and eating, death and burial Archaeology vs collecting and antiquarianism Archaeology involves the study of material remains for a reason =in order to study culture Contrast with collecting and ‘antiquarianism’ – in which the objects collected are themselves the sole focus of interest Archaeology and History Archaeology and history are not the same History deals primarily with written evidence Archaeology deals primarily with material evidence We must...
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...similar faiths, such as all the derivatives of Christianity, there is variation in their beliefs. In Roman Catholicism their belief in salvation and the afterlife is that it must be earned by being part of the church community, basically meaning that a Roman Catholic would only gain entry into the afterlife if they attended church [Stewart]. In Baptist churches they believe that only those who believe, who have been baptized and also believe Christ is their savior may enter the afterlife [Buschart]. On the other hand there are the non-Christians, sometimes referred to as pagans; though in this age the term is more used for polytheists who aren’t Hindu believers or ancestral worshipers. In my own religious beliefs, Wicca, the afterlife varies based on the god or goddess being followed. In Greek based Wicca there is an afterlife and depending on how your soul acts in that life varies on where you’ll be sent [Marks]. In Cherokee following paganism, how my mother follows, they do not believe in a literal place like heaven but more that when a person dies they go on as ghosts, wandering the earth [The Tradition Belief System]. Then there are the non-theistic groups like agnostics and atheists. Agnostics tend to vary from person to person on death and the afterlife so it’s hard to tell what they believe [Agnostics]. Atheists do not believe in an afterlife. Taking a focus on Roman Catholicism is quite intriguing. While they believe their practitioners do go onto an afterlife, they...
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...Pantheon vs. The Parthenon The Pantheon and the Parthenon are both ancient temples. While the Pantheon was built in Rome to celebrate all the Roman gods, the Parthenon was built in Ancient Greece for the goddess Athena. The Parthenon pre-dates the Pantheon by about six centuries; it was built around 447-438 BCE, while the Pantheon was built in 126 CE. The Pantheon was originally built by Marcus Agrippa in 27 BC, during this time he was part of the senate for the third time. The entire Pantheon was destroyed except for the facade, then Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it on the same site in 126 AD. The Parthenon was built during the Classical period between 447 and 438 BC by Iktinos and Kallikrates as a temple to Athens to honor the patron goddess, Athena. Romans were particularly skilled at concrete construction, and the Pantheon is the first temple to combine this technique with Greek classical orders. The 142-foot-diameter rotunda is the focal point of the building and reigned for nearly 2 millennia (until 1960) as the largest dome ever built. Today's Pantheon ("Temple of All the Gods") is not the original. Marcus Agrippa's Pantheon burned down in 80 AD, was rebuilt by Domitian, and again burned down in 110 AD. Emperor Hadrian completely restored the building in 126 AD. The Pantheon is the first temple to combine concrete construction, a technique in which the Romans were especially innovative with the more conservative, if not decorative use of Greek classical...
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...Parthenon in Athens VS Pantheon in Rome The Parthenon and Pantheon are ancient temples found in Athenian Acropolis, Greece and Rome, Italy. While the Parthenon was built between 447-438 BC for the goddess Athena, Pantheon was built in 126 AD to celebrate Roman gods. The Parthenon was built by Iktinos and Kalikrates while Pantheon was built by Publius Aelius Hadrianus. Today, the Pantheon serves as a Roman catholic church while the Parthenon serves as a museum (Langmead, and Christine, 240). This paper identifies similarities and differences between the two structures in terms of design, style, history, and usage. Perhaps, one of the most remarkable and prominent works of architecture; the Parthenon was built under the rule of Pericles as a temple for the goddess Athena of the city of Athens. Today, the temple, which serves as a temple, stands astoundingly intact. This emanates from the fact that its Doric columns that were built in Greek style were formidable. Conversely, the construction of the Pantheon happened much later after the Parthenon for the Roman gods (MacDonald and Lloyd, 158). It contained several architectural designs of the Pantheon. The most conspicuous difference between the two structures lies in their architectural designs. The Pantheon has an immense 4,535 metric tons of concrete rotunda designed in a circular model with a porch held brickwork Corinthian columns. The structure is made from several materials that include concrete, brick, marble, and granite...
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...University of the People, HIST 1421 Greek and Roman Civilization, Written Assignment 2 Compare & Contrast: Government Types in Ancient Greece The ancient Greeks were enthralled by many aspects of life, such as art, philosophy, and warfare, just to name a few. They differed on a great many subjects as well, but it could be argued that the one thing that was prevalently discussed among them was how should the people be ruled and by whom? Like all things in the history, the ancient Greek city-states did not settle on one conclusion to this question. Instead, they devised and implemented a wide array of forms for governments over many centuries. These conclusions ranged from absolute power in possession by one person to governing powers being split amongst the masses. There were five forms of governance that were notable during the era of ancient Greece. They were the monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy. Some of these government types were quite akin to others, but ultimately, there was always something that each had that made them distinctive from the others....
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...The Death of Socrates vs. The Death of Perpetua Civil disobedience has been a common element in human behavior. From the time of antiquity to the present, people lash out in various ways against standards that society has placed upon citizens. Two ancient examples of disobedient actions come from different ages revered for standards that hold today and provide a basis for modern law; the Greek and ancient Roman empires. From the Greeks, we have come to know the story of Socrates as memorialized by Plato, and the Roman age was the time of Perpetua, an early Christian woman. The fate of those individuals is the same – a death sentence handed down by the society they lived in. Although the conclusion of their respective lives is the same, the differences that lie in the reasoning of their death run deeper, with several key factors impacting their individual destiny. As we will see, these factors affect their relationship to the states and time periods they existed. Understanding the differences between Socrates and Perpetua rests in two major elements. The first one is the role of religion and understanding of deities. Their respective beliefs affected their relationship with the state that decided their deaths. Beginning with Socrates, we must first remember that Greek society was polytheistic. Standards such as monotheism in Catholic terms did not exist. There were Gods that ruled over emotions, the land, sea, and even realms outside of human reach, such as Zeus in heaven and...
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...Name Course Tutor Date Ancient Greek Heroes vs. Modern Heroes Introduction The word hero brings to mind different things to different people, since people tend to have different concepts of heroism. This is particularly the case with regard to the concept of heroes in ancient and modern societies. As times have changed, the definition of heroes has also changed, in keeping with the changes in the modern society. However, ancient and modern heroes do share some similarities, which act as the basis of heroism regardless of one’s perspective. In view of this, a hero can be described as a courageous person, who deliberately sets out to conquer obstacles for the benefit others or one who performs extra ordinary feats. The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast ancient Greek heroes with modern heroes, for the purpose of understanding both concepts of heroism. Differences There a few differences between modern and ancient Greek heroes, one of them being the religious background of the ancient Greek heroes. In Greek mythology, heroes were usually religious figures, specifically demigods. They were usually born from liaisons between mortal and immortal parents. These heroes were favored by the gods, hence were able to accomplish supernatural tasks, which were beyond the abilities of normal men. Hercules’ mother for instance was a mortal, while his father Zeus was a Greek god, who disguised himself as her husband. As a result, Hercules was a demigod, and was able to accomplish...
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