...& Liu, 2007). Since China’s exports mainly focus on the labor intensive and resource intensive industries, this exports pattern causes a serious environmental problem in China. Green barriers become a kind of emerging non-tariff barrier which is used for the developed countries to protect their production and economic development in recent years. The main forms of green barriers include green tariff and market access, green packaging and labeling requirements, green technology standards, Green health inspection system, environmental costs and green subsidy system (China west products, 2011). China’s agricultural, mechanical and electrical products are all facing green barriers, such as pollution, noise, safety standards and recycling requirements (Wang & Liu, 2007). How to cope with green barriers becomes the biggest challenge that China faces to continuously expand its exports. The purpose of this paper is to address and analyze the green barrier issue in China and to provide my ideas and suggestions on China’s exports related to green barrier. My following analysis is mainly based on the positive effects of green barriers and the specific example of China’s tea exports as well as three policies to cope with green barriers. I feel confident that you will strongly support my recommendations for Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. Analysis of green barriers There are no accurate and clear definitions of green barriers in international agreements...
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...Liu, 2007). Since China’s exports mainly focus on the labor intensive and resource intensive industries, this exports pattern causes a serious environmental problem in China. Green barriers become a kind of emerging non-tariff barrier which is used for the developed countries to protect their production and economic development in recent years. The main forms of green barriers include green tariff and market access, green packaging and labeling requirements, green technology standards, Green health inspection system, environmental costs and green subsidy system (China west products, 2011). China’s agricultural, mechanical and electrical products are all facing green barriers, such as pollution, noise, safety standards and recycling requirements (Wang & Liu, 2007). How to cope with green barriers becomes the biggest challenge that China faces to continuously expand its exports. The purpose of this paper is to address and analyze the green barrier issue in China and to provide my ideas and suggestions on China’s exports related to green barrier. My following analysis is mainly based on the positive effects of green barriers and the specific example of China’s tea exports as well as three policies to cope with green barriers. I feel confident that you will strongly support my recommendations for Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. Analysis of green barriers There are no accurate and clear definitions of green barriers in international agreements...
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...Education Green Barriers and China’s Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship? Mudiarasan Kuppusamy1 & Behrooz Gharleghi1,2 1 Faculty of Business and Management, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Centre for the Study of the Economics of Ageing (CSEA), Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Correspondence: Behrooz Gharleghi, Faculty of Business and Management, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, TPM, 57000, Bukit Jail, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: 60-19-615-3515. E-mail: behrooz@apu.edu.my Received: April 4, 2014 Accepted: May 30, 2014 doi:10.5539/ass.v10n16p34 Online Published: July 24, 2014 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n16p34 Abstract As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China’s agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China’s agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement...
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...& Liu, 2007). Since China’s exports mainly focus on the labor intensive and resource intensive industries, this exports pattern causes a serious environmental problem in China. Green barriers become a kind of emerging non-tariff barrier which is used for the developed countries to protect their production and economic development in recent years. The main forms of green barriers include green tariff and market access, green packaging and labeling requirements, green technology standards, Green health inspection system, environmental costs and green subsidy system (China west products, 2011). China’s agricultural, mechanical and electrical products are all facing green barriers, such as pollution, noise, safety standards and recycling requirements (Wang & Liu, 2007). How to cope with green barriers becomes the biggest challenge that China faces to continuously expand its exports. The purpose of this paper is to address and analyze the green barrier issue in China and to provide my ideas and suggestions on China’s exports related to green barrier. My following analysis is mainly based on the positive effects of green barriers and the specific example of China’s tea exports as well as three policies to cope with green barriers. I feel confident that you will strongly support my recommendations for Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. Analysis of green barriers There are no accurate and clear definitions of green barriers in international agreements...
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...Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25. Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade Thomas J. Sargent ABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. Key words：Green Barriers; products; Trade In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products. 1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers" Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases...
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...The Impact of Trade Protectionism on China’s Export Enterprise 1. Introduction The past several decades are commonly viewed as a period of widespread liberalization within the international trade. Besides, since reform and opening up in China from 1978 to now, over 30 years, China's economy has remained about 10% of high-speed development which called the creation of the "China miracle" (JU, 2008). During this era, China also became a big orient export country, which occupies a large place in the international market. Thus, American people considered that China export pose an economic threat to the United States even to the world. Other countries tried to use trade protectionism to limit the export from China and boost their own economy recovery. Trade protectionism means that government set up some specific barriers to trade in order to protect its own economy. However, it has a negative impact on China’s export enterprise, especially for small and medium-sized companies, so the countermeasures should be taken to resolve this issue. The purpose of this article is to explore several problems that trade protection bring to China’s export enterprises at first and then focus on some effective solutions to help these companies. 2. Situation Because of the trade protectionism, China’s private exporters from different kinds of industry are suffering obvious reduction of profit, and they are mainly reflected in labor-intensive, low-cost exporters, tight liquidity and a low...
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...Textile and garment industry has been China's major exports, but in recent years, international trade to environmental protection, security and sustainable development focusing on green trade barriers so that many textile exporters suffered great loss. As a result, the developed countries to understanding the green trade barriers to China's textile and garment industry brought about by the impact, and taking appropriate measures to effectively across the textile apparel industry, green trade barriers, has become the government and enterprises that need to be solved. 纺织服装行业一直是我国的出口创汇大户，但是近年来，国际贸易中以环保安全和可持续发展为焦点的绿色贸易壁垒使国内许多纺织品服装出口企业遭遇了巨大的损失。因此，了解发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒给我国纺织服装行业所带来的影响，并采取相应的对策，有效地跨越有关纺织服装行业的绿色贸易壁垒，己成为我国政府和企业急待解决的问题。 As the end of the Uruguay Round and the establishment of the WTO, The development of trade liberalization makes international trade competition more intense, trade protectionism trend to rise. then, the Green Trade Barriers was produced in the late 1980s, and began to rise from 90s in many countries. In fact, under the label of the environmental protection, the Green Trade Barriers has triggered a lot of problems. Many fields of China have been, or are being affected by these strategies. One of these impacts is its impact on China’s Textiles and Garment Exports. 随着乌拉圭回合谈判的结束及世界贸易组织的确立，自由贸易的发展使得国际贸易竞争越来越激烈，贸易保护主义呈现上升趋势。随后在20世纪80年代后期便制定了绿色贸易壁垒条款，从90年代开始很多国家都在实施。实际上，在环境保护的标签之下，绿色贸易壁垒已经引发了很多问题，中国的许多领域都已经或者正在被这些绿色贸易条款影响着,其中就包括对中国纺织品服装出口企业这一领域的影响。 After World War...
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...renewable energy subsidies were about $66 billion in 2010, and will reach almost $250 billion in 2035. Total global investment in EGS is $260 billion in 2011 – up 5 percent above 2010 levels and almost five times the total of $54 billion in 2004. The tariffs rates imposed on EGS generally range between 5%-10% Introduction International trade in environmental goods and services (EGS) may contribute to the achievement of environmental, economic and developmental benefits and to the transition towards a “green economy”. The international community has been exploring several strategies to promote sustainable development through enhanced trade in EGS. The WTO negotiations on EGS seek to reduce or eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in EGS. The Doha Ministerial Declaration in paragraph 31 (iii) provides the mandate for WTO negotiations on environmental goods and services liberalization by way of “the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services (EGS)”.The “EGS industry”, according to European Union estimates, generates 54 billion Euros in economic activity per year and employs more than 2 million people in European Union. (J. Monkelbaan, 2011) Trends of EGS Environmental goods and services, based on recent estimates, the market for...
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...personal appeal from Wikipedia author Dr. Sengai Podhuvan Dumping (pricing policy) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the economics term. For industrial relations and social justice issue, see Social dumping. For the tax avoidance term, see SUTA dumping. In economics, "dumping" is any kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price either below the price charged in its home market, or in quantities that cannot be explained through normal market competition. Dumping can force established domestic producers out of a market and lead to monopolistic positions by the exporting nation. For example, a glut of Chinese garlic exports in the mid 2000s forced many North American producers to switch crops and leave the market. When the price of Chinese garlic soared in 2009, the shuttered North American businesses were unable to quickly re-enter the local market due to barriers to entry.[citation needed] * | [edit] Overview A standard technical definition of dumping is the act of charging a lower price for a good in a foreign market than one charges for the same good in a domestic market. This is often referred to as selling at less than "fair value". Under the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, dumping is condemned (but is not prohibited) if it causes or threatens to cause material injury to a domestic industry...
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...policies: Barack Obama re-established the Strategic Economic Dialogue (SED) and resurrected the Joint committee on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) aimed at resolving a wide range of economic issues. Obama’s administration is likely to make necessary amendments in trade policies with China in the best interests of the country, which can strengthen its position in 2012 elections. US China Interdependency: Firstly US view China as a major market for its exports and needs cheap labour for its multinational global chains. Also requires China’s credit to brook its deficit in trade whereas China needs US for its exports and investments across various industries. Violation of Policies by China: Some of the Chinese policies that curb the sustainable and balanced growth of US are: * Improper incorporation of Intellectual Property Right Laws * Excessive undervaluation of Renminbi. * Maximum subsidization offered to Green Industries * Export control on rare earth minerals. * Bid rigging in government procurement contracts. * Barriers to investment in telecommunication and financial services. * Frequent harassment of US based China companies. Chinese trade...
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...An analysis of China’s industrial policy including conceptual frameworks and its differences with other East Asian countries Executive Summary: one of the Key debates in the developmental literature is the role of government intervention in East Asia. China has generated huge growth rates over recent decades hence this report analyses the industrial policies they used extensively from a historical perspective to how they developed. A comparison will then be made with the industrial policies of Japan, Taiwan and Korea (JTK), where this report finds considerable similarities which are probably due to geography and trade links. The development of the conceptual framework will be analysed as China progressed from a planned economy to a more neo-liberal one, opening up to foreign trade. The Chinese economy poses many opportunities for western firms, hence this report will then assess the implications of Chinese industrial policy on western companies, operating in China. Contents An analysis of China’s industrial policy including conceptual frameworks and its differences with other East Asian countries 1 Introduction 2 China development model 4 How china achieved economic growth 4 China’s ‘great leap forward’ 5 The ‘open door policy’ 5 Special Economic Zones 6 How Chinese industrial policy generated growth 7 Asian development model 7 Similarities 9 Differences 9 Economic makeup 9 Competiveness 10 FDI 11 Consequences for western business of Chinese...
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...2319–2828 Vol. 2, No.4, August 2013 FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES – A REVIEW OF LITERATURE Yoganandan.G & Jaganathan A.T Assistant Professor(s) in Management Studies K.S.R College of Arts and Science Tiruchengode, India Saravanan. R Director and Head, Department of Management Studies Sri Krishna College of Technology Coimbatore, India. SenthilKumar .V M.Phil Scholar in Management Studies K.S.R College of Arts and Science Tiruchengode, India. Abstract The present study aims at reviewing researches conducted in the area of determinants of and factors affecting the export performance of textile industry. The tools used by the various researchers and their findings are studied in order to establish the academic contributions made by these studies to the existing body of knowledge, new models developed and also to highlight method adopted or suggested by researchers for conducting researches in the area of export performance of manufacturing industries with special focus on textile sector in developing countries. The article analyzed researches carried out in China, India, Sri Lank, Bangladesh and Pakistan. These economies are the dominant textile exporters in the international trade. The review highlights that most of the studies have been carried out on establishing the relationship between GDP, exchange rate, labor, capital (FDI) and technology with export performance of textile industry. Most of the researchers...
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...Gordon Orr What might happen in China in 2016? Strategy January 2016 Millions of people being relocated from cities, fewer jobs, greater centralization, and more movie blockbusters are just some of the author’s predictions for the year. In debates about whether growth is a percentage point up or down, we too often lose sight of the absolute scale of China’s economy. No matter what rate the country grows at in 2016, its share of the global economy, and of many specific sectors, will be larger than ever. My snapshot of China in 2016? An increasingly diverse, volatile, $11 trillion economy whose performance is becoming more and more difficult to describe as one dimensional. The reality is that China’s economy is today made up of multiple subeconomies, each more than a trillion dollars in size. Some are booming, some declining. Some are globally competitive, others fit for the scrap heap. How you feel about China depends more than ever on the parts of the economy where you compete. In 2015, selling kit to movie theaters has been great business, selling kit to steel mills less so. In your China, are you dealing with a tiger or a tortoise? Your performance in 2016 will depend on knowing the answer to this question and shaping your plans accordingly. Many well-established secular trends in China will continue in 2016. The service economy’s expansion is perhaps most prominent among them. In this piece, as usual, I won’t spend much time on the most familiar things...
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...www.uncsd2012.org RIO+20 Issues Briefs Produced by the UNCSD Secretariat and UNCTAD March 2011 No. 1 Trade and Green Economy 1. Introduction The potential trade risks of a transition to a green economy — protectionism, conditionality, subsidies — are issues of long standing and not unique to the green economy. The urgency of the global challenges which a green economy transformation is intended to address, and the scale of the actions being taken by many countries to build green economies, does however bring renewed focus to these risks. At the same time, the new greening of markets associated with a green economy may provide opportunities for many developing countries to find global markets for goods and services with low environmental impacts. This will, however, test the supply capacities of developing countries as reflected, for example, in domestic trade infrastructure. The green economy offers an opportunity to improve both global trade governance and the domestic trade environment to ensure that trade contributes positively to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. 4) Unilateral policy measures: Many countries seem committed to the use of trade measures to persuade other countries to change their domestic environmental practices, despite the fact that many measures may be contrary to GATT-WTO rules (see Table 1 and discussion). 5) International environmental, climate change agreements/conventions: The outcome of negotiations...
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...Ltd is a government owned automobile manufacturing company in China founded in the year 1997.The product portfolio of Chery consists of 15 models which includes minivans, passenger cars and SUVs including the QQ compact, the A5 sedan, and V5 crossover. It also offers full electric and hybrid models. The exports of Chery account to 25% of its total production and it is the largest passenger car exporter since 2003. Chery has manufacturing facilities in China and their assembly operations are in around 15 countries. It has factories in Ukraine, Egypt, Uruguay, Syria, China, Iran, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Brazil, Taiwan, Venezuela, and Vietnam. Apart from that, Chery also focuses on new product development and its R&D expenses accounts to 7 % of total revenue. Growth of the company Due to certain quality issues faced by the auto exports from China, expansion plans of Chery have been challenged. Chinese products were perceived as of low quality. Apart from that, there were logistical, servicing and duty issues as well for the imports to America. Chery felt that key partnerships offer resources and expertise to improve manufacturing quality. Even after lot of entry barriers, Chery Automobile recorded good growth since its inception. In the year 2006, Chery had sales volume of 3,05,200, 62 % growth compared...
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