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食品行业绿色营销产品策略的研究现状

摘 要:近些年在国内由于食品引发的食品安全案件频发,大量假冒伪劣产品、有毒有害的垃圾产品严重影响老百姓的日常生活。触目惊心、层出不穷的食品安全案件,使消费者潜意识中产生了绿色需求。本文针对近些年的健康危机事件,总结了国内外关于消费者的绿色需求及食品企业在绿色营销产品策略方面的研究成果,在此基础上做出了评价并提出建议,为食品企业能更好的开展绿色营销提供参考。

关键字:健康危机;食品行业;绿色营销;产品策略

1 前言
1.1 研究背景和意义 近些年在国内由于食品引发的食品安全案件频发,大量假冒伪劣产品、有毒有害的垃圾产品严重影响老百姓的日常生活。据统计仅从2006到2007发生的案件有近十起,如苏丹红事件、瘦肉精事件等,食品安全不能得到保证,国人的身体素质受到严重损害。触目惊心、层出不穷的食品安全案件,使消费者潜意识中产生了绿色需求。树立绿色观念,开发绿色产品,开拓绿色市场,形成低碳体系,已成为21世纪企业营销发展的新趋势,也给企业创造了机遇。 食品安全案件频发,由于绿色营销面临着绿色营销理念尚未确立、绿色消费需求仍未形成、生产管理方式比较滞后、整体营销组合不相适应以及政府措施不力等问题。仅我国食品绿色营销在产品策略方面还存在诸多问题:一味追求近期和微观效益的理念下进行的,对环境保护和社会长远利益考虑得很少;绿色产品成本过高、食品品质较低;企业没有科学的绿色营销组合策略;我国企业普遍开发过硬的绿色产品;产品的包装也很少考虑所用材料的环保性;绿色标志制度尚未引起大多数企业的重视等等。因此,研究食品绿色营销的产品策略问题具有基础性理论意义和重要的现实意义。
1.2 绿色营销的定义和特征 目前国内学术界已基本达成一致,而笔者认为其中比较全面的定义是魏明侠、司林胜(2001)等提出的。他们认为绿色营销,即在可持续发展观的要求下,企业从承担社会责任、保护环境、充分利用资源、长远发展的角度出发,在产品研制、开发、生产、销售、售后服务全过程中,采取相应措施,达到消费者的可持续消费、企业的可持续生产、全社会的可持续发展三方面的平衡。旨在实现有限资源的有效配置,追求企业短期营销行为和长期营销战略与社会、经济、资源、环境的有机协调以及对企业长远发展的良性影响。 可见,绿色营销有两层含义:第一层主要指企业在营销活动中,谋求消费者利益、企业利益与生态环境利益的协调,既要充分满足消费者需求,实现企业利润目标,也要充分注意自然生态平衡;第二层主要是指在企业的营销活动中,谋求消费者利益、企业利益与社会环境利益的协调,既要充分满足消费者需求,实现企业利润目标,也要充分注意对社会价值观、伦理道德观的影响,倡导文明、进步、符合社会发展方向的社会风气 绿色营销有以下特征: 1、绿色营销的前提是绿色消费的出现。消费需求由低层次向高层次发展,是不可逆转的客观规律,绿色消费是较高层次的消费观念。人们的温饱等生理需求基本满足后,便会产生提高生活综合质量的要求,产生对清洁环境与产品的需要。 2、绿色营销的目标是实现可持续发展。这就要求企业多开发利用再生资源,减少资源浪费,防止环境污染。 3、绿色观念是绿色营销的指导思想。绿色营销所追求的是人类的长远利益与可持续发展,重视协调企业经营与自然环境的关系,力求实现人类行为与自然环境的融合发展。 4、绿色体制是绿色营销的制度保障。绿色营销所要实现的是人类社会的协调持续发展,因此必须有完善的政治与经济管理体制相配套,国家制订并实施环境保护与绿色营销的方针、政策,以制约地方政府、部门和企业的短期行为。
2 国内外关于绿色营销的研究现状
2.1 国内研究现状

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