...Vanessa Montes February 1st 2016 Sci/256 Professor John Jacobs Approximately 4.5 billion years before the Earth has been formed. It is very difficult to describe or flashback the millions years before what was the climate in the Earth in a particular place on particular day. However, unfortunately based on the some clues still remain in the rock, ice, trees, corals, and definitely on the fossils. Based on these clues it is clearly indicated that the Earth climate has changed many time before. There was a time period when the whole planet was covered with ice. Now the scenario has been totally changed. If we flashback just last 650,000 years back, there was an increased level of environmental carbon-di-oxide (CO2) and temperature and simultaneously decreased the cyclical pattern. Scientists have been studies and analyze enormous experimental trials to find out the better way and to understand the climate change in this planet. Some of the selective ways are following various weather forecast departments’ for the purpose of receiving the weather information send back to the earth viz. weather stations (for the measurement of temperature, rainfall, wind speed, and humidity; weather balloons (just float in a very high altitude in the atmosphere with a transmitter); weather satellites (sent a satellite to the space for getting the information regarding rainfall, temperature, cloud cover, etc.; ice cores (if...
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...Greenhouse gases are a significant factor in global warming, a topic of great debate in America. A greenhouse gas, or GHG such as carbon dioxide, is a gas that is trapped in the atmosphere. They are key factors in the Greenhouse Effect, a warming process. Automobiles and transportation are one of the leading sources of GHG emissions following industrial production, both of which rely on the combustion of fossil fuels for power. Carbon dioxide is the main gas that is released from burning fossil fuels such as petroleum. The problem with gas emissions released by industrial production is hard to cap, however, the problem involving the amount of carbon emissions released can be significantly reduced by cutting back on the amount of individual driving. This is important because transportation is one factor in the warming process that we can control. Many assume that buying a hybrid is a solution to the warming problem. While this is helpful it is not a large enough solution to make a major impact. One way to help cut-backs significantly is to increase and expand on public transportation while making it more efficient and safer for the environment. This would result in fewer combustion vehicles on the road, and an overall reduction in GHG emission. There are a few different types of GHGs that are harmful to the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The GHGs methane and nitrous oxide are not very relevant in the combustion...
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...#3 How much of the world’s global greenhouse gases are the result of computing? Google says that approximately 2% of the world’s global greenhouse gases are the from the ITC field. The ITC sector is comprised of information and communications technology. This includes technology for computing and mobile phones. List several factors that will tend to retard or accelerate data center power consumption both globally and in the United States. * Energy is a growing concern for data centers. * Advances in server equipment technologies and increased demand for computing power have increased load densities in the computer room, which in turn has caused corresponding increases in data center power consumption. The increased energy consumption in the data center is, simply put, an increased demand for computing power. * An increased need for network storage is also a factor. The trend toward increasing load density in the computer room is an exacerbating factor for the increase in data center energy consumption. This is a result of advances in semiconductor technologies that yield smaller chips and advances in server technologies. These together allow more computer technology to be packed into smaller physical spaces. * Heat generated by computer equipment must be removed from the area in order to prevent overheating, in order to avoid over-heating, increased computer load density results in increased heat density, which becomes the challenge for the HVAC equipment...
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...Introduction to a parking problem Illegal parking at Matthias Catholic Church has become a danger to parishioners and to students in the Sunday school education program. Members the parish have parking in locations near emergency exits that could potentially cause delays and obstructions to emergency response vehicles. If a fire were to breakout, it is possible that several vehicles may be in the way. Considering the risk caused by careless parking, I recommend the implementation of a fire safety zones that will incorporate “No Parking” signs and markings. In addition to the signs and zone, I also propose regular inspections and enforcement by the local fire marshal. I believe that the root cause to the problematic parking is the lack of knowledge that the area outside of the building is a fire zone. With proper marking and communication, most parishioners will realize the importance of keeping certain areas clear in case of an emergency. “The waste of lives and property caused by fire "becomes more disgraceful every year," ("FIRE COST, 1952”) as quoted by A. H. S. Stead. We should keep in mind that the cost of a fire accident can be a great expense on the church’s finances. Preliminary information and four solutions Preliminary information indicates the effectiveness of no parking zone signs, red fire zone stripes and lanes, warning citations and Fire Drills. Some areas of the church campus have no parking signs that are followed without problems so...
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...• Preventative maintenance -can do 3 things; reduce failures, save on operating cost, and keep equipment safe. • Reduce failures- When work is heaviest equipment need preventative maintenance the most, the customer can’t afford for the equipment to be down during peak use, won’t prevent failures but limits them. • Save on operating cost- The fewest dollars spent on maintenance will pay for themselves many times over. An engine tune up can save 15% in fuel consumption and increase power by 10%. 100 hp tractor would use 4.5 gallons less in fuel and add a bonus of 10 hp. A maintained engine burns less fuel and can do more work per hour. • The #1 expense is down time. • Keeping equipment safe to operate- a customer with poorly maintained machine will tend to take chances to save time lost by poor performance, may also try to fix it without stopping or turning off the machine which promotes accidents. • Keeping records- Good way to make sure maintenance is performed on schedule, keep records for customer or job ticket, increase service sales in your shop. • Sales Technicians-are also sales men, they sale time or labor hours, service is our product= poor service= poor sales=no job. • Service intervals- Usually 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1,000 hours of operation- Check the owner’s manual for specific intervals. Service intervals are cumulative which means 50 hr service should be done at 50hrs, 100 hrs, 150 hrs and 200hrs. • Tips for good machine...
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...Universal Gas Constant * What are the four measurable properties of gases? Temperature, volume, moles, pressure. * R is the universal gas constant that relate the four properties of gases in one relationship. Write down the formula equal to R. PV = R nT * What is the unit that you used for R? Atm.L\k.mol * Hydrogen gas has properties very nearly like an ideal gas. Write down the equation for the production of H2 gas Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) * In our experiment, the total pressure of the gas was calculated by adding P(hydrogen) and P(water vapor). Where did the water vapor come from? * The H2 is collected over water bath * There is also some water vapor * Pressure of H2 is different than that of H2O * Explain how did you measure the following properties of H2 gas: Temperature of H2 | thermometer | Volume of H2 | HCl in the burette we Invert burette into beaker thwn we read it from the beurette | Moles of H2 | n = m/M | * A burette which contains 0.001 moles of Mg metal and HCl solution, was inverted in water bath of 300 kelvin. The reaction produces 0.025 L of hydrogen gas with a total pressure of 1 atm. Calculate the gas constant of H2. R= PVnT = 1 × 0.0250.001 × 300 = 0.0833 atm.L\k.mol * A 0.614 mole sample of ideal gas at 12 °C occupies a volume of 4.3 L. What is the pressure of the gas? (R = 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K) 12 °C+273.15=285...
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...free-running power turbine. The gas generator consists of a radial compressor, a combustion chamber and a radial turbine. The compressor and turbine are mounted on a shaft. The gas turbine works as an open cyclic process, with the ambient air being drawn out and fed back in. Intake and exhaust silencers reduce the noise in operation of the power turbine. The use of propane as the combustion gas ensures clean, odorless operation. A start-up fan is used to start the gas turbine. The air is compressed and fed to the combustion chamber. Before it enters the combustion chamber the air is slowed by means of a diffuser. The air is then split into primary and secondary. The primary air mixes and burns with the fuel and the secondary air cool the exhaust gases. Relevant measuring values are recorded by sensors and indicated on the display and control panel. The energy of the exhaust gas stream is either converted into mechanical energy in the free-running power turbine or accelerated and transformed into thrust via a nozzle. Here, first, the air to fuel ratio (stoichiometric) was calculated using theoretical values. Then, volume flow rate of the air and mass flow rate of the fuel was read from the display. This was used to find the air to fuel ratio. Hence, the equivalent ratio was calculated by comparing this to...
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...Titlle: Evaluation of Gas Law Constant. Objective: To experimentally determine the value of the universal gas constant , R. Theory / Background : The ideal gas law equation is expressed as PV=nRT and is used in most problems dealing with changes situations involving gases. This law can be used to approximate the behaviour of various gases under many situations with a few limitations. The term PV = nRT is also called the compression factor and is a measure of the ideality of the gas. An ideal gas will always equal 1 when plugged into this equation. The greater it deviates from the number 1, the more it will behave like a real gas rather than an ideal. A few things should always be kept in mind when working with this equation are: * Pressure is directly proportional to number of molecule and temperature. (Since P is on the opposite side of the equation to n and T) * Pressure, however, is indirectly proportional to volume. (Since P is on the same side of the equation with V) In this experiment, we will be using this law to evaluate R, the gas law constant. If R is to be determined in this experiment, the other parameters of P, V, n and T must also be available in this experiment. From this experiment known amount of Magnesium used and the stoichimometry of reaction the number of moles of hydrogen can be calculated. Mg(s) + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2 Hydrogen collected in the eudiometer tube. So, the gas pressure in the tube after the reaction ceased...
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...agribusiness initiatives and benchmarking for enhanced farming practices. The project has had continuous workshops and trainings for different clusters namely Olekasasi, Kiserian, Rongai, Kware and Kajiado empowering food security and nutrition skills to 150 HHs. Notably, the project has held sensitization sessions through caregivers’ forums, monthly monitoring and supervisory visits to 509 HHs . So far, 215 HHs have initiated kitchen gardens and keeps small livestock like Rabbits and chicken. AMIRAN through Beacon of Hope project provided greenhouse to one support group in Olekasasi, they grew tomatoes and managed a total sales of about Sh. 10,000. The group prepared the green house for the next harvesting where they anticipated growing vegetables - kales, spinach, black nightshade and onions. Shiners group supervised by the QI team are planning to go and benchmark at Joseph’s farm in Kiserian, which will enhance their greenhouse management next harvest January 2015....
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...Topical Topic : Greenhouse Effect General purpose : To inform Specific purpose : To inform my audiences that the causes of greenhouse effect. Central idea : The causes of greenhouse effect are deforestation, burning of fossil, farm animals, fertilizer and electrical appliances. INTRODUCTION: I. If I ask you, what is greenhouse effect, what is the first thing across in your mind? II. The greenhouse effect is the warming of the Earth by trapped gas in the atmosphere. III. The gases present in the atmosphere refer to the term “greenhouse gases”. A. What are the greenhouse gases? B. How those gases bring to greenhouse effect? IV. However, there are several causes of the greenhouse effect. V. Today I will explain these causes to you. (Transition: We will start by looking at the deforestation.) BODY: I. Deforestation is one of the causes of greenhouse effect. A. Deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 1. Photosynthesis cannot take place due to the disappearance of trees. B. Deforestation is also due to the burden of our needs on land. 1. With the increase in population, more and more forests are being cut to provide accommodation. C. Burning of forests for the purpose of deforestation will definitely increase the carbon dioxide. (Transition: We will move to the next causes of greenhouse effect.) II. Burning of fossil is another cause of greenhouse effect. A. Greenhouse gases can also be released...
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...Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect? What does greenhouse effect really means? According to Turnbull (2006), greenhouse effect is “the warming of earth’s atmosphere as a result of harmful gases in the air” (p. 325). It could be devastating if we let it to continue developing in our earth. We can reduce its existence even at our very own home. The 3R’s of environment, save electricity and also reducing the emission of harmful gases can reduce the level of greenhouse effect from our own home. Firstly, saving electricity at home is one of the ways to decline the level of greenhouse effect. According to Chong (2007), approximately 72% of electricity contributes to greenhouse gases. Just by turning off lights or fan when they are not in use by any people can reduce the temperature hence, reducing the level of greenhouse effect. Plus, installing solar panels on the rooftop of our houses to heat up our home and water can be a very effective way to save the use of electricity. Generally, use less electricity at home will bring down the percentage of this effect to happen. Secondly, reduce the emission of harmful gases can help shrink greenhouse effect. To illustrate, households should exclude the option of disposing their rubbish through opening burning in the lawn because burning of rubbish will emit harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide. In addition, refrigerants in air-conditioners and refrigerator also help the growth of greenhouse effect as it releases...
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...The Greenhouse Effect Introduction Greenhouse effect refers to an atmospheric process by which short wavelenghts of the visible light from the sun pass through the atmosphere where they are absorbed or trapped. However, part of light emitted from the sun in form of long wave is re-radiated from heated objects on the earth’s surface in to the atmosphere. Presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere does not allow the radiations to pass through. The greenhouse gas molecules are more complex than any air molecule and their structure has high heat absorption capacity. The heat radiated back to the earth’s surface to modulate its temperature. According to Parsons, this process is essential in order to support life. if this does not occur, the temperatures on the earth surface would be below freezing point and plant or animal life would be supported. However, human activities in the past centuries have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which in turn have increased the average temperature on the earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. According to a report released by IPCC in 2007, there was a significant increase in production of greenhouse gases between the 19th and 20th century. However, in the context of this paper greenhouse effect will be deciphered via different notions. Discussion Increase in Effect Increase in population has led to increased transportation and manufacturing. This...
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...Global Warning 1. Greenhouse effect 2. Human contribution B. Government Agencies report Global Warning Continues to Rise 1. Fossil fuel use has increased 2. Carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for many decades C. Facts and Fiction of Global Warning 1. Facts 2. Fiction II. Conclusion Global Warming: Fact or Fiction According to the New York Times, “Global warming has become perhaps the most complicated issue facing world leaders”. The debate on Global warming’s causes and effects are controversial between scientists and some politicians. Scientists believe that the earth is getting hotter due to the greenhouse effect and some politicians believe that Global warming is the natural phenomenon where the earth’s surface temperature increases due to different factors in the earth’s biosphere naturally. The greenhouse effect is basically heat from the sun being radiated back into the earth’s atmosphere and absorbed by water vapors, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone which comprise greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases contribute to about 1% of the earth’s atmosphere but they help regulate our climate by trapping heat in the atmosphere and holding it there. The greenhouse effect is really a good thing because it helps sustain life on earth. Without it the temperature on earth would be approximately 30 degrees colder and our ecosystem would not be able to sustain life as we know it now. The greenhouse effect is an essential...
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...increase in population obviously means a rise in human activities. Gradually over time, the Earth’s climate has changed and so has atmospheric composition. To clarify one thing that will be stated throughout: changes in atmospheric composition cause changes in climate. An increase in human activity causes more likelihood for change in the atmosphere. More people on Earth means more human activity. If there is more harmful (to the environment) activity there will be a greater change in atmospheric composition and climate. With more humans being produced and survival rates increasing, we can conclude that human activity is also increasing. Humans have a great impact on greenhouse gases in which they are able to increase or decrease the composition of these gases. Many times the effect humans have on greenhouse gases is negative, which increases the likelihood of...
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...to the greenhouse effect, in earth’s atmosphere, allows sunlight to enter, reflects back to make heat. “ Earth’s surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space leaving the temperature, of the earth’s surface roughly constant” Humans choices affect the earth one way or another, hurting our protective shield. Natural greenhouse gasses- water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide human made (gases used for aresosios). History: Levels of important gases have increased about 25% since large scale industrialization began around 150 years ago. Within the past twenty years, about 75% of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from fossil fuels. Slowly increased and starting in around the 1900’s rise up more quickly. Multiple ice cores from Antarctica have recorded climate data from the past 800,000 years. “The longest detailed records of atmospheric gases previously reported, from the uppermost sections of a 3.2 kilometer long ice core drilled in eastern Antarctica goes back 650,00 years”- Thomas Stucker, a physist. Evidence for human activity affecting climate change: China and the U.S. signed a bill to cut usage less. Humans make the greenhouse affect uncertain when how the high gasses go. Here are some human use in the United States (energy consummation), 23% of coal, 39% of Petroleum, 24% of natural gases, and 15% of non fossil fuels. In result: Here are some carbon dioxide emissions, 42% Petroleum, 37% Coal, 21% Natural Gases. “In the...
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