...Pg(303-309/312-314) 3/11/14 Experiment #36 and 36b Preparation of the Grignard Reagent and Benzoic Acid Purpose- In this experiment we learned to prepare a Grignard reagent, phenyl magnesium bromide, which we then converted to a carboxylic acid. Procedure & Observations- First we started by setting up our apparatus for Grignard reactions. We started by making sure all glassware was completely dried as a Grignard reaction would not occur if water is present. We used a 100ml round bottom flask for our solution and placed it on a hot plate to control the heating process. We then weighed out 0.4920g of magnesium turnings and placed it into the round bottom flask. We also measured out 2.1ml of bromobenzene into a 50ml flask and got a weight of 3.0557g. We then added 10ml of ether to the 2.1ml of bromobenzene and pipetted half into the round bottom flask. The other half was then added to the separatory funnel along with an additional 7ml of ether. From here we began heating the mixture until boiling started to occur. Once the reaction started to begin we got an instant brownish color change. We also ended up using a drop from another group’s reaction to help move along the process. Once this happened we began slowly adding the remaining bromobenzene over a five minute period. Once it had all been added we added an additional 1ml of ether to rinse the funnel. We then heated under gentle reflux till all the magnesium...
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...Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and Reaction of a Grignard Reaction 03/03/2014 Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and reaction of a Grignard reagent Abstract: In this experiment, phenyl benzoate was made in order to react it with methyl benzoate in order to produce the compound triphenylmethanol via a grignard reaction. There was a 37.2% yield of triphenylmethanol, and the melting point obtained was 161-163°C. Introduction: Grignard reagents are usually formed when alkyl halides and magnesium react together. The carbon and magnesium have a very large difference in electronegativity. This allows the carbon to withdraw the electron density from magnesium through the process of induction.1 Grignard reagents are related to organolithium reagents which are useful and contain carbon atoms that are strongly nucleophilic. They react with a range of carbonyl compounds to make new carbon-carbon bonds. In this lab, phenyl magnesium bromide will be reacted with methyl benzoate to obtain triphenylmethanol which is a grignard reaction. Mechanism: Experiment: Place 0.5g of crushed magnesium turnings into 50 mL round bottom flask; add the stir bar, and 5mL of anhydrous ether. Construct an apparatus for slow addition of reagents and also so the reaction can go into reflux. Make up a solution of 2.4mL of bromobenzene in 5mL of anhydrous ether in a dry flask then add it to the separatory funnel. Add about 0.5mL of bromobenzene of the bromobenzene solution to the mixture of magnesium...
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...A Grignard-Like Organic Reaction The Synthesis of 1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol Introduction The Grignard reaction is an important synthetic process by which a new carbon to carbon bond is formed. Magnesium metal is first reacted with an organic halide forming the Grignard reagent. The Grignard reaction is the addition of an organomagnesium halide (Grignard reagent) to a ketone or aldehyde, to form a tertiary or secondary alcohol, respectively. For example, the reaction with formaldehyde leads to a primary alcohol. Grignard Reagents are also used in the following important reactions: The addition of an excess of a Grignard reagent to an ester or lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which two alkyl groups are the same, and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone via a metalloimine intermediate. A sample Grignard reaction mechanism can be seen in Figure 1 of a Grignard reagent being prepared with an alkyl bromide and later reacted with a formaldehyde to produce a primary alcohol. The purpose of this lab was to form 1-phenyl-3-buten-1-ol using a Grignard reaction. The Grignard reactant was produced from Zinc and Allyl Bromide which was then reacted to Benzaldehyde. The formation of the final product will be confirmed using a Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC, of the product and Benzaldehyde and an IR analysis of the product. Abstract In reactions involving Grignard reagents, it is important to exclude water and air, which rapidly destroy...
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...Preparation of Grignard Reagents and the Preparation of 2-methyl-3-heptanol from 2-methylpropanal and Grignard Reagents II. Introduction Organometallic compounds are substances with a carbon-metal bond (structure 1); these metals may be Li, Na, Mg, Cu, Hg, Pd, or any other transition metal (Gilbert, Martin 639). Organometallic compounds with M representing MgBr are organomagnesium compounds, or more commonly Grignard reagents. Grignard reagents are unique due to their polarization. The carbon atom in the Grignard reagent is made electron-rich by the electropositive metal giving the carbon atom a partial negative charge (δ-), and the metal a partial positive charge (δ+). This unique charge distribution allows carbon to act as a nucleophile in chemical reactions. However, when carbon is bonded to a more electronegative atom, such as a halogen (structure 2) or to oxygen (structure 3), it acts as an electrophile in chemical reactions (Gilbert, Martin 639). Figure 1. Structure of an organometallic reagent (structure 1), an alkyl halide (structure 2), and a carbonyl compound (structure 3). * Due to the nucleophilic properties, organometallic compounds are commonly used in reactions to form new carbon-carbon bonds. Equation 1 is a general example of a reaction between an alkyl halide and an organometallic compound. Equation 2 is an example of a reaction of a carbonyl and an organometallic compound. In both reactions the nucleophilic carbon atom of the organometallic...
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...Claim #1: "What is the reaction between Co(NO3)2 and Na3PO4?" Co(NO3)2 (aq) reacts with Na3PO4 (aq) to form Co3(PO4)2 (sol) and NaNO3 (aq). To express the reaction as a balanced equation, it may be written as 3Co(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Na3PO4 (aq) --> Co3(PO4)2 (sol) + 6NaNO3 (aq). Data referenced in this explanation is included in appendices labeled A1-A3 at the rear of the report. In determining the identity of the products in the observed reaction, a simple qualitative test may be carried out to confirm the identity of the precipitate. Samples of CoCl2 and K3PO3 were mixed. The result was a cloudy purple, indicating that the target precipitate was formed in this reaction (A1). NaCl mixed with KNO3 did not yield the purple precipitate, indicating that the observed solid is indeed Co3(PO4)2. It follows then that the second product must be NaNO3. The entire reaction can then be finalized by simply balancing and reducing the proportional molecular values. Claim #2: "Are all of the reactants consumed in a reaction?" Unless a reaction progresses with proportionally exact reactant values, one reactant will be expended more quickly than the other. This claim can be verified both experimentally and conceptually. Experimentally, this result can be observed in experiment 2 (A2 and A3). Using a constant amount of Co(NO3)2 (approximately 20.0 mL) and a varying quantity of Na3PO4, four mixtures were prepared, each distinguished by the varying quantity of Na3PO4-- approximately 5.0 mL, 7...
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...Method Number: EPA 200.7 Revision Number: 3.0 Date: September 3, 2010 Clinical Laboratory of San Bernardino, Inc. Standard Operating Procedure for the Determination of Metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy 1. SCOPE AND APPLICATION: 1.1 This method provides procedures for the determination of dissolved elements in ground waters, surface waters, and drinking water supplies. It may also be used for the determination of total recoverable element concentrations in these waters and wastewaters. Dissolved elements can be determined after suitable filtration and acid preservation. Acid digestion procedures are required prior to the determination of total recoverable elements. To reduce potential interference, dissolved solids should be < 0.2% (w/v). Prepared samples may require dilution prior to analysis to avoid physical interferences. The method is applicable to the following analytes: Chemical Abstract Services Registry Numbers (CAS-No.) 7429-90-5 7440-39-3 7440-42-8 7440-70-2 7440-48-4 7440-50-8 7439-89-6 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7440-41-7 7440-43-9 7440-47-3 7440-02-0 7440-22-4 7440-09-7 7631-86-9 7440-23-5 7440-66-6 Dectection Limit of Reporting (DLR) 50 ppb 100 ppb 100 ppb 1 ppm 10 ppb 50 ppb 100 ppb / 40 ppb 1 ppm 20 ppb / 4 ppb 10 ppb 1.0 ppb 1.0 ppb 10 ppb 10 ppb 10 ppb 1 ppm 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 50 ppb 1.2 1.3 1.4 Analyte Aluminum (Al) Barium (Ba) Boron (B) Calcium (Ca) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Magnesium (Mg) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Beryllium...
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...Braidon Berry Lab 4: Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction Background: Stoichiometry is a challenging yet essential part of learning chemistry. By utilitizing the resources of this course, as well as the lab work. Learning this difficult section of the course can be done with hard work and sharp attention. Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to learn how to connect calculations with real life examples. Doing this lab while doing the calculations for the molarity and molar masses, made it more challenging, however it did help in seating the knowledge and connecting it to the course. Procedure: To start, the dry Calcium Chloride Dihydrate, was weighed out and mixed with a small amount of distilled water. After that step the molarity of the CaCl2 was determined and logged in the data sheet. Similar steps were followed in terms of measuring dry material, weighing it, and then mixing it with distilled water. This will be necessary in order to observe the reaction and calculate more. Then the water was now filtered in the paper filter, this filter would later be dried in the sunlight and weighed to measure the mass of the product. After the filtering was complete, the percent yield could be calculated, as well as the actual mass of the precipitate. Data: |Initial: CaCl2*2H20 (g) |1.0 g | |Initial: CaCl2*2H20 (moles) ...
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...J. Org. Chem. 1985,50, 910-912 910 Scheme H I a H N+ C02Et 7c. d H (CHz),, s 0 Sc, d COzEt 8 ( I c , n = l ; d , n = 2. to pyrazolinones 6a,b together with ylides 5a,b as minor products. Bridged 2-pyrazolin-bones 6a,b, whose structures are supported by 'H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, show two strong infrared absorption bands in the 17001800-cm-' range. The first band (1740 cm-') is assigned to the ester carbonyl while we attribute the second one (1765 cm-' for 6a and 1760 cm-l for 6b) to the amide carbonyl. These abnormal high values for an amide band reveal, in accordance with Bredt's rule, an important inhibition of the N-C=O resonance in these N-bridgehead lactams." On the other hand, ' NMR spectra of the crude maH terials obtained from diesters 4c,d at 390-400 "C showed the characteristic signals of a terminal vinyl group suggesting that an elimination reaction follows or competes with the [1,4] migration. Flash column chromatography of the mixture resulting from the thermolysis of the piperidine derivative 4c afforded besides the pyrazolinone 6c12an isomeric N-alkenyl compound whose spectroscopic datal3support the hydroxy-bpyrazole structure 7c. The analogous elimination product 7d formed in lower yield (15% estimation on the basis of 'H NMR spectra) could not be isolated. Pyrazolinone 6c submitted to flow pyrolysis at 400 O C was recovered unchanged. Thus hydroxy-bpyrazoles 7c,d result from an intramolecular elimination...
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...The Grignard Reaction is the addition of an organomagnesium halide, the Grignard reagent, to a ketone or aldehyde to form alcohols1. Grignard reaction are important in organic chemistry because they are relatively easy to perform, and they are one of the few reactions that can form new carbon – carbon bonds. The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize the Grignard reagent, phenyl magnesium bromide, from bromobenzene, and using the synthesized Grignard reagent to react with benzophenone to form triphenylmethanol. Grignard reagents typically have a molecular formula of RMgX, where R is either an aryl or alkyl group and X is a halogen like bromine, chlorine or iodine. Grignard reagents are made by a reaction between an alkyl or aryl halide with magnesium metal. This...
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...Experiment: Grignard Synthesis of Triphenymethanol Title References: Rosenberg, Robert. (2010). Experimental Organic Chemistry: Howard University Edition. Virginia Beach, VA: Acedemx Publishing Services, Inc. McMurry, John. (2008). Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning. Syntheses of triphenylmethanol using the Grignard reagent Phenylmagnesium bromide Abstract A Grignard reaction was demonstrated in order to produce triphenylmethanol from the use of the reagents bromobenzene and phenylmagnesium bromide. This was accomplished by first creating the Grignard Reagent (phenylmagnesium bromide). To do this refluxing of bromobenzene with magnesium and anhydrous ether was done. The Grignard reagent produced was placed in a round bottom flask. Next, a solution of methyl benzoate and ether was slowly mixed into the flask while refluxing was being performed. Upon completion of the reaction, the crystals were isolated using ligroin and vacuum filtration. Analysis of the IR spectra and melting point supported these results. The significance of these findings shows how thoroughly the experiment was carried out. Introduction The Grignard reagent can easily be formed by the reaction of an alkyl halide, in this case bromine, with magnesium metal, in anhydrous diethyl ether. The reaction takes place at the surface of the metal, and the ether plays the role as both the reactant and the solvent. As a result, the Grignard reagent is produced at the surface...
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...Practical 3 Investigation of Action of Saliva and Hydrochloric Acid in Two Carbohydrate Solutions ____________________________________________________________________________________ Objective: Students are expected to state the objective of this experiment. Apparatus & Equipments: Boiling tubes Metal test tube racks Beaker Graduated plastic dropper Water bath, ~ 37 oC Water bath, ~ 95oC Materials: Carbohydrate solution A Carbohydrate solution B Benedict’s solution 3 M Hydrochloric acid 3 M Sodium hydroxide Procedures: 1. Prepare two boiling tubes containing 1 ml solution A and 1 ml solution B respectively. Add 1 ml Benedict’s solution to each tube. Heat both tubes together in the (~95oC) water bath for two minutes. Record the results in table 1. 2. Add a few drops of fresh solution A and B separately spaced on a white tile. On each solution, add 1-2 drops of iodine solution. Mix with pen cover. Record your observations in the table 1. 3. Pipette 2 ml solution B into each of four boiling tubes. Label the tubes 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively near mouth of tube. Label your group name. 4. Place tubes 1 and 2 in a water bath of ~37oC. (It doesn’t matter how long you put it in at this stage as no saliva or HCl have been added yet). 5. Salivate into a small beaker till it reaches about 5 ml. 6. Step (6) and (7) is to be done approximately at the same time. Measure out 4 ml of the saliva prepared in step (4) and pipette 2 ml each into tubes...
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...UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN Centre Course Year/ Trimester Lecturer : : : : Centre for Foundation Studies Foundation In Science Year 1 Trimester 1 Unit Code Unit Title Session : : : FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry 2014/05 Ms Azlina Banu, Mr Tam Yun Hong, Ms Chong Pui Kuan, Ms Amelia Chiang Kar Mun, Ms Farhanah, Ms Wong Jing Tyng, Ms Jamie Anne, Ms Lau Mei Chien, Mr Ng Sweet Kin, Ms Phang Ying Ning, Ms Precilla, Ms Rachel Tham, Ms Rajalakshmi, Mr Tan Jun Bin, Ms Tan Lee Siew Tutorial 3 : Chapter 3 Stoichiometry and Solution Concentration 1. Balance the following equations: (a) Al(s) + NH4ClO4(s) → Al2O3(s) + AlCl3(s) + NO(g) + H2O(g) (b) GaBr3(aq) + Na2SO3(aq) → Ga2(SO3)3(aq) + NaBr(aq) 2. Ethanol, C2H5OH, is a liquid with a density of 0.789 g ml-1 at 25 °C. Calculate the molarity of ethanol solution made by dissolving 20.00 mL of ethanol at 25 °C in enough water to make 250.0 ml of solution. [Ans: 1.37 mol L-1] 3. Copper sulfate is widely used as a dietary supplement for animal feed. A lab technician prepares a “stock” solution of CuSO4 by dissolving 79.80 g of CuSO4 in enough water to make 500.0 mL of solution. (a) Determine the molarity of the CuSO4 “stock” solution prepared by the technician. [Ans: 1 mol L-1] (b) Calculate the volume of CuSO4 “stock” solution that should be diluted to give 2.5 L of [Ans: 0.25 L] 0.1 M CuSO4. 4. Aluminum is a limiting reactant in the reaction with sulfur gas to form aluminum sulfide. Initially, 1.18 mol of aluminum and 2.25 mol of...
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...Experiment 8. The hydrolysis of starch with hydrochloric acid (a) Prepare a water bath by half filling a 250 cm3 beaker with warm water and heating it to boiling point on a tripod and gauze, with a Bunsen burner. When the water boils, reduce the flame to keep the water at boiling point. (b) Label four test-tubes 1-4. (c) Copy the table given below into your notebook. (d) In each tube place 5 cm3 3% starch solution. (e) Using a syringe or graduated pipette, add 3 cm3 Benedict's solution to the starch solution in tube 1 and place the tube in the boiling water bath for five minutes. (f) Rinse the syringe or pipette and use it to add 1 cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid to the starch solution in each of tubes 2, 3 and 4. Note the time and place all three tubes in the water bath. (They will be removed at five, ten and fifteen minutes respectively). (g) Remember to remove tube 1 from the water bath after five minutes if you have not already done so. (h) After five minutes, remove tube 2 from the water bath and cool it under the tap. Neutralize the acid by adding solid sodium bicarbonate, a little at a time, until the addition of one portion produces no fizzing. Place tube in the rack and return to tube 3. (i) After ten minutes in the water bath, remove tube 3, cool and neutralize the contents as described in (h). Place the tube in the rack. (j) After fifteen minutes in the water bath, remove tube 4; cool and neutralize as before, and place it in the rack...
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...Testing for the macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids) Group Members Sonovia Culmer Welleana Ferguson Ashley Morley Jino Petit-Homme Anatomy & Physiology I: Biol 131/ section 01 Lecturer: Mr. Woodrow Smith Date: 11 February 2015 Introduction Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are all organic macromolecules composed of polymers which are made up of smaller simpler subunits (monomers). These macromolecules have unique characteristics that allow them to carry out complex functions. In this lab, four (4) tests will be conducted: the Benedict test (for reducing sugar) BNT test; Iodine test (for starch) BIU test; Biuret test (for protein) IDN test; and Sudan III test (for lipids) SDN test. The first test conducted would be the Benedict test. Carbohydrates include sugars, glycogen, starches and cellulose. Three substances will be tested for reducing sugars. These substances include sucrose, glucose and distilled water (H2O). If any of the substances are negative for non-reducing sugars it will have a blue color. If it positive for reducing sugar it will have a yellow to green to reddish orange color for weak to strong presence of the sugar respectively. The Idoine test for starch would be the second test...
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...Limiting Reactant (Experiment #8) CHM 1045L Lucy Garcia Misturah Abdulkareem, Alexander Gonzalez, Oluseun Fajimolu Dr. Abuzar Kabir Purpose/Abstract The purpose of this lab was to determine the limiting reactant in a mixture of to soluble salts and the percent composition of each substance in a salt mixture. Procedure/Method First, we were to measure and record the mass of a beaker, then transfer about 1 gram of the salt mixture into the beaker, measure, and record the combined mass. Then, we had to fill a 400-ml beaker with deionized water and test it to make sure that the ph was just basic. We then combined the deionized water and salt by adding about 150ml of the deionized water to the salt mixture. We then stirred the combined mixture for about 2-3 minutes and then let it sit so that the precipitate would settle. After it settled, we covered the beaker with a watch glass and warmed it up on a hot plate at 75C for about 15 minutes, periodically stirring the solution. After 15 minutes, we removed the beaker from the heat and allowed the precipitate to settle again. While we waited for the precipitate to settle, we prepared wash water by heating up about 30 ml of deionized water at 70-80C. We then placed filter paper in a filter funnel to set up gravity for filtering. On the side, we took some of the solution’s supernatant and half-filled two test tubes using a pipet. Thereafter, we took the rest of the solution started...
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