...DIRECT AND INDIRECT APPROACHES In writing letters, memos, and e-mail messages (the focus of Chapters 2 and 3), one issue that you'll need to consider is whether your message is one that is likely to be well-received or one that may encounter resistance or ill-will--a "bad news" message of some type. Searle’s spends a good bit of time in Chapter 1 discussing tone and making sure to use a reader-centered perspective that utilizes a "you" approach and positive wording. In addition to a reader-centered perspective, however, you also should consider the difference between what is called a direct and an indirect approach when organizing letters, memos, and e-mail messages, especially ones that convey bad news. DIRECT APPROACH The direct approach anticipates no resistance to its message--for instance, "you've been hired," "your order is being shipped today," or even "the project will be done in one week." In this case, organizing your message is simple. Searle’s mentions that memos and letters should have some kind of brief introduction, sometimes as its own paragraph. If you're using the direct approach, this introduction is simply a straightforward statement of the main point of the message. For instance, if you are writing a letter to confirm an order, simply begin by stating, "We have received your order for part #23-B-4439 and are shipping it today." Then the rest of the letter can provide details like shipping time, cost, etc. Whenever possible, use the direct approach...
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...Changing views of the contribution of popular Spanish resistance to victory in the Peninsular War. The guerrillas have been viewed in a variety of different ways in the historiographical record of the Peninsular War. Until relatively recently, according to Tone, “historians have paid them scant attention” putting the focus on, according to Esdaile “great men, great armies and great battles”. This essay will explore some aspects of the guerrillas that have been the subject of debate in the historiography, focussing first on exploring who the guerrillas were and what their impact was on the war. Tone, in a study of the English language historiography and that of France and Spain identified that there was a difference in the way each treated the guerrillas. He summarised that while the British ignored the guerrillas’ role, the French overplayed the role of the church and the Spanish tended to portray the popular resistance as comprising the whole of the population. It could be argued that this reduction of three historiographic traditions to just three simple ideas is an oversimplification, but there is some justification for at least one of these ideas. To illustrate, and explain the British view, Tone cites Napier’s 1882 history of the Peninsular War as discussing the guerrillas, or partidas (the name given to guerrilla bands by the Spanish themselves) in less than glowing language. Reading the rest of the Napier, it is true that there are very few mentions of the guerrillas...
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...the ideas of others or to an entire situation occurring. These ideas lead to groups of individuals who have similar opposing ideas to what some call the norm, these are called resistance groups. These groups are usually hidden and show their own twist on the ideas altering from the countries beliefs. Naomi Klein and Barry Lopez are two boisterous authors when it comes to resistance. Barry Lopez was not the one to sit back and let something he believed to be not right go on without voicing his opinion. Therefore he creates the multiple short story book “Resistance” to show his readers how he believes the world is not healthy. Naomi Klein on the other hand takes her own approach to resistance and puts it into a more straightforward subject of excessive branding and globalization. “No Logo” created by Naomi Klein, focuses in on four parts of the excessive branding going on in the world today, “No Space", "No Choice", "No Jobs", and "No Logo." () These four confrontational ideas that Klein speaks about throughout “No Logo” are the basis to her resistance. “I was an angry bystander. I'd no power to intervene, and had no intention of dropping the work I was already committed to, not in order to raise someone else's awareness, promote greater indignation, or organize.” (Resitance) Lopez begins resistance with the short story “Apocalypse,” () a key short story to the complete book. Apocalypse tells a story of a man who receives a letter from the “Office of Inland Security” arranging...
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...Does Disciplinary Power enforce good or bad behaviour from students in York University Accommodation? Introduction When looking at Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power, we looked at our own expectations compared with our actual experiences of living in university run accommodation. With most students coming to university, it is the first time that they will live on ‘their own’, without the rules and restrictions that they had when living at home with their parents, therefore a degree of freedom and independence was expected. However, we noticed that our actions were restricted by the rules imposed on us due to the acceptance of the university run accommodation. From our own experiences, we witnessed students displaying bad behavioural characteristics through resistance. This led our group to investigate the impact that the rules have on students’ behaviours and the universities use of disciplinary power to ‘control’ students’ behaviour. We also wanted to determine from the student’s perspective, the impact these controls had on their behaviour. Methodology There has been a lot of research conducted to study the behaviours of students and their resistance to authority, however they were not written in the students’ perspective. By investigating the behaviours of students from their perspective, it allows us to have a more accurate account of their experiences and the impact that the university’s restrictions has on them. It also enables us to determine why students either...
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...The term resistance to change simply means that individuals are set in his or her ways and often don’t want to modify his or her routing. However, this change resistance doesn’t just occur when individuals who like their jobs are asked to make a change. Resistance even happens when individuals are chronically upset with their working conditions. For them, the known evil is preferable to the unknown. For anyone to resist a change, there obviously has to be a change. These new conditions are the events that occur around us every day. And these events, big or small, good or bad, invariably lead to some result. However, it is important to distinguish between the symptoms of resistance to change, and the causes behind it. These behaviors fall into two categories -- active-resistance or passive-resistance. Symptoms of active resistance occur where individuals are taking specific and deliberate action to resist the change. It may be overt, with such as public statements and acts of resistance, and it may be covert, such as mobilizing others to create an underground resistance movement. Overt active resistance, although potentially damaging, is at least visible and you have the option of using formal disciplinary actions (although more positive methods should normally be used first). When it is covert, you may also need to use to covert methods to identify the source and hence take appropriate action Passive resistance occurs where people do not take specific actions. At meetings...
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...swelling. Had to go to infirmary and be operated on. Evacuation, Leaves with his father well recovering from foot (People in the infirmary were told they could stay, and would be fine/not killed, some didn’t believe that). Chapter 6; Page 85: March through a Blanket of Snow and Death. Eli, his father, and the rest of the prisoners began their march. Any who stopped or slowed down were killed. Zalman (young boy from Poland who was marching behind eli, worked in the electrical material depot in Buna) collapsed and died. Eli wanted to stop, to no longer feel anything and die. His father was the only thing that stopped him from doing so (he responsible for his father, and thought it was selfish to him) [“We were masters of nature, masters of the world. We had transcended everything – death, fatigue, our natural needs. We were stronger than cold and hunger, stronger than the guns and the desire to die, doomed and...
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...When the war began there was an extremely high demand for jobs to produce wartime materials, and when the men were shipped off to war, the women stepped up and took their place. Women also did various other things from victory gardens to rationing goods. But, arguably their most important role was to keep a positive attitude and high moral on the Home Front. War can be a very scary time but women did all they could to make their children, and others feel safe. During WWII, life on the Home Front was a significant part of the war effort and had a major impact on the outcome of the war, and no one had a more significant role on the Home Front than women. This document is a personal account of Mourine Merrow, she describes her early life and her life throughout the wars. It also includes a photo of Mourine and her husband working together at the Aircraft Training School. Mourine Merrow was born in Michigan in 1916 and she lived there throughout the war. Mourine felt many impacts of the war in her daily life, and rather than complain or get upset, she took things into her own hands and did all she could to support the war. She supported the war by rationing foods and goods, by volunteering at various places, wrote letters to troops to boost moral, planted a victory garden, and she even enrolled in the Aircraft Training School. This story was intended for all U.S citizens, to show everything that she did, and you can do, in your life to be a good American and support the war. This...
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...The lives of people on the home front were greatly changed by evacuation during World War II. How useful and reliable are these sources in explaining how people's lives were changed by evacuation during World War II. During World War II, children were moved to places such as the countryside due to area's being at risk of being bombed by the Germans. Pregnant women, teachers and the disabled were also evacuated. They all had to leave behind their families at home to move to area's where they were at lower risk of the bombing. All the evacuations took place on the 1st of September 1939, the evacuation was named 'Operation Pied Piper'. Over one million evacuees left London by train, all the children would have a label attached to them with their destination they would be staying at. The aim of this essay is to see why the lives of many people were changed due to the evacuations. I will be analysing a range of primary and secondary sources to decide how reliable and useful they are to she how they changed people's lives. In Source A1, it informs people that the government have made plans for the removal from what are 'evacuable' area's to safer area's known as 'receptional' area's, the source tells you that this for school children, children who are too young for school as long as they are accompanied by their mothers and also for the blind people. This source is reliable as it was written in 1939 when the bombings were about to take place, it was also written by the government...
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...History CASS During the Second World War, Britain’s civilians faced a major number of problems due to the amount of bombs falling continuously night after night during the 8 months of the Blitz in 1940 – 1941. I am going to use three criteria in my assessments of these representations to determine a judgement of which is ‘best’ for describing the reaction of civilians. Representation 1 is not complete in it’s analysis of the civilians reaction as it fails to mention certain key points. One would be that there is no mention of any civilians showing high spirits for the Blitz, this article for example, shows the vast amount of devastation, disenchantment and suffering caused by the Blitz but they all had to continue with their ordinary lives and bounce back as quickly as they could in order to restore their homes and I am aware that people ripped up their fences for the use of metal to construct planes to support the soldiers, however there is no mention of this at all in Representation 1. Another key point would be that there is only mention of bombs and the ruin they caused however there is no mention of evacuation of children and how it affected the families in the process or how many people had to ration throughout the Blitz in order to survive with the little amount they had. Representation 1 is not objective as the author (Craig Stewart-Hunter) is clearly trying to break the idea of positivity. The article is modern (2011), therefore there should be some objectivity as...
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...1923 he founded Penney Farms in Northern Florida for struggling farmers. In 1925 J.C. Penney Foundation was established and the company had grown to 674 stores and over $91 million in sales. In 1927 J.C. Penney became a publicly traded corporation listed in the New York Stock Exchange. In 1929 J.C. Penney increased its stores to 1,392. When the Great Depression hit the company coped by cutting back on inventory and by purchasing everything on a bargain so the savings could be passed onto the customers. Penney was so well established that people turned to J.C. Penney for their basic items and that is how the company made it through the hard times and even increased sales during the depression. By 1936 sales rose to $250 million and stores grew to 1,496. During World War II the company sold a record number of war bonds. Even though merchandise was scarce sales increased to $500 million in 1945. Penney believed in the cash and carry policy because he didn’t want his customers to be burdened by debt. All of his stores carried this policy until 1958, when he finally gave way to selling on credit with the help of store credit...
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... Cathedral of the Holy Spirit and Sts. Peter and Paul Church, Trinity Suburb - an example of Minsk urban architecture of the previous century, Independence Square with its Government Building and Red Roman Catholic Church, Victory Square with its 38-m obelisk and the Eternal Flame commemorating the heroes of World War II, parks and modern architectural ensembles. Minsk is the city where one can find the best of the Belarusian cultural heritage museums and exhibitions, theatres, world-famous Belarusian ballet. Minsk: Sights and Shopping In spite of the fact that Minsk is Belarus' largest city and Europe's 12 largest city, it is surprisingly calm and charming. Minsk does not have the hectic, chaotic feeling of Rome, Paris or Budapest, cities that are only slightly larger. While Minsk is lively and fast paced, it does not overwhelm you. Streets and buildings are in good repair, the train station and metro stations are modern parks are well groomed and public buildings and shops are more or less contemporary. There are no obvious signs of poverty, such as homeless people living on streets or people asking for spare change. Neither Belarus nor Minsk have the "third world" feeling that many westerners are led to expect. Salaries are low, but cost of living is also low, so many locals have a reasonably good quality of life. Of course, there are few that can afford to jet off to Paris for the weekend, but mobile telephones are becoming more and more ubiquitous and the restaurants...
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...from veterans and civilians that played significant roles during wars. The Project provides an ample collection of letters, postcards, diaries, photographs, scrapbooks, memoirs and audio or videotaped interviews of all the wars from World War I until the Iraq war. One of the Oral history video-taped interviews was ofMedaBrendall, a 93-year-old woman that worked in a shipyard during World War II as a welder from 1941-1945.MrsBrendall shares her experience as a female welder, the importance of her job in the large frame of the war andjuggling her responsibilities as a mother and a worker. In addition, she shares her opinions on the war, welding...
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...in factories to fill the orders of war contracts. Before the end of 1943, more than one-third of all workers in the United States must be women. (America at War Needs Women at Work). The jobs were portrayed as fun and glamorous. They played upon women’s maternal instincts as well, using phrases such as “an idle machine may mean a dead soldier” and the more women at work…………….the Sooner We’ll Win!” There was sexism, racism and poor working conditions for the women who went to work. There was still discrimination and racism going on even after President Roosevelt issued an executive order banning discrimination in defense industries or in government “because of race, color, creed, or national origin.” The number of Negroes entering the work force increased by one million from 1940 until 1944, of these, only six thousand were women. Companies segregated the black workers from the white workers. They (the companies) would not even advance the black workers although they deserved it. Negro workers did not take very well to the discrimination without protest. They protested against lower wages, went on strike because companies would not advance qualified Negro workers to supervisory positions, they would strike because of poor working conditions. The Urban League was involved and helped win a lot of the unjustness going on. There was segregation and racism in the military as well. A lot of women joined the military during World War II. They were segregated into “female...
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...lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jretconser Generation Y vs. Baby Boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications for retailing Anders Parment Stockholm University School of Business, Stockholm University, Department of Marketing, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden a r t i c l e i n f o Available online 29 January 2013 Keywords: Generational cohorts Generational marketing Market segmentation Generation Y Baby Boomers Consumer behavior Purchase involvement Retail strategies abstract This paper presents some significant empirical findings about generational cohorts and their shopping behavior. Marketing has long relied on the use of market segmentation. While birth age has been a useful way to create groups, it describes segments but does not help to understand segment motivations. However, environmental events experienced during one’s coming of age create values that remain relatively unchanged throughout one’s life. Such values provide a common bond for those in that age group, or generational cohort. Segmenting by ‘coming of age’ age provides a richer segmentation approach than birth age. This study compares two significant cohorts: Baby Boomers and Generation Y, with respect to their shopping behavior and purchase involvement for food, clothing and automobiles. For the three types of products, Baby Boomers value the retail experience and in-store service higher than...
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...Central Europe. It borders other European giants such as France, Switzerland and Austria. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.8 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world. Rome is the capital city of Italy, which has been the religious capital of the Western Civilization, as the Capital of the Roman Empire. In the late 19th century, through World War I, and to World War II, Italy possessed a colonial empire. Modern Italy is a democratic republic. It has been ranked as the world's 24th most-developed country and its has been ranked in the world's top ten in 2005. Italy enjoys a very high standard of living, and has a high GDP per capita. It is a founding member of what is now the European Union and part of the Euro zone. Italy is also a member of the G8, G20 and NATO. It has the world's third largest gold reserves, eighth largest nominal GDP, tenth highest GDP (PPP) and the sixth highest government budget in the world. It is also a member state of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, the Council of Europe, the Western European Union and the United Nations. Italy has the world's ninth-largest defence budget and shares NATO's nuclear weapons. Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social...
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