...What is Groupthink? Groupthink occurs when a decision is swayed within a group based on bias or opinions of particular entity or subset. Many decisions in an organization are made not by an individual, but rather by groups of individuals (Sauter, 2010). The goal of groups is to help make decisions within a company based on research, discussions and brainstorming various ideas to come up with the ideal solution based on reasoning. When groupthink occurs, members ignore limitations or impropriety of their analyses as well as possible consequences of their choice process (Sauter, 2010). Decisions become swayed towards the bias despite personal knowledge or feelings and in many cases simply because of an underlying friendship. Hoggs and Haines (1998) wrote that “research has failed to clarify the causal role of group cohesiveness in groupthink because of a failure to distinguish cohesiveness from friendship”. An example of this occurred recently in a decision support group. The group is made up of various department heads and some of their supervisors. The topic of what departments charge activity should be listed on the weekly flash reports was brought up by the billing director. She noticed that the report was missing a few departments and wanted to get the group to agree that the missing departments needed to be included. The billing supervisor even agreed and was very disappointed that three departments were not included on the report for the past year. As everyone looked...
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...Various Ways to Prevent Group-think * Foster open climate for discussion ① Seating Arrangement Seating arrangement is important in creating an open atmosphere for discussion. Most organizations are hierarchical so that it is usually hard for subordinates to express their ideas directly to their heads. If members of an organization seat in orderly manner by their positions, there should be an invisible wall, which prevents from expressing their ideas. Thus, the climate is rather formal. All people would become careful on what they are saying. As a solution, a round table would be appropriate for making an open climate. It will also help reduce the distance between the heads and subordinates. ② So-called ‘Dosirak Meeting’ It means that members of a group freely speak with each other while they are having launch. In this situation, the talk will begin with small talk. Naturally, the less formal climate will lead to a brisk discussion. ③ Small group meeting A group is further divided into smaller groups. In a small group meeting, people might feel less pressure. People might freely talk in a smaller group. However, one thing should be kept that members should be rotated regularly because the same smaller groups will also lead to group-think. ④ Using Intranet, SNS(Social Networking Service) By using an intranet, members can freely share their opinions on a bulletin board. Sometimes anonymity is allowed if needed. I think it may accelerate more participation...
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...مخاطر التفكير الجماعي أحياناً نرغب في الحفاظ على الانسجام بين المجموعة، حيث نعطي الانسجام الأولوية والأهمية في اتخاذ القرار، عندما يحدث ذلك، نقول أن أعضاء الفريق خاضوا في ( التفكير الجماعي) تذكر عاملة مدنية في قاعدة قوة جوية ضخمة الوقت الذي اتخذ فريقها القرار بالتفكير الجماعي. حيث كانت عضو في فريق تطوير العمليات، الذي أسسته القوة الجوية من أجل تطوير أسلوب أفضل للتعامل مع بريد القاعدة، الذي يضم رسائل مهمة من قبل عسكريين ذوي الرتب العليا . تألف الفريق معظمه من مدنيين، وأخذ الأمر ما يقارب الشهر لوضع الخطة. المشكلة كانت أن الخطة لم تكن تحسينية. تذكر العاملة المدنية: ( لقد كنت مذعورة، ما تعودت عمله في 8 خطوات أصبح الآن في 19 خطوة). يتلخص عمل النظام الجديد الذي أسسه الفريق في قراءة كل جزء من البريد من خلال العديد من المدراء في الادارة الوسطى قبل الوصول الى المستقبل المستهدف. الخطة الجديدة للفريق أخرت البريد بمعدل اسبوعين، بالرغم من أن الفريق علم أن الخطة الجديدة أسوأ من سابقتها، إلا أن أحداٌ لم يناقش ذلك ، من أجل الحفاظ على تضامن الفريق. استمرت المشاكل لسنة كاملة تقريباً، حتى شكى المدير العام الذي أسس الفريق من النظام الجديد. الأسئلة : 1. ما هي العوامل التي أدت الى التفكير الجماعي في الحالة أعلاه؟ ماذا يمكن للفريق العمل للتقليل من التفكير الجماعي؟ 2. كيف يمكن للاختلافات بين أعضاء المجموعة أن تساهم في التفكير الجماعي؟ مثلاً، كيف يمكن لأعضاء lower status التفاعل مع قرار المجموعة؟ هل الأعضاء lower status مرغوبين أكثر أول أقل بأن يكونوا dissenters؟ لماذا الأعضاء higher status هم dissenters فعالين أكثر؟ 3. كيف تساهم عادات المجموعة في التفكير الجماعي؟ هل يمكن...
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...What is Group Think The term “groupthink” was created by Irving Janis (Moorhead et al. 1998)Irving Janis would describe groupthink as a “mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.” Janis (1972, p. 9) Janis theory would suggest that, members of a group may adopt an idea as an answer to problems without thinking about it appropriately, to acquire approval of the group and its members. Groupthink does not result in failure of decisions but if a board falls subject, the chances of unethical, low quality decision within the origination become increased. In 1975, the term had been registered in...
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...computers from a company who might not last a year. Jobs needed to change this image. Therefore the “Think Different” campaign was an attempt to change to consumer’s perspective for the company. With the “Think Different” campaign, the writers wanted to remind both their consumers and their staff, how Apple thinks differently, using rhetorical appeals of logos, ethos and pathos. It also symbolized the return of the genius that was removed from the company. Apple had lost the “creative” touch during his absence therefore it was very essential for him to create a campaign that would remind the consumers what Apple brand was all about. Through the campaign they hoped to gain their cool, hip image back. The writers used reasoning (logos), rhetorical appeal to stimulate audience’s common sense, beliefs and values by honoring revolutionary heroes and rationalizing that creative thinking produces positive change. The writer used pre-existing simple facts that drew conclusions in their favor. The visual elements included a set of historical influential people having certain common traits regardless of their diverse impact on the world. A few of the common traits were to disagree with the norms of the time, question the status quo, thinking differently and a strong will to change the world. The message of the piece is to honor those who think differently. Since the people who think differently, like Apple are the ones who change the world. The...
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...to manipulate these Korean women to work for cheap even though they knew they were underpaid. This is because they had to help contribute to the family. The author argues that we need to think about women factory worker’s strategies seriously when thinking about globalization because we need to craft a new analytical curiosity that unravels the Gordian knot tying together sneaker design, sneaker company calculations, local regime’s ideologies of femininity, working-class men’s martial expectations, middle-class pro-democracy alliance building efforts and factory women’s complex and evolving strategies. Ultimately, while sneaker companies may celebrate the globalized girl athlete in their own advertisements, they simultaneously rely on regimes to undermine the legitimacy of local feminists challenging critiques with claims that those women activists are mere dupes of western neo-imperialism. Analysis This was an interesting read. I think many people can learn from this article. As a global leader, my views on cheap labour and women in sweatshops have truly broadened. The idea of women in sweatshops is not foreign to me, but the idea that women shaped globalization because of their contribution to cheap labour really opened my eyes. I had not put two and two together before this read. I think I gained a new perspective at globalization, which has made me rethink and question the knowledge I had known. As global leaders, we...
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...Differences between sisters There are many differences between my sister and me that you could never imagine. We are just so different that if we did not have the same blood, I would think that we were not sisters. We are the total opposite of each other. We are not just different physically; we are also different in personality. We think differently. We have different types of hobbies. We enjoy different things. In other words, we are just two different types of person that apparently do not have anything in common. My sister name is Aracely. She is younger than me by four years. She is white and tall. She is the kind of person that is always in a bad mood. She gets mad really fast and sometimes for nothing. It is lie she is happy being mad. I don’t know why she is like that; to me she is just weird. My sister is the girl that always wants to be alone. She doesn’t care for going out or making plans for the weekend with her friends. She prefers to be in our room alone without being bothered. I am the opposite from her. I am older than her but I actually look younger than her. Physically I’m morena, and short. I am the kind of person that is always happy and laughing about everything. I do not like to be alone; I am not used to it. I’m the kind of person that always wants to go out on the weekends; I’m always making plans for going out, I just can’t survive being at my house a whole weekend without going out. My sister has a lot of different interests. She is the person that...
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...was just like Montclair. The town had lots of old pretty houses with people who looked different from one another from diverse backgrounds - some poor and some rich. It was exactly what they had described to me except for one thing. The people that I met, many seemed to have similar views on politics, racial issues and life. Although they were different, they weren't really. Living in Shaker Heights, they had lost something. My parents said that people in the Midwest were nice people and that everyone was simply trying to get along. I felt like that was not right. Why should I need to give up a portion of who I am to fit in. Although everyone looked and seemed like the people back home, a bunch of them were working to fit in locally. I think a diverse community means that we should celebrate differences and find things in common, not give up those differences trying not to stand out. I am not saying that everyone here is practicing this; but more than I would have expected based on how may parents outlined this place. I have loved growing up in Shaker Hieghts for many reasons. However, I was always surprised by this oddity. Obelin seems like a place that would not ask people to hide their diversity. It brags about how it was the first to admit Black Students and Women. It has lots...
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... 4. College Life:- During his school life he was serious about his studies. He also worked for big computer company but he was not very serious about his college that is why he was dropped out of college in his early stage of course. Later he was introduced to Sub-Trainee computer club where he learnt making new parts of computer and he was also very interested in fonts which make enable to create his first own designed computer. 5. Taking Risks:- Steve Jobs was a risk-taker. This factor contributed very much to his successful carrier. He was not afraid to grab the challenge and he was always prepared to fail. But his determination to succeed was far greater than failure which makes him overcame his failures. 6. Think different:- Jobs always think differently n broadly. He believes in making new ideas of his own and always tried to find different ways to make them alive. This quality makes him totally different from others. 7. Sprititual life:- Steve Jobs was religious man. He believes in Buddhist religion. Religion played an important role...
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...In contrast, A+E is short, loud and brattish. It’s also tremendous fun. Driven by some of Coxon’s most innovative and uninhibited guitar playing, A+E’s trump card is its sheer sense of adventure. It’s not an album for lovers of the perfectly turned pop song so much as those who prefer to be bombarded by sonic extremes. The scratchy, angular pop of fizzing opener “Advice” sets the scene: melodic precision makes way for lopsided rhythm, abrasive textures, extemporised experimentation and vintage electronic equipment running riot. Much of the album takes delight in what can only be described as the sound of machinery arguing. The element of chance effectively becomes another instrument. A+E is produced by Ben Hillier, who worked on Blur’s Think Tank and – perhaps more pertinently – Coxon’s second solo album The Golden D. Like that record, A+E is self-played, relatively lo-fi and rhythmically eccentric, making little attempt to ingratiate itself to the listener. The major difference between the two is that this time Coxon generally favours the influence of krautrock and post-punk from the late 70s and early 80s over alternative US rock from the same era. He marries Magazine and Kraftwerk on the whiney space-pop of “What It’ll Take”, a delightfully artless throwback which smears arpeggiated sci-fi synth lines over a chugging motorik groove. Its jittery desire to “make you people dance” is a recurring theme. Much of...
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...Hong Kong retains top spot of world's freest economy 12 January 2012 Last updated at 05:28 GMT Hong Kong has been ranked as the world's freest economy for 18 consecutive years Hong Kong has retained its position as the world's freest economy, according to a ranking compiled by the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank. Singapore ranked second, followed by Australia, New Zealand and Switzerland. The index evaluates economic freedom by looking at the rule of law, regulatory efficiency, the size of government and open markets. The 2012 report said that economic freedom for the world as a whole had declined over the past year. "Most of that decline is due to a large increase in government spending worldwide," said Edwin Feulner, president of the Heritage Foundation. "Governments have justified this spending as a necessity to restart economic growth but it hasn't worked. We think it's time to give the market a chance to show what it can do," he added. North America and Europe suffered declines in economic freedom over the past year, while economic freedom increased in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The US came 10th, down from ninth place in 2011. Mauritius, which ranked eighth, was the first sub-Saharan African country to enter the top 10, Mr Feulner said. Hong Kong retained its top ranking for the 18th consecutive year, but Mr Feulner said that Singapore "was narrowing the gap". The report said the introduction of a minimum wage in May last year had "moved Hong...
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...The RIGHTS about the process of transformation of OTICON In 1987 the firm analysed itself and made a judgment to transform itself for survival. Decided to select a person from outside organisation to lead who was capable of taking risks, well experienced in different fields and proven track record. Transformation from a rigid structure to flexible knowledge based company. Introduction of sense of equality among the employees eliminating the vertical structure. Creation & implementation of the theme – “think the unthinkable” Excellent communication regarding transformation and holding a press conference to float the information in turn turning the employees themselves in to ambassadors of the theme or vision that was created. Initiated the change in employees for the transformation by “empowering” them by providing the necessary support and training and giving them the freedom as to what role they need to play in the transformation. Integration was effective in organizing employees from different functionalities to form a cross functional team exposing them to different corners of business. The WRONG about the process of transformation of OTICON The employee retrenchment process could have been done in a better way as it created some amount of fear initially. The transformation started in a bad way with retrenchment and later on the good things were put into picture...
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...like there is no choice but expresses this point in their respective points of view and examples. Both authors would agree that you have control of your life and many situations even when it seems like there is no choice. Specifically, both of them bring the idea that how you perceive different situations. Wallace bring up an example of going to the convenience store, tired, irritated, and annoyed. He points out that you have to, “make a conscious decision about how to think,” (Wallace 4) because we think we are the, “absolute center of the universe,” (Wallace 2) by default making us think everyone is in our way making us miserable. This shows that we can control our views on situations by making us see the other point of view of the people giving others justification of their actions. Baldwin goes into a philosophical bubble about the race conflicts when he says, “blackness and whiteness did not matter” (Baldwin 64). He starts to realise of his own hate and racism and realizes he can do better than his father by think differently on the situation and, in a way, give more slack to racist people while fighting for what’s right. How we understand and react to what life throws at us is completely dependant on us. We can just do what we are taught or easiest or even what’s right but we have a choice. That is what Wallace and Baldwin are trying to convey the most. Even though both authors come to the general conclusion of that you ultimately have a choice and control in situations where...
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...Avoiding Abilene Bea Carson Page 1 5/22/2006 AVOIDING ABILENE: BREAKING OUT OF GROUPTHINK by Dr. Bea Carson Introduction Have you been trapped in the frustration of meetings that were not functioning well? Have you sat in a meeting where you did not speak your mind because you knew the risk, or the futility of it? Perhaps you suffered in more bad meetings than you participated in useful ones. Did meetings, when nothing of value was accomplished, seem a terrible waste of time, yours and everyone else’s? Reflecting on it later, did you wonder what it was that caused the teams to be so ineffective? The situations that led to these non-working meetings tend to fall into three categories: 1) We are so sure that everyone is in agreement that we don’t want to be the lone dissenting voice. 2) Our team has always been “right.” We have been on the cutting edge for as long as anyone can remember – therefore we must be “right” now. 3) The boss says we must – therefore we must. After biting our tongues through these exasperating meetings, the next thing we know something blows up (figuratively or literally) and we berate ourselves for not having said something. What causes this ineffective – actually, dysfunctional – behavior and how do we stop it? Let’s start by putting names to those three situations described above. © 2006 Carson Consultants 1187 Neptune Place Annapolis, MD 21401 410-349-1326 www.carson-consultants.com Avoiding Abilene Bea Carson ...
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...still applies with these modern times. The other two sources were a little newer one was written in 2009 and the other was written in 2013. One of my sources which is The Heritage foundation that is a .org website is a very conservative organization and that would tell me that the author would have a bias based on his political views. Another website I used which is Brookings institute is a .edu and their views seem to me are more towards the liberal side and would also have a bias because of their beliefs. My third choice was geared more towards a law standpoint. I think the information I have used in my essay will do more to strengthen my essay because it all backs up my thesis statement very well. The reader would find that my thoughts are backed by some solid research and they would learn where I am coming from saying that personal responsibility is a good way of going far in your life. I do not think the sources that I have used would weaken my essay. I tried to avoid using any unreliable sources because I wanted to write a credible paper. Overall I am very...
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