...networks of stations (called cells). The 2G networks were the first ones where consumers became aware of new capabilities and started buying the technology heavily. This was during the late 90s and into the early 2000s. These were the first phones with the PHS, CDMA, GSM, mail, Cameras, and other options. 3G is the network expansion which allowed direct internet connections, Wideband data access, simultaneous voice, data, music, and telephone, plus network based apps all rolled into one. 3G is the network which allows you to use the cell phone as a credit card. 4G is a network in the planning stages, although some companies say they are implementing parts of the 4G net now. 4G includes a network specification (engineer talk for basic requirement), for 100 megabit to 1 gigabit data transfer rates while highly mobile worldwide. It also includes high quality of service requirements for multimedia support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc). 4G is coming, but is not here yet, because the specs are still being worked over at the ITU (Intenational Telecom Union) in Geneva. A 3G/4G network is one where the network meets all the 3G ITU Specifications, and also has upgraded to meet the 4g Specifications as they are ratified by the ITU. What they want to say when they Announce the 3G/4G Network is that they are ready for the future. Most engineers will tell you that they really mean they'll say anything to sell their phones. Millions of consumers...
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...for the Improvements 21 12. Importance of the Database Modeling phase in a Database Development Project 22 12.1 Modeling Steps 22 12.2 Database Deigning Process 22 * Abstract Short Message Technology (SMS) is commonly used among the students modern world as it is a reliable mobile technology. Thus, to simplify the process of assignment booking and to save time SMS technology can be used effectively. In this project, the development of an SMS based assignment booking system is presented. Using the SMS interface, students would be able to send requests for time slots and receive the availability of that slot. Online assignment booking system completely depends on internet connection and also it consumes time. However, GSM coverage required for SMS technology is more reliable as it always exists almost everywhere and also sending SMS with time slot will not consume much time. Thereby, SMS based assignment booking system will overcome the existing...
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...Chapter1 ------------------------------------------------- Introduction RFID is an acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. In general terms, RFID is a means of identifying a person or object using a radio frequency transmission. In other words RFID is an electronic method of exchanging data over radio frequency waves. The technology can be used to identify, track, sort or detect a wide variety of objects. In this project RFID is used for the Tracking purpose for stolen things. An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Security over the years has been a source of concern to organizations and companies. This has caused quite a significant amount of capital being budgeted for improvements on security systems, simply because it has been discovered that the access control system mechanism is an important part of an organization. One of the important security systems in building, vehicle security is door access control. The door access control is a physical security that assures the security of a building or vehicle...
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...MANAJEMEN FAKULTAS EKONOMIKA DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA 2012 Reinventing Ericsson Ericsson , one of the biggest telecommunication vendor , founded on 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson , start his business area on handset and fixed line network. Ericsson business ran well and became a leader in fixed line network. Good research and innovation , by started manufacturing new types of equipment, such as base stations, which carried the first portion of telephone traffic by radio waves instead of wires kept Ericson as leader. Being an end-to-end provider meant that Ericsson also started manufacturing mobile handsets, the company’s first move into consumer products. In 1990s where telecom industry were booming decade specially for GSM systems, Ericsson kept as leader and help 40% of GSM market share. Led by Lars Ramqvist, Ericsson booked nine times revenues in 1998 compare from 1990. Frequent executive changes and lag in the mobile handset business after Ramqvist step down 1998 , but still good in product that produced by good R&D bright forcast new technology in GSM , called 3G , keep made Ericsson growth well. Organization size also growing and bigger as it business by employed almost 107.000. Over-investment that did telecommunication operator , economic downturn, and “dot-com-bubble” , made the Ericsson’s customer halt their investment. This situation stroke Ericsson with telecom business went from dependable growth to rapid decline and the high...
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...3G MOBILE LICENSING POLICY: FROM GSM TO IMT-2000 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS GSM Case Study This case has been prepared by Audrey Selian , ITU. 3G Mobile Licensing Policy: GSM Case Study is part of a series of Telecommunication Case Studies produced under the New Initiatives program of the Office of the Secretary General of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The author wishes to acknowledge the valuable guidance and direction of Tim Kelly and Fabio Leite of the ITU in the development of this study. The 3G case studies program is managed by Lara Srivastava and under the direction of Ben Petrazzini . Country case studies on 3G, including Sweden, Japan, China & Hong Kong SAR, Chile, Venezuela, and Ghana can be found at . The opinions expressed in this study are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Telecommunication Union, its membership or the GSM Association. 2 GSM Case Study TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 2 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.4.1 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 The Generations of Mobile Networks................................................................................................ 7 GSM Technology.....................................
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...Enabling the next wave of telecom growth in India Industry inputs for National Telecom Policy 2011 2 Enabling the next wave of telecom growth in India Foreword The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and Ernst & Young have collaborated on this deep review of the telecoms sector in India. The National Telecom Policy 1999 (NTP 1999) has served the sector in India for well over a decade, in which time we have witnessed significant changes in the socioeconomic environment, technological advancements and business dynamics. The telecom industry in India is ready to take the next leap forward with new developments such as launch of third generation (3G) services by private operators, 3G and broadband wireless access (BWA) auctions, launch of mobile number portability (MNP), and the emergence of mobile commerce (m-commerce). In the future, rural and semi-rural markets are expected to drive growth, especially in the wireless segment. The Ministry of Communications & Information Technology has released the 100-day agenda for the Indian telecom sector, and announced formulation of a new and comprehensive National Telecom Policy 2011 (NTP’11). Therefore, the time is ripe for a comprehensive review to build a forward looking and transparent policy that will be the backbone to achieve the ”India telecom vision 2020.” This report focuses on specific areas where the Government of India (GoI) needs to intervene and move the policy to the next generation...
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...3G Mobile Licensing Policy: From GSM To IMT-2000 - A Comparative Analysis This case has been prepared by Audrey Selian , ITU. 3G Mobile Licensing Policy: GSM Case Study is part of a series of Telecommunication Case Studies produced under the New Initiatives program of the Office of the Secretary General of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The author wishes to acknowledge the valuable guidance and direction of Tim Kelly and Fabio Leite of the ITU in the development of this study. The 3G case studies program is managed by Lara Srivastava and under the direction of Ben Petrazzini . Country case studies on 3G, including Sweden, Japan, China & Hong Kong SAR, Chile, Venezuela, and Ghana can be found at . The opinions expressed in this study are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Telecommunication Union, its membership or the GSM Association. TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 Introduction 6 1.1 The Generations of Mobile Networks 7 2 A Look Back at GSM 10 2.1 GSM Technology 10 2.2 The History of GSM 11 2.2.1 Conference Des Administrations Europeans des Posts et Telecommunications (CEPT) 12 2.2.2 The European Commission and the Memorandum of Understanding 13 2.2.3 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 14 2.2.4 The “Frequency Band” Obstacle Course 14 2.2.5 The Conclusion of the Interstate Bargain 15 ...
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...Report on Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) April 25, 2013 To Course Instructor, MIS 105, Section-14, School of Business, North South University. Subject: Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir; It is our pleasure to submit the report on “Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)” which could be helpful for any person to know about this technology. According to your advice, we have completed the report write-up based on the topics covered in the course.As per your direction; we have tried our best to highlight our findings through this write-up. We sincerely hope that this report will fulfill the requirements suggested by you for the course MIS 105. Please feel free to contact us anytime for further query. Our contact numbers: Name Contact Number Shaikh Mohammad Habib 01672590241 Shaila Shabnam 01687628995 Sharifa Jaman 01745818271 Thank You. Sincerely Yours, Shaikh Mohammad Habib Shaila Shabnam Sharifa Jaman Introduction to GSM GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION) is the world’s most widely deployed and fastest growing digital cellular standard. Currently here are over 200 million GSM subscribers world-wide - two-thirds of the world’s digital mobile population - and this figure is increasing by nearly four new users per second. GSM covers every continent, being the technology of choice...
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...From GSM To IMT-2000 - A Comparative Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 Introduction 6 1.1 The Generations of Mobile Networks 7 2 A Look Back at GSM 10 2.1 GSM Technology 10 2.2 The History of GSM 11 2.2.1 Conference Des Administrations Europeans des Posts et Telecommunications (CEPT) 12 2.2.2 The European Commission and the Memorandum of Understanding 13 2.2.3 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 14 2.2.4 The “Frequency Band” Obstacle Course 14 2.2.5 The Conclusion of the Interstate Bargain 15 2.2.6 The Launch 15 2.2.7 The United States and the FCC 16 2.3 The GSM Market 16 2.3.1 The GSM Success Story 16 2.3.2 Future Market Development 17 2.4 Licensing GSM 18 2.4.1 GSM Radio Spectrum 19 3 A Look Ahead at IMT-2000 19 3.1 From GSM to IMT-2000 19 3.1.1 HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) 22 3.1.2 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 22 3.1.3 EDGE, Enhanced Data GSM Environment 23 3.2 IMT-2000 Technology 25 3.3 The History of IMT-2000 25 3.4 Laying the Groundwork for 3G Success 27 3.4.1 Addressing the Need for 3G Spectrum Expansion 27 3.5 The 3G Market 28 3.6 3G Licensing Policies 32 3.6.1 The European Experience 33 3.6.2 The American Experience 35 3.6.3 The Asia-Pacific Experience 37 4 Comparing and Contrasting the Development of GSM and the Road to IMT-2000 37 4.1 Lessons from GSM that...
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...signals rather than through end-to-end wire communication like land lines. These services can sometimes be complemented with data, messaging, and GPS packages and even more. Due to our constant need to be connected with each other cellular service providers are continuing to grow in the domestic market. For an industry that started less than 30 years ago it had revenues of about $138 billion in 2007 and currently has an estimate of 238.2 million subscribers. Wireless services were based on cellular technology in the beginning. Cellular technology divided geographic regions in cells and sent analog signals to customers using a wave through radio transmitters. Now digital technology is used to provide wireless customers with more efficient wireless service. Digital technology uses the same wave as analog technology except it divides the wave and converts it into data then sends it to the customer. Digital technology provides a more secure call and a decreased chance of dropped calls. The cellular service...
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...HTML5, the new version of HTML offers a number of unique features which will change the way websites and users interact. We will take a look at 5 important features which revolutionize the way users view websites. HTML5 will significantly change the way websites are designed. It is already a favored platform for new age technology. Search engines will get access to tap into a richer source of information. The Apple iPhones, iPads and Google Android phones already use elements of HTML 5. This makes it an important markup language for future website design projects across various display devices. HTML5 features in the limelight The HTML project working group has released several feature specs till now. Some of key ones are 1. Video elements: Designers can now build web pages without having to resort to third-party proprietary plug-in software like Flash. YouTube is experimenting with using HTML 5 to display video. Built in video controls makes the feature more attractive and easy to use. 2. Application cache: On the lines of Outlook but minus the email client requirement, you can now store web apps much like emails locally. Google has already made use of this feature replacing its Google Gears mail client with HTML 5. Google Wave also usesHTML 5 3. Canvas for Images: The canvas element that comes with HTML 5 lets you manipulate graphics and photos enabling easy rendering of images. Designers no longer need to use intermediate technologies like jQuery. This will help save...
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...market share at 13.9 % in Q1 FY2012. Idea has join the select global operator’s club servicing over 100 million subscribers, as of September 2011. Idea is a pan-India integrated GSM operator and has its own NLD and ILD operations, and ISP license. Idea has a network of over 70,000 cell sites covering the entire length and breadth of the country. Idea has over 3,000 Service Centers servicing Idea subscribers across the country, including 450 special Experience Zones for 3G promotion. Idea’s service delivery platform is ISO 9001:2008 certified, making it the only operator in the country to have this standard certification for all 22 service areas and the corporate office. Idea is the winner of ‘The Emerging Company of the Year Award’ at The Economic Times Corporate Excellence Awards 2009. IDEA Cellular also received the prestigious Avaya Global Connect Award for being the ‘Most Customer Responsive Company’ in the Telecom sector in the year 2010. The company has received several other national and international recognitions for its path-breaking innovations in mobile telephony products & services. It won the GSM Association Award for ‘Best Billing and Customer Care Solution’ for 2 consecutive years. It was awarded ‘Mobile Operator of the Year Award – India’ for 2007 and 2008 at the Annual Asian Mobile News Awards. IDEA Cellular is an Aditya Birla Group...
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...3G Unit-1: GPRS & EDGE General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused TDMA channels in the GSM network. Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM standards releases starting with Release 97 and onwards. First it was standardised by ETSI but now that effort has been handed onto the 3GPP. GPRS is different from the older Circuit Switched Data (or CSD) connection included in GSM standards releases before Release 97 (from 1997, the year the standard was feature frozen). In CSD, a data connection establishes a circuit, and reserves the full bandwidth of that circuit during the lifetime of the connection. GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel, only transmitting when they have data to send. This means that the total available bandwidth can be immediately dedicated to those users who are actually sending at any given moment, providing higher utilization where users only send or receive data intermittently. Web browsing, receiving e-mails as they arrive and instant...
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...Acknowledgment The completion of any project brings with it a sense of satisfaction, but it is never complete without thanking those people who made it possible and whose constant support has crowned our efforts with success. One cannot even imagine the power of the force that guides us all and neither can we succeed without acknowledging it. I would also like to express gratitude to our guide Mr. Jenish Jariwala, Dept. of Electronics and Communication for encouraging and inspiring us to carry out the project in the department lab. I would also like to thank Mrs. Hiral Patel, Head of Electronics and Communication for expert guidance, encouragement and valuable suggestions at every step. We also would like to thank all the staff members of E&C dept. for providing us with the required facilities and support towards the completion of the project. We are extremely happy to acknowledge and express our sincere gratitude to our parents for their constant support and encouragement and last but not the least friends and well-wishers for their help and cooperation and solutions to problems during the course of the project. Prepared By: Kothiya Jaydeep A. Bhamani Karim M. Patel Animesh H. Merchant Sarthi J. Abstract Now a day there is a huge rush in the toll plazas in order to pay the toll tax. Therefore in order to reduce the traffic jam and to save time & also to reduce the money loss of 300 cores / year. We have designed project for the automation in toll tax payment using...
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...industrial sectors and residential premises using an Ideal Gas Sensor. We can easily integrate the LPG gas leakage detector unit into a unit that can sound an alarm or give a visual suggestion of the LPG concentration. The sensor used in this Project will have both admirable sensitivity and rapid response time. This sensor can also be used to sense other gases like iso-butane, propane, LNG and even cigarette smoke. The output of the sensor goes LOW as soon as the LPG sensor senses any gas leakage. This is detected by the microcontroller and the LED & buzzer are turned ON. After a delay of few milliseconds, the exhaust fan is also turned ON for throwing the gas out and a “GAS LEAKAGE” message is sent to a pre-defined mobile number using GSM Module. MQ-5 Semiconductor Sensor for Combustible Gas Sensitive material of MQ-5 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, the sensors conductivity is Higher along with the gas concentration rising. We use simple electro-circuit, convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration. MQ-5 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Methane, Propane and Butane and could be used to detect both Methane and Propane. The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas especially Methane, it is with low cost and suitable for different application. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Various research groups...
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